A. Balzer, S. Shah, Yam Kumar Ale, Dipak Bahadur Adhikari, PhD, Sanjit Niroula, J. Mandal, Amar Bahadur Pun, K. Poudel, Parsuram Bhantana, G. Timsina, R. Karn, Sujwal Karki
Large cardamom is one of the most important spices that can significantly contribute to the economical farming in the country of Nepal. It is grown in Nepal and north-eastern states of India which provide suitable agroclimatic growing conditions of high humidity, ambient temperature and high rainfall. Meeting the demand for high quality plants and yield of cardamom is challenging with traditional methods of propagation. The present study has used the plant tissue culture technique to produce high quality plants. In this regard, MS media with three different hormonal combinations were used for the development protocol for 8 weeks. Shoot length, root length, shoot number and root number were assessed at intervals. The best protocol for growth was MS media with 1 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L IBA for the Ramsey variety, with no significant difference for Golsai, Dambarsai, or Sikkimae varieties. Similarly, the acclimatization and field transfer study was done. The use of any substrate composition in ratio of coco peat: soil 1:2; moss: coco peat 1:2 and sawdust: coco peat 1:2 enables transfer of healthy plants to the field. The results indicate that the varieties respond differently to the micropropagation process and to hormone concentrations indicated by differing root and shoot production. The protocol of 1mg/L BAP and 0.5mg/L IBA could be used for the Ramsai while optimal shoot production for Golsai and Sikkimae should be at 0.5mg/L and 5mg/L for shoot production. All varieties showed optimal root production at 0mg/L BAP and 0.5mg/L IBA. This study sheds light on the different responsiveness of varieties to tissue culture and hormone concentrations for both root and shoot development in micropropagation.
{"title":"Development of Effective Protocol for Four Varieties of Large Cardamom","authors":"A. Balzer, S. Shah, Yam Kumar Ale, Dipak Bahadur Adhikari, PhD, Sanjit Niroula, J. Mandal, Amar Bahadur Pun, K. Poudel, Parsuram Bhantana, G. Timsina, R. Karn, Sujwal Karki","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i1.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i1.224","url":null,"abstract":"Large cardamom is one of the most important spices that can significantly contribute to the economical farming in the country of Nepal. It is grown in Nepal and north-eastern states of India which provide suitable agroclimatic growing conditions of high humidity, ambient temperature and high rainfall. Meeting the demand for high quality plants and yield of cardamom is challenging with traditional methods of propagation. The present study has used the plant tissue culture technique to produce high quality plants. In this regard, MS media with three different hormonal combinations were used for the development protocol for 8 weeks. Shoot length, root length, shoot number and root number were assessed at intervals. The best protocol for growth was MS media with 1 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L IBA for the Ramsey variety, with no significant difference for Golsai, Dambarsai, or Sikkimae varieties. Similarly, the acclimatization and field transfer study was done. The use of any substrate composition in ratio of coco peat: soil 1:2; moss: coco peat 1:2 and sawdust: coco peat 1:2 enables transfer of healthy plants to the field. The results indicate that the varieties respond differently to the micropropagation process and to hormone concentrations indicated by differing root and shoot production. The protocol of 1mg/L BAP and 0.5mg/L IBA could be used for the Ramsai while optimal shoot production for Golsai and Sikkimae should be at 0.5mg/L and 5mg/L for shoot production. All varieties showed optimal root production at 0mg/L BAP and 0.5mg/L IBA. This study sheds light on the different responsiveness of varieties to tissue culture and hormone concentrations for both root and shoot development in micropropagation.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"99 11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87726821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abhishek Bajgain, Bashu Dev Neupane, Diwakar Sarraf, Jwalant Karmacharya, Saksham Ranjitkar, R. Shrestha, R. Gyawali
Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by Apis sp. from floral nectar or other plant parts which are gathered, modified and stored in the honeycombs by honeybees. The current research was aimed to analyze the quality parameters of locally available honey. Honey samples of Apis laboriosa and Apis mellifera were collected during spring of 2019 & 2021 and autumn 2021 from the Bagmati province, Nepal. Samples were analyzed their physicochemical and phytochemical properties. The result shows that, the pH was ranged between [4.467 0.0306 - 5.05 0.02], rheological studies showed Newtonian flow and pseudo-plastic type of Non-Newtonian flow, specific optical rotation was ranged between [(+) 5.75 0.4684 - (-) 12.71 0.234], specific gravity was ranged between [1.35 0.00017 - 1.409 0.00022], moisture content was ranged between [19.2% - 25%]. Secondary Metabolite screening showed the honey samples possesses flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, amino acids, protein and reducing sugar. Total phenolic content was ranged between [1.0427 - 6.86288] gm GAE/Kg honey while total flavonoid content ranged between [0.016755 - 0.353132] gm QE/Kg Honey. IC50 obtained from DPPH assay ranged between [649.6465 - 9867.1617] ppm. Properties and qualities of honey are affected by seasonal factors and various floral sources. The samples were in positive correlation between flavanoid content, phenolic content and their respective anti-oxidant potency.
