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Use of a mutation-specific genotyping method to assess for HIV-1 drug resistance in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1 Subtype C-infected patients in Botswana. 使用突变特异性基因分型方法评估博茨瓦纳抗逆转录病毒治疗无效的 HIV-1 C 亚型感染者的 HIV-1 耐药性。
Q2 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-05-07 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13107.2
Dorcas Maruapula, Iain J MacLeod, Sikhulile Moyo, Rosemary Musonda, Kaelo Seatla, Kesaobaka Molebatsi, Melvin Leteane, Max Essex, Simani Gaseitsiwe, Christopher F Rowley

Background: HIV-1 drug resistance poses a major threat to the success of antiretroviral therapy. The high costs of available HIV drug resistance assays prohibit their routine usage in resource-limited settings. Pan-degenerate amplification and adaptation (PANDAA), a focused genotyping approach based on quantitative PCR (qPCR), promises a fast and cost-effective way to detect HIV drug resistance mutations (HIVDRMs).  Given the high cost of current genotyping methods, we sought to use PANDAA for screening key HIVDRMs in antiretroviral-naïve individuals at codons 103, 106 and 184 of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase gene. Mutations selected at these positions have been shown to be the most common driver mutations in treatment failure.  Methods: A total of 103 samples from antiretroviral-naïve individuals previously genotyped by Sanger population sequencing were used to assess and verify the performance of PANDAA. PANDAA samples were run on the ABI 7500 Sequence Detection System to genotype the K103N, V106M and M184V HIVDRMs. In addition, the cost per sample and reaction times were compared. Results: Sanger population sequencing and PANDAA detected K103N mutation in three (2.9%) out of 103 participants.  There was no evidence of baseline V106M and M184V mutations observed in our study. To genotype the six HIVDRMs it costs approximately 40 USD using PANDAA, while the reagents cost per test for Sanger population sequencing is approximately 100 USD per sample. PANDAA was performed quicker compared to Sanger sequencing, 2 hours for PANDAA versus 15 hours for Sanger sequencing. Conclusion: The performance of PANDAA and Sanger population sequencing demonstrated complete concordance. PANDAA could improve patient management by providing quick and relatively cheap access to drug-resistance information.

背景:HIV-1 耐药性是抗逆转录病毒疗法成功的主要威胁。现有的 HIV 耐药性检测方法成本高昂,无法在资源有限的环境中常规使用。泛变异扩增和适应(PANDAA)是一种基于定量 PCR(qPCR)的重点基因分型方法,有望成为检测 HIV 耐药性突变(HIVDRMs)的一种快速、经济有效的方法。 鉴于目前的基因分型方法成本高昂,我们试图利用 PANDAA 在 HIV-1 逆转录酶基因的 103、106 和 184 号密码子上筛选抗逆转录病毒免疫个体中的关键 HIVDRMs。这些位置上的突变已被证明是导致治疗失败的最常见驱动突变。 研究方法为了评估和验证 PANDAA 的性能,共使用了 103 份先前通过 Sanger 群体测序进行基因分型的抗逆转录病毒免疫个体样本。PANDAA 样本在 ABI 7500 序列检测系统上运行,对 K103N、V106M 和 M184V HIVDRM 进行基因分型。此外,还比较了每个样本的成本和反应时间。结果桑格群体测序和 PANDAA 检测出 103 名参与者中有 3 人(2.9%)存在 K103N 突变。 在我们的研究中没有发现基线 V106M 和 M184V 突变。使用 PANDAA 对 6 个 HIVDRMs 进行基因分型的成本约为 40 美元,而 Sanger 群体测序每次测试的试剂成本约为每个样本 100 美元。与 Sanger 测序相比,PANDAA 的操作速度更快,PANDAA 只需 2 个小时,而 Sanger 测序则需要 15 个小时。结论PANDAA 和 Sanger 群体测序的性能完全一致。PANDAA 可以快速、相对便宜地获取耐药性信息,从而改善患者管理。
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引用次数: 0
Kenya's response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a balance between minimising morbidity and adverse economic impact. 肯尼亚应对 COVID-19 大流行的措施:在尽量减少发病率和不利经济影响之间取得平衡。
Q2 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-03-29 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13156.2
Edwin N Wangari, Peter Gichuki, Angelyne A Abuor, Jacqueline Wambui, Stephen O Okeyo, Henry T N Oyatsi, Shadrack Odikara, Benard W Kulohoma

