Though, being the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, the socio-economic impacts of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) viz its effects on cognitive movements and limited treatment regimens has raised concerns over the decade. Caffeine (1,3,7 trimethyl xanthine), the most common psychoactive substance exerts neuroprotection and cognitive benefits which attracts more research interest. The study focuses on exploring the role of caffeine in neuroprotection targeting different areas of anti-apoptotic function, neurite growth, calcium homeostasis and autophagy. Caffeine underwent cytotoxicity screening on L929 cells and was assessed for its neuroprotective effects on IMR 32 cells. Anti-apoptotic effects were evaluated through fluorescent staining and Caspase ELISA analysis. Neurite outgrowth was measured experimentally, while intracellular calcium levels were determined using Alizarin staining and spectrophotometric analysis. The impact of caffeine administration on cellular autophagy was analyzed through LC3 flow cytometry. In the in vitro cytotoxic study, administration of caffeine (10μM) showed a cell viability of about 88% at a 6.25μg/ml concentration in rotenone-treated neuronal cells. Further, using the neutral red assay it was observed that caffeine’s neuroprotection on rotenone-treated IMR32 cells was about 87.4% at a concentration of 6.25 μg.ml-1 compared to 49.43 % viability in untreated control cells and after performing FDA/EtBr staining it was clear that caffeine co-administration can reduce apoptotic cell death incited using rotenone, the caspase 9 levels obtained supported this finding. Caffeine showed a tremendous effect in maintaining neurite length, similarly, the Alizarin red staining studies indicated that caffeine treatment can restore calcium levels. Finally from the LC3 Flow cytometry results, it was evident that caffeine could restore autophagy induction confirming the effect of caffeine on neuronal growth.
{"title":"Autophagy and Parkinsons Disease-Role of Caffeine as Autophagic Stimulator and Anti Apoptotic Agent","authors":"Swathi Surendran, Geethu Suresh, Nithin Vijayakumar, Rajesh Ramachandran","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.262","url":null,"abstract":"Though, being the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, the socio-economic impacts of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) viz its effects on cognitive movements and limited treatment regimens has raised concerns over the decade. Caffeine (1,3,7 trimethyl xanthine), the most common psychoactive substance exerts neuroprotection and cognitive benefits which attracts more research interest. The study focuses on exploring the role of caffeine in neuroprotection targeting different areas of anti-apoptotic function, neurite growth, calcium homeostasis and autophagy. Caffeine underwent cytotoxicity screening on L929 cells and was assessed for its neuroprotective effects on IMR 32 cells. Anti-apoptotic effects were evaluated through fluorescent staining and Caspase ELISA analysis. Neurite outgrowth was measured experimentally, while intracellular calcium levels were determined using Alizarin staining and spectrophotometric analysis. The impact of caffeine administration on cellular autophagy was analyzed through LC3 flow cytometry. In the in vitro cytotoxic study, administration of caffeine (10μM) showed a cell viability of about 88% at a 6.25μg/ml concentration in rotenone-treated neuronal cells. Further, using the neutral red assay it was observed that caffeine’s neuroprotection on rotenone-treated IMR32 cells was about 87.4% at a concentration of 6.25 μg.ml-1 compared to 49.43 % viability in untreated control cells and after performing FDA/EtBr staining it was clear that caffeine co-administration can reduce apoptotic cell death incited using rotenone, the caspase 9 levels obtained supported this finding. Caffeine showed a tremendous effect in maintaining neurite length, similarly, the Alizarin red staining studies indicated that caffeine treatment can restore calcium levels. Finally from the LC3 Flow cytometry results, it was evident that caffeine could restore autophagy induction confirming the effect of caffeine on neuronal growth.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139138481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coffee is an established plant for its flavor and has high commercial use. In Nepal, the popularity of coffee is increasing for its high economic value. However, its diversity and the status of its genetic mapping have not been studied in Nepal. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 28 coffee accessions was assessed by using twenty-four SSR markers with the aim of studying the variation of coffee in accord with the genetic markers from a molecular approach. With the use of DNA extraction and marker selection for its amplification using PCR tools, a total of 81 loci from SSR were identified. Of all SSR 63.22% showed for mean polymorphism. The mean polymorphic information content of SSR was 0.38, which showed low genetic diversity of SSR markers among Coffea genotypes. On the basis of the SSR marker, the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram constructed showed a similar group of distribution among 28 accessions, which was further supported by a principle coordinate analysis scatter plot. The phylogenetic relationships among the accessions were assessed by SSR marker, which also showed low diversity in coffee genotypes. Our study demonstrated the use of SSR markers in diversity analysis as the data were informative and highly reproducible for evaluating relationships among coffee cultivars in Nepal. The use of more markers systems and a high genotype pool would have been beneficial in accessing more accurately. Regardless, the information from the phylogenetic relationship study could be useful for breeding, varietal improvement, and for conservation programs.