{"title":"Quality Evaluation of Apis laboriosa and Apis mellifera Honey Collected from Bagmati Province, Nepal","authors":"Abhishek Bajgain, Bashu Dev Neupane, Diwakar Sarraf, Jwalant Karmacharya, Saksham Ranjitkar, R. Shrestha, R. Gyawali","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i1.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i1.228","url":null,"abstract":"Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by Apis sp. from floral nectar or other plant parts which are gathered, modified and stored in the honeycombs by honeybees. The current research was aimed to analyze the quality parameters of locally available honey. Honey samples of Apis laboriosa and Apis mellifera were collected during spring of 2019 & 2021 and autumn 2021 from the Bagmati province, Nepal. Samples were analyzed their physicochemical and phytochemical properties. The result shows that, the pH was ranged between [4.467 0.0306 - 5.05 0.02], rheological studies showed Newtonian flow and pseudo-plastic type of Non-Newtonian flow, specific optical rotation was ranged between [(+) 5.75 0.4684 - (-) 12.71 0.234], specific gravity was ranged between [1.35 0.00017 - 1.409 0.00022], moisture content was ranged between [19.2% - 25%]. Secondary Metabolite screening showed the honey samples possesses flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, amino acids, protein and reducing sugar. Total phenolic content was ranged between [1.0427 - 6.86288] gm GAE/Kg honey while total flavonoid content ranged between [0.016755 - 0.353132] gm QE/Kg Honey. IC50 obtained from DPPH assay ranged between [649.6465 - 9867.1617] ppm. Properties and qualities of honey are affected by seasonal factors and various floral sources. The samples were in positive correlation between flavanoid content, phenolic content and their respective anti-oxidant potency.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84963431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microbial quality of Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio and Clarias batrachus collected from the markets of Kathmandu valley was evaluated. 9 freshwater fish (skin, gills, intestine) were sampled and were analyzed for Total Plate Count (TPC), Total Coliform Count (TCC) and Total Fecal Coliform Count (TFCC). The average TPC ranged from 4.1 x 107 to 1.02 x 108 cfu/gm, with the highest count in C. batrachus and the lowest in C. carpio, whereas the organ wise load was the highest in intestine with 1.3 x 108 cfu/gm and the lowest in skin with 1.02 x 107 cfu/gm. The highest TCC and TFCC was found in C. carpio and C. batrachus respectively, whereas organ wise distribution showed the highest count in intestine for both TCC and TFCC. The pathogens isolated from the samples were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi. E. coli was isolated from 67% of L. rohita, 44.44% of C. carpio and 66.67% of C. batrachus. S. aureus was isolated from 44.44% of both L. rohita and C. batrachus whereas 55.55% of C. carpio. CoNS were isolated from 33.33% of L. rohita, 22.22% of C. carpio and 33.33% of C. batrachus. S. Typhi was isolated from 11.11% of C. carpio and 22.22% of C. batrachus. S. Paratyphi was isolated from 11.11% of both L. rohita and C. batrachus, V. cholerae was isolated from 11.11% of L. rohita, 33.33% of C. carpio and 22.22% of C. batrachus. The observation of this study showed higher bacterial load in all of the fishes above the acceptance level and presence of Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform and potential human pathogens suggests that the microbial quality of the fish available in the market is not satisfactory. Hence, the fishes possess a threat to public health safety and there is an urgent need to improve the Quality Control and Quality Assurance Systems for fish markets of Kathmandu valley.