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has ravaged the world's socioeconomic systems forcing many governments across the globe to implement unprecedented stringent mitigation measures to restrain its rapid spread and adverse effects. A disproportionate number of COVID-19 related morbidities and mortalities were predicted to occur in Africa. However, Africa still has a lower than predicted number of cases, 4% of the global pandemic burden. In this open letter, we highlight some of the early stringent countermeasures implemented in Kenya, a sub-Saharan African country, to avert the severe effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. These mitigation measures strike a balance between minimising COVID-19 associated morbidity and fatalities and its adverse economic impact, and taken together have significantly dampened the pandemic's impact on Kenya's populace.

2019 年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)肆虐全球社会经济系统,迫使全球许多国家的政府实施前所未有的严格减灾措施,以抑制其快速传播和不良影响。据预测,与 COVID-19 相关的发病率和死亡率将过多地发生在非洲。然而,非洲的病例数仍低于预测数,仅占全球疫情负担的 4%。在这封公开信中,我们强调了撒哈拉以南非洲国家肯尼亚为避免 COVID-19 大流行的严重影响而采取的一些早期严格应对措施。这些缓解措施在最大限度地降低 COVID-19 相关发病率和死亡率及其对经济的不利影响之间取得了平衡,综合起来大大减轻了该流行病对肯尼亚人民的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Community engagement and feedback of results in the H3Africa AWI-Gen project: Experiences from the Navrongo Demographic and Health Surveillance site in Northern Ghana. 社区参与和反馈h3非洲新一代项目的成果:来自加纳北部纳夫隆戈人口和健康监测站的经验。
Q2 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-03-19 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13081.1
Godfred Agongo, Cornelius Debpuur, Lucas Amenga-Etego, Engelbert A Nonterah, Michael B Kaburise, Abraham Oduro, Michele Ramsay, Paulina Tindana

Community and Public engagement (CE) have gained traction as an ethical best practice for the conduct of genomics research, particularly in the context of Africa. In the past 10 years, there has been growing scholarship on the value and practice of engaging key stakeholders including communities involved in genomics research. However, not much has been documented on how research teams, particularly in international collaborative research projects, are navigating the complex process of engagement including the return of key research findings. This paper is part of a series of papers describing the CE processes used in the AWI-Gen study sites. We describe the key processes of engagement, challenges encountered and the major lessons learned. We pay particular attention to the experiences in returning research results to participants and communities within the Demographic and Health Surveillance site in northern Ghana.

社区和公众参与(CE)作为开展基因组学研究的一种道德最佳实践已经获得了吸引力,特别是在非洲的背景下。在过去的10年里,有越来越多的学术研究表明,参与基因组学研究的关键利益相关者包括社区的价值和实践。然而,关于研究团队,特别是国际合作研究项目中的研究团队,如何在包括关键研究成果回报在内的复杂参与过程中进行导航的记录并不多。本文是描述在AWI-Gen研究地点使用的CE过程的一系列论文的一部分。我们描述了参与的关键过程、遇到的挑战和吸取的主要教训。我们特别注意在加纳北部人口与健康监测点将研究成果返还给参与者和社区的经验。
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引用次数: 3
Research priorities in maternal and neonatal health in Africa: results using the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method involving over 900 experts across the continent. 非洲孕产妇和新生儿健康的研究重点:使用儿童健康和营养研究倡议方法的结果,涉及非洲大陆900多名专家。
Q2 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-02-23 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13189.1
Moses Alobo, Charles Mgone, Joy Lawn, Colette Adhiambo, Kerri Wazny, Chinyere Ezeaka, Elizabeth Molyneux, Marleen Temmerman, Pius Okong, Address Malata, Thomas Kariuki