咖啡是一种风味独特的植物，具有很高的商业价值。在尼泊尔，咖啡因其经济价值高而越来越受欢迎。然而，尼泊尔尚未对咖啡的多样性及其遗传图谱现状进行研究。本研究使用 24 个 SSR 标记对 28 个咖啡品种的遗传多样性进行了评估，目的是从分子方法研究咖啡与遗传标记相一致的变异。通过 DNA 提取和标记选择，利用 PCR 工具进行扩增，共鉴定出 81 个 SSR 位点。在所有 SSR 中，63.22% 显示出平均多态性。SSR 的平均多态信息含量为 0.38，这表明 SSR 标记在咖啡豆基因型中的遗传多样性较低。在 SSR 标记的基础上，用算术平均的非加权成对分组法（UPGMA）构建的树枝图显示，28 个加入品系中存在相似的分组分布，这也得到了原理坐标分析散点图的进一步支持。通过 SSR 标记评估了加入物之间的系统发育关系，结果也显示咖啡基因型的多样性较低。我们的研究证明了 SSR 标记在多样性分析中的应用，因为这些数据对评估尼泊尔咖啡栽培品种之间的关系具有信息量大、可重复性高的特点。使用更多的标记系统和更大的基因型库将有利于更准确地获取数据。无论如何，系统发育关系研究的信息对育种、品种改良和保护计划都很有用。
{"title":"Genetic diversity analysis of commercial Arabica coffee in Nepal using Molecular markers","authors":"Shreejana Pokharel, Bignya Chandra Khanal, Gyanu Raj Pandey","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.278","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee is an established plant for its flavor and has high commercial use. In Nepal, the popularity of coffee is increasing for its high economic value. However, its diversity and the status of its genetic mapping have not been studied in Nepal. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 28 coffee accessions was assessed by using twenty-four SSR markers with the aim of studying the variation of coffee in accord with the genetic markers from a molecular approach. With the use of DNA extraction and marker selection for its amplification using PCR tools, a total of 81 loci from SSR were identified. Of all SSR 63.22% showed for mean polymorphism. The mean polymorphic information content of SSR was 0.38, which showed low genetic diversity of SSR markers among Coffea genotypes. On the basis of the SSR marker, the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram constructed showed a similar group of distribution among 28 accessions, which was further supported by a principle coordinate analysis scatter plot. The phylogenetic relationships among the accessions were assessed by SSR marker, which also showed low diversity in coffee genotypes. Our study demonstrated the use of SSR markers in diversity analysis as the data were informative and highly reproducible for evaluating relationships among coffee cultivars in Nepal. The use of more markers systems and a high genotype pool would have been beneficial in accessing more accurately. Regardless, the information from the phylogenetic relationship study could be useful for breeding, varietal improvement, and for conservation programs.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139138797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the ever-evolving landscape of science and technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a catalyst for unprecedented advancements. This transformative force is reshaping how we approach scientific research, innovation, and technological development. As we navigate this era of AI integration, its impact on various facets of science and technology becomes increasingly evident.