{"title":"Microbial Quality Assessment of Raw Freshwater Fish Sold in Local Markets of Kathmandu Valley","authors":"Shristi Prasai, Puja Shrestha, Sriniwas Pandey, Ishika Adhikari, Srijana Gurung, K. Prajapati","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i1.225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i1.225","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial quality of Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio and Clarias batrachus collected from the markets of Kathmandu valley was evaluated. 9 freshwater fish (skin, gills, intestine) were sampled and were analyzed for Total Plate Count (TPC), Total Coliform Count (TCC) and Total Fecal Coliform Count (TFCC). The average TPC ranged from 4.1 x 107 to 1.02 x 108 cfu/gm, with the highest count in C. batrachus and the lowest in C. carpio, whereas the organ wise load was the highest in intestine with 1.3 x 108 cfu/gm and the lowest in skin with 1.02 x 107 cfu/gm. The highest TCC and TFCC was found in C. carpio and C. batrachus respectively, whereas organ wise distribution showed the highest count in intestine for both TCC and TFCC. The pathogens isolated from the samples were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi. E. coli was isolated from 67% of L. rohita, 44.44% of C. carpio and 66.67% of C. batrachus. S. aureus was isolated from 44.44% of both L. rohita and C. batrachus whereas 55.55% of C. carpio. CoNS were isolated from 33.33% of L. rohita, 22.22% of C. carpio and 33.33% of C. batrachus. S. Typhi was isolated from 11.11% of C. carpio and 22.22% of C. batrachus. S. Paratyphi was isolated from 11.11% of both L. rohita and C. batrachus, V. cholerae was isolated from 11.11% of L. rohita, 33.33% of C. carpio and 22.22% of C. batrachus. The observation of this study showed higher bacterial load in all of the fishes above the acceptance level and presence of Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform and potential human pathogens suggests that the microbial quality of the fish available in the market is not satisfactory. Hence, the fishes possess a threat to public health safety and there is an urgent need to improve the Quality Control and Quality Assurance Systems for fish markets of Kathmandu valley.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74673508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Kumar Shrestha, Bidhya Dhungana, J. Shakya, Romika Shrestha, S. Chauhan
Different parts of Shorea robusta (Sal) are being used in ancestral and ayurvedic medicines and are known to cure health ailments. The different phytochemicals present in S. robusta is known to possess antimicrobial property. The different botanical parts of this plant have been used in ayurvedic medicines to cure certain infectious diseases. The main aim of this study was to screen phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of bark extract of S. robusta. Literatures were collected through books, journals and further additional information were collected from residents and traditional ayurvedic practitioners. The ethanolic bark extract of S. robusta was obtained through 70% ethanol in rotatory shaker for 72 hours at 37 ℃ and then the crude extract was dried, preserved and analyzed for phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of bark of S. robusta indicated presence of phytochemicals like, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, anthraquinone and absence of phlobatannins, terpenoids, starch and proteins. The extract of S. robusta on Staphylococcus aureus exhibited clear zone of inhibition of 21mm at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/mL while on Escherichia coli exhibited clear zone of inhibition of 9 mm at MIC of 4 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity may be conferred due to the presence of plant phytochemicals. S. robusta bark extract exhibiting significant minimum inhibitory concentration and antimicrobial activity indicates the efficacy of this plant to be considered for discovering and extracting new antimicrobial products against the pathogens. These findings need further support for appropriate formulation of the drug and its therapeutic use in clinical settings.