Background: Africa will miss the maternal and neonatal health (MNH) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets if the current trajectory is followed. The African Academy of Sciences has formed an expert maternal and newborn health group to discuss actions to improve MNH SDG targets. The team, among other recommendations, chose to implement an MNH research prioritization exercise for Africa covering four grand challenge areas. Methods: The team used the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) research prioritization method to identify research priorities in maternal and newborn health in Africa. From 609 research options, a ranking of the top 46 research questions was achieved. Research priority scores and agreement statistics were calculated, with sub-analysis possible for the regions of East Africa, West Africa and those living out of the continent.  Results: The top research priorities generally fell into (i) improving identification of high-risk mothers and newborns, or diagnosis of high-risk conditions in mothers and newborns to improve health outcomes; (ii) improving access to treatment through improving incentives to attract and retain skilled health workers in remote, rural areas, improving emergency transport, and assessing health systems' readiness; and (iii) improving uptake of proven existing interventions such as Kangaroo Mother Care. Conclusions: The research priorities emphasized building interventions that improved access to quality healthcare in the lowest possible units of the provision of MNH interventions. The lists prioritized participation of communities in delivering MNH interventions. The current burden of disease from MNCH in Africa aligns well with the list of priorities listed from this exercise but provides extra insights into current needs by African practitioners. The MNCH Africa expert group believes that the recommendations from this work should be implemented by multisectoral teams as soon as possible to provide adequate lead time for results of the succeeding programmes to be seen before 2030.

背景:如果按照目前的轨迹发展,非洲将无法实现孕产妇和新生儿健康可持续发展目标。非洲科学院成立了一个孕产妇和新生儿健康专家小组,讨论改善MNH可持续发展目标的行动。除其他建议外,该团队选择为非洲实施MNH研究优先排序活动,涵盖四个重大挑战领域。方法:该团队使用儿童健康和营养研究倡议(CHNRI)研究优先顺序方法来确定非洲孕产妇和新生儿健康的研究优先顺序。从609个研究选项中,获得了前46个研究问题的排名。计算了研究优先级分数和协议统计数据,并可能对东非、西非和生活在非洲大陆以外的地区进行细分分析。结果:研究的首要任务通常包括:(i)改善高危母亲和新生儿的识别,或诊断母亲和新生儿中的高危状况,以改善健康状况;(ii)通过改善激励措施,吸引和留住偏远农村地区的熟练卫生工作者,改善紧急交通,并评估卫生系统的准备情况,改善获得治疗的机会;以及(iii)提高已证实的现有干预措施的接受率,如袋鼠母亲护理。结论:研究重点强调建立干预措施,以尽可能低的MNH干预措施单位改善获得优质医疗保健的机会。这些清单优先考虑了社区参与提供MNH干预措施的问题。非洲MNCH目前的疾病负担与这项工作列出的优先事项清单非常一致,但为非洲从业者当前的需求提供了额外的见解。MNCH非洲专家组认为,这项工作的建议应由多部门团队尽快实施,为2030年之前看到后续计划的结果提供足够的准备时间。
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引用次数: 5
Institutionalizing research capacity strengthening in LMICs: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. 加强LMIC研究能力的制度化:系统综述和荟萃综合。
Q2 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-02-12 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13116.3
Marta Vicente-Crespo, Ojo Agunbiade, John Eyers, Margaret Thorogood, Sharon Fonn

