NIGERIA IS GOING THROUGH A DIFFICULT POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSITION AFTER FORTY YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE. YET, NIGERIA REMAINS A SOCIETY RICH IN CULTURAL, LINGUISTIC, RELIGIOUS, ETHNIC AND POLITICAL DIVERSITY. TODAY, THE AVERAGE NIGERIAN STRUGGLES HARD TO MAKE ENDS MEET; SEES HIMSELF OR HERSELF AS BEING POORER THAN HE OR SHE WAS A DECADE AGO; AND FINDS IT HARD TO BE HOPEFUL THAT THINGS WILL GET BETTER SOON. IT SI AGAINST THIS BACKGROUND THAT THIS PROJECT SETS OUT TO INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT STATE CAPACITY IN NIGERIA BY TAKING STOCK OF ECONOMIC AND GOVERNANCE ISSUES. USING A SIMPLE GROWTH MODEL, WE ILLUSTRATE THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NATURAL RESOURCES, CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA; AS WELL AS PROPOSING ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICIES FOR NIGERIA.
{"title":"CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY","authors":"G. Nwaobi","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.506342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.506342","url":null,"abstract":"NIGERIA IS GOING THROUGH A DIFFICULT POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSITION AFTER FORTY YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE. YET, NIGERIA REMAINS A SOCIETY RICH IN CULTURAL, LINGUISTIC, RELIGIOUS, ETHNIC AND POLITICAL DIVERSITY. TODAY, THE AVERAGE NIGERIAN STRUGGLES HARD TO MAKE ENDS MEET; SEES HIMSELF OR HERSELF AS BEING POORER THAN HE OR SHE WAS A DECADE AGO; AND FINDS IT HARD TO BE HOPEFUL THAT THINGS WILL GET BETTER SOON. IT SI AGAINST THIS BACKGROUND THAT THIS PROJECT SETS OUT TO INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT STATE CAPACITY IN NIGERIA BY TAKING STOCK OF ECONOMIC AND GOVERNANCE ISSUES. USING A SIMPLE GROWTH MODEL, WE ILLUSTRATE THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NATURAL RESOURCES, CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA; AS WELL AS PROPOSING ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICIES FOR NIGERIA.","PeriodicalId":341672,"journal":{"name":"Development and Comp Systems","volume":"71 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131153844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-09-14DOI: 10.1057/9781137335753.0007
A. Chilosi
{"title":"The Economic System As An End Or As A Means And The Future Of Socialism And Capitalism: An Evolutionary Viewpoint","authors":"A. Chilosi","doi":"10.1057/9781137335753.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137335753.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":341672,"journal":{"name":"Development and Comp Systems","volume":"48 5 Suppl 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128209213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel A. Kaufmann, Aart C. Kraay, Massimo Mastruzzi
The authors present estimates of six dimensions of governance covering 199 countries and territories for four time periods: 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002. These indicators are based on several hundred individual variables measuring perceptions of governance, drawn from 25 separate data sources constructed by 18 different organizations. The authors assign these individual measures of governance to categories capturing key dimensions of governance and use an unobserved components model to construct six aggregate governance indicators in each of the four periods. They present the point estimates of the dimensions of governance as well as the margins of errors for each country for the four periods. The governance indicators reported here are an update and expansion of previous research work on indicators initiated in 1998 (Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobat 1999a,b and 2002). The authors also address various methodological issues, including the interpretation and use of the data given the estimated margins of errors.