{"title":"Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Bark Extract of Shorea robusta (Sal)","authors":"B. Kumar Shrestha, Bidhya Dhungana, J. Shakya, Romika Shrestha, S. Chauhan","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i1.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i1.227","url":null,"abstract":"Different parts of Shorea robusta (Sal) are being used in ancestral and ayurvedic medicines and are known to cure health ailments. The different phytochemicals present in S. robusta is known to possess antimicrobial property. The different botanical parts of this plant have been used in ayurvedic medicines to cure certain infectious diseases. The main aim of this study was to screen phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of bark extract of S. robusta. Literatures were collected through books, journals and further additional information were collected from residents and traditional ayurvedic practitioners. The ethanolic bark extract of S. robusta was obtained through 70% ethanol in rotatory shaker for 72 hours at 37 ℃ and then the crude extract was dried, preserved and analyzed for phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of bark of S. robusta indicated presence of phytochemicals like, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, anthraquinone and absence of phlobatannins, terpenoids, starch and proteins. The extract of S. robusta on Staphylococcus aureus exhibited clear zone of inhibition of 21mm at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/mL while on Escherichia coli exhibited clear zone of inhibition of 9 mm at MIC of 4 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity may be conferred due to the presence of plant phytochemicals. S. robusta bark extract exhibiting significant minimum inhibitory concentration and antimicrobial activity indicates the efficacy of this plant to be considered for discovering and extracting new antimicrobial products against the pathogens. These findings need further support for appropriate formulation of the drug and its therapeutic use in clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81934671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Umme Habiba Akter, F. Begum, M. R. Islam, Jannatun Nahar Prinky, Mst Khatun
Purple blotch of garlic caused by Alternaria porri is recognized as a prominent diseases posing threat to garlic cultivation throughout the world including Bangladesh. The experiments were conducted to determine the prevalence of purple blotch disease on garlic varieties in field condition, to test the pathogenicity of isolated causal organism and to find out the suitable management options of the disease. Eight garlic varieties viz. BAU Rashun-1, BAU Rashun-2, BARI Rashun-1, BARI Rashun-2, BARI Rashun-3, BARI Rashun-4, Local Deshi and Local Indian were explored in prevalence study and nine management option comprising a bio-agent Trichoderma harzianum (T1), five botanicals viz. Lantana camara (T2), Spilanthes paniculata (T3), Ocimum sanctum (T4), Raphanas raphanistrum (T5) and Azadirachta indica (T6), two fungicides Mancozeb 80% WP (T7) and Sulcox 50% WP (T8) and, an untreated control (T9) were explored in the experiments. BARI Rashun-3 showed the highest disease incidence (40.00%) and severity (92.00%) of purple blotch disease. Isolation, identification of pathogen and pathogenicity test was carried out as well. In case of management, all botanicals and bio-agent were tested significantly beneficial in lessening the disease incidence and severity of purple blotch disease. The results revealed that Lantana camara (T2) was found most effective for minimizing the disease incidence (26.67, 26.67 and 33.33%) at 30, 45 and 60 DAS, respectively while maximum disease incidence was recorded in control (T9) (86.67, 96.67 and 100.00%). T2 also reduced disease severity at 30 DAS (11.00%) whereas, at 45 DAS (18.67%) and 60 DAS (19.33%) T1 performed well against the disease.
{"title":"Occurrence of Purple Blotch Disease Associated with Selected Garlic Varieties and its Management Through Bio-Agent, Botanicals and Fungicides","authors":"Umme Habiba Akter, F. Begum, M. R. Islam, Jannatun Nahar Prinky, Mst Khatun","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i1.226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i1.226","url":null,"abstract":"Purple blotch of garlic caused by Alternaria porri is recognized as a prominent diseases posing threat to garlic cultivation throughout the world including Bangladesh. The experiments were conducted to determine the prevalence of purple blotch disease on garlic varieties in field condition, to test the pathogenicity of isolated causal organism and to find out the suitable management options of the disease. Eight garlic varieties viz. BAU Rashun-1, BAU Rashun-2, BARI Rashun-1, BARI Rashun-2, BARI Rashun-3, BARI Rashun-4, Local Deshi and Local Indian were explored in prevalence study and nine management option comprising a bio-agent Trichoderma harzianum (T1), five botanicals viz. Lantana camara (T2), Spilanthes paniculata (T3), Ocimum sanctum (T4), Raphanas raphanistrum (T5) and Azadirachta indica (T6), two fungicides Mancozeb 80% WP (T7) and Sulcox 50% WP (T8) and, an untreated control (T9) were explored in the experiments. BARI Rashun-3 showed the highest disease incidence (40.00%) and severity (92.00%) of purple blotch disease. Isolation, identification of pathogen and pathogenicity test was carried out as well. In case of management, all botanicals and bio-agent were tested significantly beneficial in lessening the disease incidence and severity of purple blotch disease. The results revealed that Lantana camara (T2) was found most effective for minimizing the disease incidence (26.67, 26.67 and 33.33%) at 30, 45 and 60 DAS, respectively while maximum disease incidence was recorded in control (T9) (86.67, 96.67 and 100.00%). T2 also reduced disease severity at 30 DAS (11.00%) whereas, at 45 DAS (18.67%) and 60 DAS (19.33%) T1 performed well against the disease.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81303803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Saud, A. Agrawal, Soniya Pokhrel, S. Subedi, S. Shrestha, Niroj Man Amatya