Background: Evidence on effective strategies to ensure sustainability of research capacity strengthening interventions in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) institutions is lacking. This systematic review identified publications describing research capacity building programs and noted their effect, their contexts, and the mechanisms, processes and social actors employed in them. Methods: We searched online databases for the period 2011-2018. Inclusion criteria were that the publications 1) described the intervention; 2) were implemented in LMICs; 3) were based in, or relevant to, university staff or post docs; 4) aimed to improve research capacity; 5) aimed to effect change at the institutional level. Two reviewers screened titles, abstracts and full text in consecutive rounds, a third resolved disagreements. Two people extracted the data of each full text using a data extraction tool covering data relevant to our question. Results: In total 4052 citations were identified and 19 papers were included, which referred to 14 interventions. Only three interventions mentioned using a conceptual framework to develop their approach and none described using a theory of change to assess outcomes. The most frequent inputs described were some method of formal training, promotion of a research-conducive environment and establishment of research support systems. A range of outcomes were reported, most frequently an increased number of publications and proportion of staff with PhDs. When factors of success were discussed, this was attributed to a rigorous approach to implementation, adequate funding, and local buy-in. Those who mentioned sustainability linked it to availability of funds and local buy-in. The lack of a common lexicon and a framework against which to report outcomes made comparison between initiatives difficult. Conclusions: The reduced number of interventions that met the inclusion criteria suggests that programs should be well-described, evaluated systematically, and findings published so that the research capacity strengthening community can extract important lessons.

背景:缺乏关于确保中低收入国家机构加强研究能力干预措施可持续性的有效战略的证据。这篇系统综述确定了描述研究能力建设项目的出版物,并指出了这些项目的效果、背景以及其中采用的机制、过程和社会参与者。方法:检索2011-2018年期间的在线数据库。纳入标准是:出版物1)描述了干预措施;2) 在LMIC中实施;3) 基于或与大学工作人员或博士后有关;4) 旨在提高研究能力;5) 旨在实现体制层面的变革。两名评审员连续几轮筛选标题、摘要和全文,第三名评审员解决了分歧。两个人使用数据提取工具提取了每个全文的数据,该工具涵盖了与我们的问题相关的数据。结果:共发现4052篇引文,纳入19篇论文,涉及14项干预措施。只有三项干预措施提到使用概念框架来制定其方法,没有一项干预措施描述使用变革理论来评估结果。所述最频繁的投入是一些正式培训方法、促进有利于研究的环境和建立研究支持系统。报告了一系列成果,最常见的是出版物数量和拥有博士学位的工作人员比例的增加。在讨论成功因素时,这归因于严格的实施方法、充足的资金和当地的支持。那些提到可持续性的人将其与资金的可用性和当地的购买联系起来。由于缺乏一个共同的词汇和报告结果的框架,很难对各项举措进行比较。结论:符合纳入标准的干预措施数量减少表明,应该对项目进行良好的描述、系统评估,并公布研究结果,以便加强研究能力的社区能够吸取重要教训。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis and application of cationised cellulose for removal of Cr(VI) from acid mine-drainage contaminated water. 合成和应用阳离子化纤维素去除酸性矿井排水污染水中的 Cr(VI)。
Q2 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-01-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13182.1
Anita Etale, Dineo S Nhlane, Alseno K Mosai, Jessica Mhlongo, Aaliyah Khan, Karl Rumbold, Yannick B Nuapia

Background: Acid mine drainage (AMD) leads to contamination of surface and ground water by high levels of toxic metals including chromium. In many cases, these waters are sources of drinking water for communities, and treatment is therefore required before consumption to prevent negative health effects. Methods: Cationised hemp cellulose was prepared by etherification with two quaternary ammonium salts: 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) and glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC) and examined for (i) the efficiency of Cr(VI) removal under acid mine-drainage (AMD) conditions, and (ii) antibacterial activity. Adsorbents were characterised by electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), CP-MAS 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, elemental composition and surface charge. Results: FTIR and solid state 13C NMR confirmed the introduction of quaternary ammonium moieties on cellulose. 13C NMR also showed that cationisation decreased the degree of crystallisation and lateral dimensions of cellulose fibrils. Nevertheless, 47 %  - 72 % of Cr(VI) ions were removed from solutions at pH 4, by 0.1 g of CHPTAC and GTMAC-cationised cellulose, respectively. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order model and isotherms were best described by the Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. When GTMAC-modified cellulose was applied to AMD contaminated water (pH 2.7); however, Cr(VI) removal decreased to 22% likely due to competition from Al and Fe ions. Cationised materials displayed considerable antibacterial effects, reducing the viability of Escherichia coli by up to 45 % after just 3 hours of exposure. Conclusions: Together, these results suggest that cationised cellulose can be applied in the treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated mine water particularly if pre-treatments to reduce Fe and Al concentrations are applied.