{"title":"The Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Shaping Science and Technology","authors":"V. Zambare","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.289","url":null,"abstract":"In the ever-evolving landscape of science and technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a catalyst for unprecedented advancements. This transformative force is reshaping how we approach scientific research, innovation, and technological development. As we navigate this era of AI integration, its impact on various facets of science and technology becomes increasingly evident.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 77","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139139523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laxmi Parajuli, Subash Paudel, Rama Khadka, R. Maharjan, Anima Shrestha
Milk is a highly nutritious product that is susceptible to degradation due to microbial activity. Maintaining milk quality is crucial and can be achieved by monitoring specific parameters. This helps preserve the nutritive value of milk, which is essential for proper growth and health. Adulteration and improper storage can diminish the nutritional quality of milk. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the microbial load and adulteration of milk samples collected from various regions of the Kathmandu Valley. Sixty raw milk samples were gathered from local dairies (45) and cow farms (15) between April 2019 and July 2019. These samples were evaluated for microbial quality (total plate count, total coliform count, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Vibrio spp.) and adulterants (starch, table sugar, soda, soap, and hydrogen peroxide) following standard guidelines. Out of the total samples, 58.3% (35) exhibited coliform growth, while Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. did not grow on any media. Among coliforms, Enterobacter spp. was the most prevalent at 33.3%, followed by Escherichia coli at 32%. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the highest proportion of bacteria was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin, followed by Ceftazidime. Adulteration analysis indicated that 33.3% and 48.3% of samples were adulterated with sugar and soda, respectively. Starch and soap were not detected in any analyzed samples. The highest titratable acidity (0.16%) was observed in cow farms compared to dairy farms. The findings of this study suggest an urgent need for routine quality testing of milk samples available in the market to prevent the spread of milk-borne diseases and preserve the nutritive value of milk.
{"title":"Analysis of microbiological quality and adulteration of raw milk samples from different areas of Kathmandu Valley","authors":"Laxmi Parajuli, Subash Paudel, Rama Khadka, R. Maharjan, Anima Shrestha","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.296","url":null,"abstract":"Milk is a highly nutritious product that is susceptible to degradation due to microbial activity. Maintaining milk quality is crucial and can be achieved by monitoring specific parameters. This helps preserve the nutritive value of milk, which is essential for proper growth and health. Adulteration and improper storage can diminish the nutritional quality of milk. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the microbial load and adulteration of milk samples collected from various regions of the Kathmandu Valley. Sixty raw milk samples were gathered from local dairies (45) and cow farms (15) between April 2019 and July 2019. These samples were evaluated for microbial quality (total plate count, total coliform count, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Vibrio spp.) and adulterants (starch, table sugar, soda, soap, and hydrogen peroxide) following standard guidelines. Out of the total samples, 58.3% (35) exhibited coliform growth, while Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. did not grow on any media. Among coliforms, Enterobacter spp. was the most prevalent at 33.3%, followed by Escherichia coli at 32%. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the highest proportion of bacteria was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin, followed by Ceftazidime. Adulteration analysis indicated that 33.3% and 48.3% of samples were adulterated with sugar and soda, respectively. Starch and soap were not detected in any analyzed samples. The highest titratable acidity (0.16%) was observed in cow farms compared to dairy farms. The findings of this study suggest an urgent need for routine quality testing of milk samples available in the market to prevent the spread of milk-borne diseases and preserve the nutritive value of milk.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139140448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monica Pradhan, Agnescia Clarissa Sera, Sangeeta Prakash, C. Gaiani, B. Bhandari
Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria helps to protect its viability in food and enhances bioavailability in the human body. Alginate, a widely used gellant, singly cannot offer adequate protection to the encapsulated probiotics because the porosity of its micro-particles limits its stability in acidic conditions. Milk protein concentrate (MPC) is known to enhance gel strength. This study attempts to use chymosin treated MPC (1.0% solids w/w) as a co-gelling agent with sodium alginate (1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% solids w/w) to enhance encapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) by adopting a continuous impinging aerosol technique using CaCl2. The moisture content of microgel paste of test formulations ranged from 88.1% to 90.4% (w/w) (P>0.05). Amongst the alginate MPC composite formulations, microparticles comprising of 1.0% alginate and 1.0% MPC solids exhibited highest (P<0.05) probiotic count (7.27 log CFU/g solids) and lowest viability reduction (P<0.05). Confocal image of its microparticle illustrate the presence of live bacteria, which appear as green, rod-shaped entities, entrapped within dark gel matrix. Under simulated gastric condition of pH 2 at 37oC, its microgel particle exhibited detectable viability upto 15 minutes. In case of 1.0% alginate control microgel, comparatively higher viability was noted in the 5th minute, which was undetectable by the 10th minute. With a progressive increase in alginate concentration among test formulations, cell count decreased, suggesting milk protein positively impacted viability. Microgel of 1.0% MPC control exhibited lowest loss of viable cells (0.93 log CFU/g solids). Optical image of its microparticles appeared as large flocculate rather than spherical microgel, as observed with alginate control microparticles, suggesting MPC alone is unable to produce microgels. While this study infers better viability of microparticles comprising of 1.0 % alginate and 1.0 % MPC, it opens avenues for further research for strengthening co-gelation for probiotic survival in low pH.
{"title":"Encapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in chymosin treated milk protein-alginate microgel","authors":"Monica Pradhan, Agnescia Clarissa Sera, Sangeeta Prakash, C. Gaiani, B. Bhandari","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.279","url":null,"abstract":"Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria helps to protect its viability in food and enhances bioavailability in the human body. Alginate, a widely used gellant, singly cannot offer adequate protection to the encapsulated probiotics because the porosity of its micro-particles limits its stability in acidic conditions. Milk protein concentrate (MPC) is known to enhance gel strength. This study attempts to use chymosin treated MPC (1.0% solids w/w) as a co-gelling agent with sodium alginate (1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% solids w/w) to enhance encapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) by adopting a continuous impinging aerosol technique using CaCl2. The moisture content of microgel paste of test formulations ranged from 88.1% to 90.4% (w/w) (P>0.05). Amongst the alginate MPC composite formulations, microparticles comprising of 1.0% alginate and 1.0% MPC solids exhibited highest (P<0.05) probiotic count (7.27 log CFU/g solids) and lowest viability reduction (P<0.05). Confocal image of its microparticle illustrate the presence of live bacteria, which appear as green, rod-shaped entities, entrapped within dark gel matrix. Under simulated gastric condition of pH 2 at 37oC, its microgel particle exhibited detectable viability upto 15 minutes. In case of 1.0% alginate control microgel, comparatively higher viability was noted in the 5th minute, which was undetectable by the 10th minute. With a progressive increase in alginate concentration among test formulations, cell count decreased, suggesting milk protein positively impacted viability. Microgel of 1.0% MPC control exhibited lowest loss of viable cells (0.93 log CFU/g solids). Optical image of its microparticles appeared as large flocculate rather than spherical microgel, as observed with alginate control microparticles, suggesting MPC alone is unable to produce microgels. While this study infers better viability of microparticles comprising of 1.0 % alginate and 1.0 % MPC, it opens avenues for further research for strengthening co-gelation for probiotic survival in low pH.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"98 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139140684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prevalence of gluten-related disorders has risen due to the increased consumption of bakery products made from refined flour in recent decades. This study focused on employing indigenous hill grain flours, such as Taichung 176 rice flour, maize flour, sweet buckwheat flour, and finger millet flour from Nepal, to create gluten-free cookies by incorporating fungal αamylase, baking powder, and baker's yeast as modified leavening agents, in contrast to the typical refined flour-based cookies. 