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common opportunistic pathogen causing a wide range of infections; pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, and liver abscesses. It infects primarily immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. It presents itself as an antibiotic-resistant bacterium, especially for third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, creating serious global challenges. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted in B & B Hospital, Lalitpur to screen the distribution of carbapenem resistance K. pneumoniae through ertapenem and to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration of imipenem for screened carbapenem resistance K. pneumoniae. From 3447 different clinical samples collected according to standard guidelines, K. pneumoniae was identified using standard microbiological techniques; staining and a panel of biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolates was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI 2018 guidelines. The screening of carbapenem resistance was assessed by using ertapenem disc and the MIC of imipenem for carbapenem resistance and intermediate was performed using an Epsilometer. A total of 85 K. pneumoniae were identified and their antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that ceftriaxone was the least effective antibiotic. The number of MDR, carbapenem-resistant and intermediate isolates was 51, 46, and 3, respectively. The MIC of imipenem through an Epsilometer from ertapenem resistant and intermediate revealed that 31, 5, and 13 isolates were resistant, intermediate, and sensitive respectively. These findings showed the inconsistency in the detection of carbapenem-resistant isolates in routine microbiology laboratories and further support the other tests for the detection of carbapenem resistance as suggested by CLSI.
肺炎克雷伯菌是一种常见的机会性病原体，可引起广泛的感染;肺炎，尿路感染，菌血症，肝脓肿。它主要感染免疫功能低下和免疫正常的个体。它是一种耐抗生素的细菌，尤其是对第三代头孢菌素和碳青霉烯类抗生素，造成了严重的全球挑战。因此，本研究在Lalitpur B & B医院进行横断面研究，通过厄他培南筛选耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的分布，并评估亚胺培南对筛选的耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的最低抑制浓度。根据标准指南收集的3447份不同临床样本中，使用标准微生物学技术鉴定出肺炎克雷伯菌;染色和生化测试按照CLSI 2018指南，采用Kirby-Bauer圆盘扩散法进行抗生素敏感性试验。亚胺培南对碳青霉烯类药物耐药筛选采用厄他培南盘片法，亚胺培南对碳青霉烯类药物耐药MIC采用Epsilometer测定。共检出肺炎克雷伯菌85株，药敏试验结果显示头孢曲松效果最差。耐多药菌株51株，碳青霉烯类耐药菌株46株，中间菌株3株。通过Epsilometer对亚胺培南耐药株和中间株进行MIC测定，耐药株31株，中间株5株，敏感株13株。这些发现说明了常规微生物实验室检测碳青霉烯类耐药菌株的不一致性，并进一步支持了CLSI建议的其他检测碳青霉烯类耐药的方法。
{"title":"Screening of Carbapenem Resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae and its MIC against Imipenem","authors":"S. Saud, A. Agrawal, Soniya Pokhrel, S. Subedi, S. Shrestha, Niroj Man Amatya","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i1.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i1.229","url":null,"abstract":"Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common opportunistic pathogen causing a wide range of infections; pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, and liver abscesses. It infects primarily immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. It presents itself as an antibiotic-resistant bacterium, especially for third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, creating serious global challenges. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted in B & B Hospital, Lalitpur to screen the distribution of carbapenem resistance K. pneumoniae through ertapenem and to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration of imipenem for screened carbapenem resistance K. pneumoniae. From 3447 different clinical samples collected according to standard guidelines, K. pneumoniae was identified using standard microbiological techniques; staining and a panel of biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolates was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI 2018 guidelines. The screening of carbapenem resistance was assessed by using ertapenem disc and the MIC of imipenem for carbapenem resistance and intermediate was performed using an Epsilometer. A total of 85 K. pneumoniae were identified and their antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that ceftriaxone was the least effective antibiotic. The number of MDR, carbapenem-resistant and intermediate isolates was 51, 46, and 3, respectively. The MIC of imipenem through an Epsilometer from ertapenem resistant and intermediate revealed that 31, 5, and 13 isolates were resistant, intermediate, and sensitive respectively. These findings showed the inconsistency in the detection of carbapenem-resistant isolates in routine microbiology laboratories and further support the other tests for the detection of carbapenem resistance as suggested by CLSI.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"100 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89661107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adesh Baral, Ritesh Gorkhali, Amit Basnet, Shubham Koirala, Hitesh K Bhattarai