背景:酸性矿井排水(AMD)会导致地表水和地下水受到包括铬在内的大量有毒金属的污染。在许多情况下,这些水是社区的饮用水源,因此需要在饮用前进行处理,以防止对健康产生负面影响。方法阳离子化大麻纤维素是通过与两种季铵盐进行醚化反应制备的:3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) 和 glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC) 制备了阳离子化大麻纤维素,并检测了 (i) 在酸性矿井排水 (AMD) 条件下去除六价铬的效率和 (ii) 抗菌活性。通过电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)、CP-MAS 13C 核磁共振(NMR)光谱、元素组成和表面电荷对吸附剂进行了表征。结果:傅立叶变换红外光谱和固态 13C 核磁共振证实纤维素中引入了季铵分子。13C NMR 还显示,阳离子化降低了纤维素纤维的结晶程度和横向尺寸。不过,在 pH 值为 4 的溶液中,0.1 克 CHPTAC 和 GTMAC 阳离子化纤维素可分别去除 47% - 72% 的六价铬离子。吸附动力学遵循伪二阶模型,等温线用 Freundlich 和 Dubinin-Radushkevich 模型进行了最佳描述。将 GTMAC 改性纤维素用于受 AMD 污染的水(pH 值为 2.7)时,六价铬的去除率降至 22%,这可能是由于铝离子和铁离子的竞争所致。阳离子化材料显示出相当大的抗菌效果,仅接触 3 小时后,大肠杆菌的存活率就降低了 45%。结论:这些结果表明,阳离子化纤维素可用于处理受六价铬污染的矿井水,尤其是在采用预处理方法降低铁和铝浓度的情况下。
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引用次数: 0
High infectious disease burden as a basis for the observed high frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in sub-Saharan Africa 高传染病负担是撒哈拉以南非洲观察到的无症状SARS-CoV-2感染高频率的基础
Q2 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13196.3
K. Kusi, Augustina Frimpong, F. D. Partey, Helena Lamptey, L. Amoah, M. Ofori
Following the coronavirus outbreaks described as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world has again been challenged by yet another corona virus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infections were first detected in a Chinese Province in December 2019 and then declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. An infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 may result in asymptomatic, uncomplicated or fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fatal disease has been linked with the uncontrolled “cytokine storm” manifesting with complications mostly in people with underlying cardiovascular and pulmonary disease conditions. The severity of COVID-19 disease and the associated mortality has been disproportionately lower in terms of number of cases and deaths in Africa and also Asia in comparison to Europe and North America. Also, persons of colour residing in Europe and North America have been identified as a highly susceptible population due to a combination of several socioeconomic factors and poor access to quality healthcare. Interestingly, this has not been the case in sub-Saharan Africa where majority of the population are even more deprived of the aforementioned factors. On the contrary, sub-Saharan Africa has recorded the lowest levels of mortality and morbidity associated with the disease, and an overwhelming proportion of infections are asymptomatic. Whilst it can be argued that these lower number of cases in Africa may be due to challenges associated with the diagnosis of the disease such as lack of trained personnel and infrastructure, the number of persons who get infected and develop symptoms is proportionally lower than those who are asymptomatic, including asymptomatic cases that are never diagnosed. This review discusses the most probable reasons for the significantly fewer cases of severe COVID-19 disease and deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.
继2003年被称为严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)的冠状病毒和2012年被称为中东呼吸综合征(MERS)的冠状病毒爆发之后,世界再次受到另一种冠状病毒的挑战,即严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS- cov -2)。2019年12月,中国某省首次发现SARS-CoV-2感染病例,并于2020年3月被世界卫生组织宣布为大流行。由SARS-CoV-2引起的感染可能导致无症状、简单或致命的2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)。致命疾病与不受控制的“细胞因子风暴”有关,主要在患有潜在心血管和肺部疾病的人群中表现为并发症。与欧洲和北美相比,非洲和亚洲的COVID-19疾病严重程度和相关死亡率在病例和死亡人数方面低得不成比例。此外,居住在欧洲和北美的有色人种由于若干社会经济因素和难以获得优质医疗保健,被确定为高度易感人群。有趣的是,撒哈拉以南非洲的情况并非如此,那里的大多数人口甚至更缺乏上述因素。相反,撒哈拉以南非洲与该疾病有关的死亡率和发病率最低,绝大多数感染是无症状的。虽然可以说,非洲病例数较低可能是由于与疾病诊断相关的挑战,例如缺乏训练有素的人员和基础设施,但受感染并出现症状的人数比例低于无症状的人数,包括从未诊断出的无症状病例。本综述讨论了撒哈拉以南非洲地区严重COVID-19病例和死亡人数显著减少的最可能原因。
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引用次数: 6
High infectious disease burden as a basis for the observed high frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in sub-Saharan Africa. 高传染病负担是撒哈拉以南非洲观察到的无症状严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型感染频率高的基础。
Q2 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-01-13 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13196.1
Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi, Augustina Frimpong, Frederica Dedo Partey, Helena Lamptey, Linda Eva Amoah, Michael Fokuo Ofori