16 different composite flours were made by combining millet, maize, buckwheat, and glutinous rice flours in a 75:25 percentage, then subjected to 30°C proofing for 1 hour for food grade fungal α-amylase with an improver and baker's yeast treated sample before blending with cream and baking for 20 minutes at 200°C.The ash content, moisture content, sensory qualities, microbial load, and shelf life of cookies were studied and compared with control cookies. Over 60-days storage period, most formulated cookies had moisture content below 5%, except BWBY cookies (6%to 8.37%). The ash percentage of cookies significantly increased from 0.81% to 2.59%. The highest ratings for taste (8.0), texture (7.6), and crunchiness (8.1) were achieved for cookies produced with 75:25% Millet: Taichung 176 rice flour, treated with fungal α-amylase, improver, and baker’s yeast.Utilization of proofing techniques in that sample improved their color, taste and resolved the gritty texture issue Formulated gluten-free cookies (GFC) had higher ash and moisture but were still acceptable despite increased microbial load and moisture until the 60th day of storage. Overall acceptability (OAC) score slightly dropped but remained good (7 of 9) after 2 months of storage. Notably, gluten-free cookies exhibited higher nutritional value and retained their acceptability for up to 60 days when stored at ambient temperature (25 ± 2°C).
{"title":"Unveiling the Proximate, Sensory, Microbial, And Shelf Life of Leavening Agent Modified Gluten-Free Cookies Formulated With Indigenous Nepalese Hill Grains","authors":"Durga Pathak, Prakash Manandhar","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.282","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of gluten-related disorders has risen due to the increased consumption of bakery products made from refined flour in recent decades. This study focused on employing indigenous hill grain flours, such as Taichung 176 rice flour, maize flour, sweet buckwheat flour, and finger millet flour from Nepal, to create gluten-free cookies by incorporating fungal αamylase, baking powder, and baker's yeast as modified leavening agents, in contrast to the typical refined flour-based cookies. 16 different composite flours were made by combining millet, maize, buckwheat, and glutinous rice flours in a 75:25 percentage, then subjected to 30°C proofing for 1 hour for food grade fungal α-amylase with an improver and baker's yeast treated sample before blending with cream and baking for 20 minutes at 200°C.The ash content, moisture content, sensory qualities, microbial load, and shelf life of cookies were studied and compared with control cookies. Over 60-days storage period, most formulated cookies had moisture content below 5%, except BWBY cookies (6%to 8.37%). The ash percentage of cookies significantly increased from 0.81% to 2.59%. The highest ratings for taste (8.0), texture (7.6), and crunchiness (8.1) were achieved for cookies produced with 75:25% Millet: Taichung 176 rice flour, treated with fungal α-amylase, improver, and baker’s yeast.Utilization of proofing techniques in that sample improved their color, taste and resolved the gritty texture issue Formulated gluten-free cookies (GFC) had higher ash and moisture but were still acceptable despite increased microbial load and moisture until the 60th day of storage. Overall acceptability (OAC) score slightly dropped but remained good (7 of 9) after 2 months of storage. Notably, gluten-free cookies exhibited higher nutritional value and retained their acceptability for up to 60 days when stored at ambient temperature (25 ± 2°C).","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139140769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prabin Dawadi, Mohammad A. Siddiqui, Sushila Belbase, Gopiram Syangtan, Brenan Kronenberg, Kritika Rana, S. Ercişli, Rohit Chaudhary, Dev R. Joshi, Lok R. Bhatt
The multipurpose tree Diploknema butyracea (Roxb. H.J. Lam), known locally as Chiuri, is vital for food security and beekeeping in rural Nepal. This study examines its nutritional and phytochemical traits sourced from a Chepang community in Makwanpur, Nepal. This research focuses on macronutrients like carbohydrates, protein, fat, and ash alongside phytochemicals such as phenolic content, vitamin C, β-carotene, and lycopene. The study aimed to estimate this fruit's antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics. The pulp and seed samples were analyzed for their nutritional and phytochemical components using standard methods (AOAC 1995). We determined the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity using the DPPH assay and agar diffusion method. This fruit has a high-fat content: 30.29% in the seed and 20.23% in the pulp. The pulp and seed also contain noteworthy levels of the total phenolic content (486.08 ± 0.006 and 182. 26 ± 0.001 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (G.A.E.s) /100 g), vitamin C (20.70 ± 0.002 and 19.08 ± 0.005 mg Ascorbic Acid (A.A.)/100 g) with trace extents of compounds lycopene, β-carotene and carotenoids. We observed the antioxidant activity at 2207 ± 0.01 g/mL in pulp and 1841.05 ± 0.77 g/mL in seed, which is a substantial value. Both were discovered to be effective against Candida albicans at doses ranging from 25 to 100 mg/mL. By performing this study, we concluded that D. butyracea is a significant food source that can also be used medically.