作者对1996年、1998年、2000年和2002年四个时期的199个国家和地区的治理的六个维度进行了估计。这些指标基于数百个衡量治理感知的独立变量，这些变量来自18个不同组织构建的25个独立数据源。作者将这些单独的治理度量分配到捕获治理关键维度的类别中，并使用未观察到的组件模型在四个阶段中的每一个阶段构建六个综合治理指标。它们提出了对四个时期每个国家治理方面的点估计以及误差幅度。本文报告的治理指标是对1998年开始的指标研究工作的更新和扩展(Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobat 1999a,b和2002)。作者还讨论了各种方法问题，包括给出估计误差范围的数据的解释和使用。
{"title":"Government Matters III : Governance Indicators for 1996-2002","authors":"Daniel A. Kaufmann, Aart C. Kraay, Massimo Mastruzzi","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-3106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3106","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present estimates of six dimensions of governance covering 199 countries and territories for four time periods: 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002. These indicators are based on several hundred individual variables measuring perceptions of governance, drawn from 25 separate data sources constructed by 18 different organizations. The authors assign these individual measures of governance to categories capturing key dimensions of governance and use an unobserved components model to construct six aggregate governance indicators in each of the four periods. They present the point estimates of the dimensions of governance as well as the margins of errors for each country for the four periods. The governance indicators reported here are an update and expansion of previous research work on indicators initiated in 1998 (Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobat 1999a,b and 2002). The authors also address various methodological issues, including the interpretation and use of the data given the estimated margins of errors.","PeriodicalId":341672,"journal":{"name":"Development and Comp Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116597637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapidly changing environment of the transition may create special problems for calculation of index numbers that require a fixed basket of goods and retail outlets. Using referent-level data we find that fixed- weight Laspeyres index on average overstated cost of living increases by approximately 5 per cent a year when compared with a superlative index in the Czech Republic. This difference is smaller than might be expected given the large changes in relative prices that occurred during transition and suggests that consumer substitution impacts may have been largely offset by other factors, especially rising prices combined with increased consumption of some goods as artificial shortages under communism were removed. Indeed, in the period of greatest supply response to price liberalization, the Laspeyres index appears to understate increases in the cost of living.
{"title":"Substitution Biases in Price Indexes during Transition","authors":"J. Hanousek, R. Filer","doi":"10.3233/SJU-2004-21208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SJU-2004-21208","url":null,"abstract":"The rapidly changing environment of the transition may create special problems for calculation of index numbers that require a fixed basket of goods and retail outlets. Using referent-level data we find that fixed- weight Laspeyres index on average overstated cost of living increases by approximately 5 per cent a year when compared with a superlative index in the Czech Republic. This difference is smaller than might be expected given the large changes in relative prices that occurred during transition and suggests that consumer substitution impacts may have been largely offset by other factors, especially rising prices combined with increased consumption of some goods as artificial shortages under communism were removed. Indeed, in the period of greatest supply response to price liberalization, the Laspeyres index appears to understate increases in the cost of living.","PeriodicalId":341672,"journal":{"name":"Development and Comp Systems","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122616939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-11DOI: 10.1057/9780333977361_13
Adam Mccarty
{"title":"The Social Impact of the Reform Process","authors":"Adam Mccarty","doi":"10.1057/9780333977361_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333977361_13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":341672,"journal":{"name":"Development and Comp Systems","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122257424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the nature of appropriate domestic R&D policy in an imperfectly competitive world, where both the R&D rivalry among firms and the presence of technological spillovers from a superior foreign technology play a crucial role.There are two firms (a foreign and a domestic firm) that are located in the domestic country, produce a commodity that is sold overseas and compete both in an output and an R&D stage. We use the basic Spencer and Brander (1983) model with three modifications. First, we introduce R&D dynamics by considering both an initial R&D investment and a subsequent improvement. Firms invest in R&D in period one and can make further improvements in period two. Second, we introduce an asymmetry between the two firms: the foreign firm is more advanced -so it has to invest fewer resources to achieve a given technological level. Third, we consider technological spillovers between firms. We find that the appropriate R&D policy balances the strategic incentive to induce a reduction in foreign initial R&D with the spillover incentive to induce the foreign firm to invest more. If initial foreign R &D increases the present value of domestic profits (i.e., the spillover effect dominates), either a tax to first period domestic R&D or a subsidy to domestic imitation is appropriate. If instead improvements in first period foreign technology have a negative effect on the present value of domestic profits (i.e., the strategic effect dominates) a subsidy to first period domestic R&D is appropriate.In this case, the nature of the optimal policy on imitation will depend on the relative importance of first and second period effects.