Following the coronavirus outbreaks described as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world has again been challenged by yet another corona virus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infections were first detected in a Chinese Province in December 2019 and then declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. An infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 may result in asymptomatic, uncomplicated or fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fatal disease has been linked with the uncontrolled "cytokine storm" manifesting with complications mostly in people with underlying cardiovascular and pulmonary disease conditions. The severity of COVID-19 disease and the associated mortality has been disproportionately lower in Africa and Asia in comparison to Europe and North America in terms of number of cases and deaths. While persons of colour who live in Europe and North America have been identified as a highly susceptible population due to a combination of several socioeconomic factors and poor access to quality healthcare, this has not been the case in sub-Saharan Africa where inhabitants are even more deprived concerning the said factors. On the contrary, sub-Saharan Africa has recorded the lowest levels of mortality and morbidity associated with the disease, and an overwhelming proportion of infections are asymptomatic. This review discusses the most probable reasons for the significantly fewer cases of severe COVID-19 disease and deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.

继2003年爆发被称为严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)的冠状病毒和2012年爆发的中东呼吸系统综合征(MERS)之后,世界再次受到另一种冠状病毒的挑战,该冠状病毒被命名为严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)。2019年12月,中国一个省首次发现严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型感染,随后于2020年3月被世界卫生组织宣布为大流行。由SARS-CoV-2引起的感染可能导致2019年无症状、无并发症或致命的冠状病毒疾病(新冠肺炎)。致命疾病与不受控制的“细胞因子风暴”有关,其并发症主要发生在有潜在心血管和肺部疾病的人身上。就病例和死亡人数而言,与欧洲和北美相比,非洲和亚洲新冠肺炎疾病的严重程度和相关死亡率不成比例地低。虽然生活在欧洲和北美的有色人种由于多种社会经济因素和难以获得高质量医疗服务而被确定为高度易感人群,但撒哈拉以南非洲的情况并非如此,那里的居民在上述因素方面更加贫困。相反,撒哈拉以南非洲的死亡率和发病率最低,绝大多数感染者没有症状。这篇综述讨论了撒哈拉以南非洲严重新冠肺炎病例和死亡人数显著减少的最可能原因。
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引用次数: 1
Impact of livestock interventions on maternal and child nutrition outcomes in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. 牲畜干预对非洲孕产妇和儿童营养结果的影响:系统回顾和荟萃分析方案。
Q2 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-01-08 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13150.1
Josphat Muema, Julius Oyugi, Zipporah Bukania, Mutono Nyamai, Christine Jost, Tewoldeberhan Daniel, Joseph Njuguna, Samuel Mwangi Thumbi