{"title":"Characterizing Nutritional, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Values of Diploknema butyracea (Roxburgh) H. J. Lam from the Chepang Community, Makwanpur, Nepal","authors":"Prabin Dawadi, Mohammad A. Siddiqui, Sushila Belbase, Gopiram Syangtan, Brenan Kronenberg, Kritika Rana, S. Ercişli, Rohit Chaudhary, Dev R. Joshi, Lok R. Bhatt","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.292","url":null,"abstract":"The multipurpose tree Diploknema butyracea (Roxb. H.J. Lam), known locally as Chiuri, is vital for food security and beekeeping in rural Nepal. This study examines its nutritional and phytochemical traits sourced from a Chepang community in Makwanpur, Nepal. This research focuses on macronutrients like carbohydrates, protein, fat, and ash alongside phytochemicals such as phenolic content, vitamin C, β-carotene, and lycopene. The study aimed to estimate this fruit's antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics. The pulp and seed samples were analyzed for their nutritional and phytochemical components using standard methods (AOAC 1995). We determined the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity using the DPPH assay and agar diffusion method. This fruit has a high-fat content: 30.29% in the seed and 20.23% in the pulp. The pulp and seed also contain noteworthy levels of the total phenolic content (486.08 ± 0.006 and 182. 26 ± 0.001 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (G.A.E.s) /100 g), vitamin C (20.70 ± 0.002 and 19.08 ± 0.005 mg Ascorbic Acid (A.A.)/100 g) with trace extents of compounds lycopene, β-carotene and carotenoids. We observed the antioxidant activity at 2207 ± 0.01 g/mL in pulp and 1841.05 ± 0.77 g/mL in seed, which is a substantial value. Both were discovered to be effective against Candida albicans at doses ranging from 25 to 100 mg/mL. By performing this study, we concluded that D. butyracea is a significant food source that can also be used medically.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139137394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salmonella is one of the pathogenic microbe responsible in food borne diseases. In developing countries like Nepal, Salmonellosis is one of the leading food-borne disease. The present study was conducted with an objective to enumerate coliform and to find the prevalence of Salmonella species in chicken meat along with their antimicrobial susceptible profile. A total of 30 chicken meat samples were collected and examined following the standard techniques and procedures at the Med Micro Lab from January 2020 to April 2020. The study was performed following the conventional methods for the detection of Salmonella spp. Biochemical methods were implied for the detection of isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility Test were performed by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test [1]. Out of the 30 samples, 12(40%) sample showed positive for Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp 2(16.67%) were found to be resistant to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol 1 (0.33%), Cotrimoxazole 2(16.66%), Nalidixic acid 7 (58.33%) Ampicillin 3 (25%) and Ceftriaxone (0%). Salmonella was found to be 100% sensitive towards Ceftriaxone. The highest resistance was observed towards Nalidixic acid (58.33%) followed by Ampicillin (25%) and Cotrimoxazole (16.67%). Finally, the result of the study recommended that the use of standardized procedures in slaughtering and handling of chicken meat, provision of training on best practice of handling of meat for handlers and raising the level of awareness of people about the healthy consumption of chicken meat should be increased.