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a form of blood cancer that affects white blood cells and is among the most common forms of leukemia with children and adolescents showing the highest number of cases. Most treatment protocols include chemotherapy using asparaginase. Asparaginase converts asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. Unlike normal, healthy cells, cancerous cells depend on asparagine for their growth. When these cells are deprived of asparagine by the action of the enzyme, the cancer cells selectively die. As of date, several forms of asparaginases are commercially available and are administered in ALL therapy. But due to limited study, it will be early and inaccurate to predict which forms of the enzymes are better. In this review, we aim to compare the efficacy and toxicity of four different asparaginases—native Escherichia coli asparaginase, PEG Escherichia coli asparaginase, Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase and a recombinant Escherichia coli asparaginase—used in ALL therapy in children and adolescents using available clinical trial data. PubMed and Clinical trial.org databases were used to select studies. Asparaginase activity, toxicity, anti-asparaginase antibody level and event-free, overall survival was compared for different asparaginases. Seventeen randomized and non-randomized controlled trials were included. Evidence was insufficient to ascertain which asparaginase is the best. PEG Escherichia coli asparaginase seems to be better with a high activity among the treated patients but there remains high toxicity for all available asparaginases. This study highlights a need to discover alternative sources of asparaginase from the organisms, which are evolutionarily distant from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi with high higher enzyme activity and reduced toxicity.
{"title":"Efficacy and Toxicity of Different Forms of Asparaginases Against Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Review","authors":"Adesh Baral, Ritesh Gorkhali, Amit Basnet, Shubham Koirala, Hitesh K Bhattarai","doi":"10.54796/njb.v9i2.41914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v9i2.41914","url":null,"abstract":"Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a form of blood cancer that affects white blood cells and is among the most common forms of leukemia with children and adolescents showing the highest number of cases. Most treatment protocols include chemotherapy using asparaginase. Asparaginase converts asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. Unlike normal, healthy cells, cancerous cells depend on asparagine for their growth. When these cells are deprived of asparagine by the action of the enzyme, the cancer cells selectively die. As of date, several forms of asparaginases are commercially available and are administered in ALL therapy. But due to limited study, it will be early and inaccurate to predict which forms of the enzymes are better. In this review, we aim to compare the efficacy and toxicity of four different asparaginases—native Escherichia coli asparaginase, PEG Escherichia coli asparaginase, Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase and a recombinant Escherichia coli asparaginase—used in ALL therapy in children and adolescents using available clinical trial data. PubMed and Clinical trial.org databases were used to select studies. Asparaginase activity, toxicity, anti-asparaginase antibody level and event-free, overall survival was compared for different asparaginases. Seventeen randomized and non-randomized controlled trials were included. Evidence was insufficient to ascertain which asparaginase is the best. PEG Escherichia coli asparaginase seems to be better with a high activity among the treated patients but there remains high toxicity for all available asparaginases. This study highlights a need to discover alternative sources of asparaginase from the organisms, which are evolutionarily distant from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi with high higher enzyme activity and reduced toxicity.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84640925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Khadka, Samikshya Kandel, R. Pandit, Rosham Manjhi, Subhash Dhital, Jagat Bahadur Baniya, Shravan Kumar Mishra, Raj Kumar Mahato
Cryptococcus neoformans is one of the foremost common opportunistic infectious agents in people living with Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It has been reported to cause about 1 million cases of cryptococcal meningitis per year among HIV/AIDS and 600,000 deaths annually. This study was done to find the prevalence of Cryptococcal antigenemia among HIV positive individuals having CD4counts <100 cells/mm3. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the HIV Reference unit, National public health laboratory from July to December 2015. The study comprised of 99 HIV positive individuals having CD4counts <100 cells/mm3. CD4 T cell count was performed by flow cytometry (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and Cryptococcal antigen test by Latex agglutination assay. The overall prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia was found to be 18.2%. Of the total ninety-nine subjects enrolled in the study, 72 (72.8%) were males and 27 (27.2%) were females. The mean age of the patients was 38 years ranging from 13 to 69 years. Higher percentage of female (22.2%) showed Cryptococcal infection in our study as compared to male (16.7%). The study concludes higher prevalence of Cryptococcal antigenemia among HIV infected individuals and recommends Cryptococcal antigen screening to be made mandatory in HIV positive patients having CD4 T cells count below 100/μl.