The challenge of undernutrition (stunting and wasting) still remains a major health concern in children below 5 years of age in Africa, with the continent accounting for more than one third of all stunted children and more than one quarter of all wasted children globally. Despite the growing evidence on the role of agriculture interventions in improving nutrition, empirical evidence on the impact of livestock intervention on nutrition in Africa is scant. This review is aimed at determining whether livestock interventions are effective in reducing undernutrition in children below five years of age and in pregnant and lactating women in Africa. The review will be conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Major electronic databases will be searched and complemented with grey and non-indexed literature from google and google scholar, and expert consultation for additional articles and reports. PICO criteria will be used while employing search strategies including MeSH, Boolean search operators and truncation/wildcard symbol to narrow or broaden the search. Articles on effect of livestock interventions on maternal and child nutrition conducted in Africa that meet the set inclusion criteria will be included in the review after critical appraisal by two independent reviewers. A standardized form will be used to extract data from included studies. The extracted data will be summarized and synthesized both qualitatively and quantitatively and key outcomes presented. Evidence generated from the systematic review and meta-analysis will be important for guiding nutrition sensitive livestock interventions and policies on nutrition programming, specifically on how to leverage on livestock interventions to reduce the burden of undernutrition.

营养不足(发育迟缓和消瘦)的挑战仍然是非洲5岁以下儿童的一个主要健康问题,非洲大陆的发育迟缓儿童占全球所有发育迟缓儿童的三分之一以上,消瘦儿童占全球所有消瘦儿童的四分之一以上。尽管关于农业干预在改善营养方面的作用的证据越来越多,但关于牲畜干预对非洲营养影响的经验证据却很少。本综述的目的是确定牲畜干预措施是否能有效减少非洲5岁以下儿童以及孕妇和哺乳期妇女的营养不良。审查将根据PRISMA的指导方针进行。主要电子数据库将检索并补充来自google和google学者的灰色和无索引文献,并为其他文章和报告提供专家咨询。PICO标准将在使用搜索策略时使用,包括MeSH,布尔搜索运算符和截断/通配符符号来缩小或扩大搜索。关于在非洲开展的牲畜干预对孕产妇和儿童营养影响的文章,如果符合既定的纳入标准,将在经过两位独立审稿人的严格评估后纳入审查。将使用标准化表格从纳入的研究中提取数据。将对提取的数据进行定性和定量的总结和综合,并提出关键成果。系统评价和荟萃分析产生的证据对于指导营养敏感型牲畜干预措施和营养规划政策,特别是如何利用牲畜干预措施减轻营养不良负担具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 1
Kenya's response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a balance between minimising morbidity and adverse economic impact. 肯尼亚应对COVID-19大流行:在尽量减少发病率和不利经济影响之间取得平衡。
Q2 Multidisciplinary Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13156.1
Edwin N Wangari, P. Gichuki, Angelyne A. Abuor, Jacqueline Wambui, S. Okeyo, H. T. Oyatsi, Shadrack Odikara, Benard W. Kulohoma
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has ravaged the world's socioeconomic systems forcing many governments across the globe to implement unprecedented stringent mitigation measures to restrain its rapid spread and adverse effects. A disproportionate number of COVID-19 related morbidities and mortalities were predicted to occur in Africa. However, Africa still has a lower than predicted number of cases, 4% of the global pandemic burden. In this open letter, we highlight some of the early stringent countermeasures implemented in Kenya, a sub-Saharan African country, to avert the severe effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. These mitigation measures strike a balance between minimising COVID-19 associated morbidity and fatalities and its adverse economic impact, and taken together have significantly dampened the pandemic's impact on Kenya's populace.
2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)肆虐全球社会经济体系,迫使全球许多政府实施前所未有的严格缓解措施,以遏制其快速传播和不利影响。预计非洲将出现不成比例的COVID-19相关发病率和死亡率。然而,非洲的病例数仍低于预期,仅占全球大流行负担的4%。在这封公开信中,我们重点介绍了撒哈拉以南非洲国家肯尼亚为避免COVID-19大流行的严重影响而实施的一些早期严厉对策。这些缓解措施在尽量减少与COVID-19相关的发病率和死亡率及其不利的经济影响之间取得了平衡,并大大减轻了疫情对肯尼亚民众的影响。
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引用次数: 18
期刊
AAS Open Research
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