{"title":"Antibiogram of Salmonella spp Isolates from Raw Chicken Meat of Kathmandu Valley","authors":"Abhimat Subedi, Asmita Aryal, Dwarika Ojha, P. Dulal, Sanjeev Jha, Bidya Ghale, Shova Shrestha","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.293","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella is one of the pathogenic microbe responsible in food borne diseases. In developing countries like Nepal, Salmonellosis is one of the leading food-borne disease. The present study was conducted with an objective to enumerate coliform and to find the prevalence of Salmonella species in chicken meat along with their antimicrobial susceptible profile. A total of 30 chicken meat samples were collected and examined following the standard techniques and procedures at the Med Micro Lab from January 2020 to April 2020. The study was performed following the conventional methods for the detection of Salmonella spp. Biochemical methods were implied for the detection of isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility Test were performed by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test [1]. Out of the 30 samples, 12(40%) sample showed positive for Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp 2(16.67%) were found to be resistant to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol 1 (0.33%), Cotrimoxazole 2(16.66%), Nalidixic acid 7 (58.33%) Ampicillin 3 (25%) and Ceftriaxone (0%). Salmonella was found to be 100% sensitive towards Ceftriaxone. The highest resistance was observed towards Nalidixic acid (58.33%) followed by Ampicillin (25%) and Cotrimoxazole (16.67%). Finally, the result of the study recommended that the use of standardized procedures in slaughtering and handling of chicken meat, provision of training on best practice of handling of meat for handlers and raising the level of awareness of people about the healthy consumption of chicken meat should be increased.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139139999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sapkota, C. Sherpa, Mana Raj Kolachhapati, Naba Raj Devkota, N. Bhattarai, Neena Amatya Gorkhali
This study is the first time to perform molecular characterization in indigenous chickens, Sakini, of Nepal for studying genetic diversity and its relationship with its assumed progenitors. The first 522 nucleotides of hypervariable I (HVI) segment of the D-loop from 33 individuals were PCR amplified and subsequently sequenced. Fourteen haplotypes out of 33 sequences were identified from 20 polymorphic sites. Haplotype (gene) diversity (Hd) is 0.813 with SD 0.065 and nucleotide diversity (Pi) is 0.00525 with SD 0.00091. The neighbour joining tree indicated that Red Jungle Fowl from India is the progenitor of the Nepalese Sakini chicken. NETWORK analysis revealed that it can be grouped into four distinct Haplogroups (A1, E1, E2, and E3) respectively. Seventeen individuals belonged to E1, eight to E3, seven to E2, and one to A1. The high mitochondrial D-loop diversity in Nepalese Sakini chicken with multiple maternal origins serves the scientific basis for the development of rational policies supporting conservation efforts and provides directions for future research for developing sustainable genetic improvement approaches.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Nepalese Indigenous Chicken, Sakini, Based on Mitochondrial DNA Displacement (D)-loop Sequences","authors":"S. Sapkota, C. Sherpa, Mana Raj Kolachhapati, Naba Raj Devkota, N. Bhattarai, Neena Amatya Gorkhali","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.295","url":null,"abstract":"This study is the first time to perform molecular characterization in indigenous chickens, Sakini, of Nepal for studying genetic diversity and its relationship with its assumed progenitors. The first 522 nucleotides of hypervariable I (HVI) segment of the D-loop from 33 individuals were PCR amplified and subsequently sequenced. Fourteen haplotypes out of 33 sequences were identified from 20 polymorphic sites. Haplotype (gene) diversity (Hd) is 0.813 with SD 0.065 and nucleotide diversity (Pi) is 0.00525 with SD 0.00091. The neighbour joining tree indicated that Red Jungle Fowl from India is the progenitor of the Nepalese Sakini chicken. NETWORK analysis revealed that it can be grouped into four distinct Haplogroups (A1, E1, E2, and E3) respectively. Seventeen individuals belonged to E1, eight to E3, seven to E2, and one to A1. The high mitochondrial D-loop diversity in Nepalese Sakini chicken with multiple maternal origins serves the scientific basis for the development of rational policies supporting conservation efforts and provides directions for future research for developing sustainable genetic improvement approaches.