{"title":"Foreign Technology, Spillovers and R&D Policy","authors":"M. Muniagurria, Nirvikar Singh","doi":"10.2307/2527381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2527381","url":null,"abstract":"We study the nature of appropriate domestic R&D policy in an imperfectly competitive world, where both the R&D rivalry among firms and the presence of technological spillovers from a superior foreign technology play a crucial role.There are two firms (a foreign and a domestic firm) that are located in the domestic country, produce a commodity that is sold overseas and compete both in an output and an R&D stage. We use the basic Spencer and Brander (1983) model with three modifications. First, we introduce R&D dynamics by considering both an initial R&D investment and a subsequent improvement. Firms invest in R&D in period one and can make further improvements in period two. Second, we introduce an asymmetry between the two firms: the foreign firm is more advanced -so it has to invest fewer resources to achieve a given technological level. Third, we consider technological spillovers between firms. We find that the appropriate R&D policy balances the strategic incentive to induce a reduction in foreign initial R&D with the spillover incentive to induce the foreign firm to invest more. If initial foreign R &D increases the present value of domestic profits (i.e., the spillover effect dominates), either a tax to first period domestic R&D or a subsidy to domestic imitation is appropriate. If instead improvements in first period foreign technology have a negative effect on the present value of domestic profits (i.e., the strategic effect dominates) a subsidy to first period domestic R&D is appropriate.In this case, the nature of the optimal policy on imitation will depend on the relative importance of first and second period effects.","PeriodicalId":341672,"journal":{"name":"Development and Comp Systems","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134137051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never-ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. To inspire your people into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things you must be, know, and, do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. The best leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills.
{"title":"Strategic Leadership: The Platform for Political Success","authors":"Peter W. Jones","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.882206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.882206","url":null,"abstract":"Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never-ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. To inspire your people into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things you must be, know, and, do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. The best leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills.","PeriodicalId":341672,"journal":{"name":"Development and Comp Systems","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126437664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores what a critical commentary on micro principles texts might look like, examining what is to be critiqued and how to do it.
本文探讨了对微观原则文本的批判性评论可能是什么样子，考察了什么应该被批评以及如何去批评。
{"title":"Basic Principles of Sustainable Development","authors":"Jonathan M. Harris","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.15600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.15600","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores what a critical commentary on micro principles texts might look like, examining what is to be critiqued and how to do it.","PeriodicalId":341672,"journal":{"name":"Development and Comp Systems","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122309943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-08470-8_17
Oldřich Kýn
{"title":"The Role of Prices in a Socialist Economy","authors":"Oldřich Kýn","doi":"10.1007/978-1-349-08470-8_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08470-8_17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":341672,"journal":{"name":"Development and Comp Systems","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134023760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patent citation data are used in a growing body of economics and business research on technological diffusion. Research in this area uses “backward” citations to measure technological knowledge acquired by the patenting entities studied. “Forward” citations (citations to the firm’s patents made by other patents) have been interpreted as a measure of the knowledge diffusing outward from the patenting entity. Until now, there exists little evidence on whether or not patent citations are a good measure of knowledge flows. Our paper assesses the legitimacy of using European patent citations as a measure of technology flows. It uses information from the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) collected by the French Service des Statistiques Industrielles (SESSI), which contain firms’ responses to questions about their innovative activity. We show that patent citations are indeed related to firms’ statements about their acquisition and dispersion of new technology, but that the strength and statistical significance of this relationship varies across geographical regions and across channels of knowledge diffusion.
{"title":"How Well Do Patent Citations Measure Flows of Technology? Evidence from French Innovation Surveys","authors":"D. Emmanuel, MacGARVIE Megan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.452000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.452000","url":null,"abstract":"Patent citation data are used in a growing body of economics and business research on technological diffusion. Research in this area uses “backward” citations to measure technological knowledge acquired by the patenting entities studied. “Forward” citations (citations to the firm’s patents made by other patents) have been interpreted as a measure of the knowledge diffusing outward from the patenting entity. Until now, there exists little evidence on whether or not patent citations are a good measure of knowledge flows. Our paper assesses the legitimacy of using European patent citations as a measure of technology flows. It uses information from the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) collected by the French Service des Statistiques Industrielles (SESSI), which contain firms’ responses to questions about their innovative activity. We show that patent citations are indeed related to firms’ statements about their acquisition and dispersion of new technology, but that the strength and statistical significance of this relationship varies across geographical regions and across channels of knowledge diffusion.","PeriodicalId":341672,"journal":{"name":"Development and Comp Systems","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133437753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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