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139140829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among milk pathogens is increasing, which is a serious threat to consumers’ health. Therefore, this study aims to assess the current antibiotic profile of coliforms and Staphylococcus spp. in milk samples. For this, thirty milk samples were collected from various locations in Kathmandu district. Isolation and enumeration were done on selective media using streak-plate and pour-plate techniques, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was done by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total of 48 bacteria were isolated, of which 31 were coliform and 17 Staphylococcus spp. Among the coliforms, Klebsiella spp. (n=17, 54.84%) was the most predominant in both raw (n=12, 70.6%) and pasteurized milk (n=5, 29.4%), followed by E. coli and Citrobacter spp. While for Staphylococcus spp., 15 (88.24%) were S. aureus and 2 (11.76%) were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS). S. aureus was dominant in raw milk (n=13) rather than pasteurized milk (n=2). The AST of coliforms showed higher resistance towards ampicillin (96.75%), followed by cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin, co-trimoxazole, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, and amikacin in descending order. In the case of S. aureus, higher resistance was observed for penicillin G (100.00%), followed by cefoxitin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin. Further, 12 (70.53%) S. aureus were confirmed as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). And a total of 10 (32.25%) coliforms and 9 (52.95%) S. aureus were identified as multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains. Thus, it can be concluded that antibiotic resistance among milk isolates of the coliform and Staphylococcus spp. is highly prevalent, and these can be a potential source of incurable milk-borne infections. Thus, routine assessment of microbial quality as well as AMR surveillance should be done on milk isolates to ensure the safety of consumer’s health.
{"title":"Assessment of antibiotic resistant profile of coliform and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from milk from Kathmandu valley","authors":"Soniya Bohora, Suraj Chaulagai, Suchitra Thapa","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.294","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among milk pathogens is increasing, which is a serious threat to consumers’ health. Therefore, this study aims to assess the current antibiotic profile of coliforms and Staphylococcus spp. in milk samples. For this, thirty milk samples were collected from various locations in Kathmandu district. Isolation and enumeration were done on selective media using streak-plate and pour-plate techniques, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was done by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total of 48 bacteria were isolated, of which 31 were coliform and 17 Staphylococcus spp. Among the coliforms, Klebsiella spp. (n=17, 54.84%) was the most predominant in both raw (n=12, 70.6%) and pasteurized milk (n=5, 29.4%), followed by E. coli and Citrobacter spp. While for Staphylococcus spp., 15 (88.24%) were S. aureus and 2 (11.76%) were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS). S. aureus was dominant in raw milk (n=13) rather than pasteurized milk (n=2). The AST of coliforms showed higher resistance towards ampicillin (96.75%), followed by cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin, co-trimoxazole, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, and amikacin in descending order. In the case of S. aureus, higher resistance was observed for penicillin G (100.00%), followed by cefoxitin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin. Further, 12 (70.53%) S. aureus were confirmed as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). And a total of 10 (32.25%) coliforms and 9 (52.95%) S. aureus were identified as multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains. Thus, it can be concluded that antibiotic resistance among milk isolates of the coliform and Staphylococcus spp. is highly prevalent, and these can be a potential source of incurable milk-borne infections. Thus, routine assessment of microbial quality as well as AMR surveillance should be done on milk isolates to ensure the safety of consumer’s health.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139139638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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