新型隐球菌是获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者最常见的机会性感染因子之一。据报告，每年在艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者中造成约100万例隐球菌性脑膜炎，每年造成60万人死亡。本研究旨在发现cd4计数<100细胞/mm3的HIV阳性个体中隐球菌抗原血症的患病率。2015年7月至12月在国家公共卫生实验室艾滋病毒参考单位进行了横断面研究。该研究包括99名cd4计数<100细胞/mm3的HIV阳性个体。CD4 T细胞计数采用流式细胞术(BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA)，隐球菌抗原检测采用Latex凝集法。隐球菌抗原血症的总患病率为18.2%。在纳入研究的99名受试者中，男性72人(72.8%)，女性27人(27.2%)。患者平均年龄38岁，年龄范围13 ~ 69岁。在我们的研究中，女性(22.2%)出现隐球菌感染的比例高于男性(16.7%)。本研究得出隐球菌抗原血症在HIV感染者中较高的患病率，并建议对CD4 T细胞计数低于100/μl的HIV阳性患者强制进行隐球菌抗原筛查。
{"title":"Sero-prevalance of Cryptococcal Antigenemia in HIV Positive Individual having CD4 Counts <100 Cells/mm3","authors":"S. Khadka, Samikshya Kandel, R. Pandit, Rosham Manjhi, Subhash Dhital, Jagat Bahadur Baniya, Shravan Kumar Mishra, Raj Kumar Mahato","doi":"10.54796/njb.v9i2.41912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v9i2.41912","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptococcus neoformans is one of the foremost common opportunistic infectious agents in people living with Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It has been reported to cause about 1 million cases of cryptococcal meningitis per year among HIV/AIDS and 600,000 deaths annually. This study was done to find the prevalence of Cryptococcal antigenemia among HIV positive individuals having CD4counts <100 cells/mm3. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the HIV Reference unit, National public health laboratory from July to December 2015. The study comprised of 99 HIV positive individuals having CD4counts <100 cells/mm3. CD4 T cell count was performed by flow cytometry (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and Cryptococcal antigen test by Latex agglutination assay. The overall prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia was found to be 18.2%. Of the total ninety-nine subjects enrolled in the study, 72 (72.8%) were males and 27 (27.2%) were females. The mean age of the patients was 38 years ranging from 13 to 69 years. Higher percentage of female (22.2%) showed Cryptococcal infection in our study as compared to male (16.7%). The study concludes higher prevalence of Cryptococcal antigenemia among HIV infected individuals and recommends Cryptococcal antigen screening to be made mandatory in HIV positive patients having CD4 T cells count below 100/μl.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88129541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Niranjan Koirala, S. Khanal, Sujan Chaudhary, S. Gautam, Shiv Nandan Sah, P. Subba, N. Marraiki, G. El-Saber Batiha
Bio-surfactants are surface-active molecules which are produced by the wide range of microbes including bacteria, fungi, moulds, and yeast. This study was conducted to identify bio-surfactants by Bacillus subtilis combined with use of cheap substrates and industrial wastes (Mustard cake, Whey and Soya cake) which are found locally in Nepal. Bacillus subtilis, one of the most potential bio-surfactants producer; was isolated from soil sample of hydrocarbon contaminated site. Isolates were grown in a Minimal Salt Media (MSM) with 10% (v/v) mustard oil cake, whey and soya cake separately. The presence and potential of surfactant was determined by the oil spreading technique, emulsification index (%E24) and surface tension measurement. It was revealed that the surface tensions of cell free extract were 54.41, 60.02 and 56.64 mN/m for from mustard cake, whey and soya cake respectively as compared to distilled water (72.09) at 25oC. The emulsification index values was found to be highest in engine oil from the bio-surfactant extracted from mustard cake, soya cake and whey respectively. Similarly, mustard oil showed the lowest value of emulsification index. The highest emulsification activity was shown in mustard oil i.e. 1.13 from the cell free extract from mustard oil and lowest in engine oil i.e., 0.07, by the extract from soya cake medium, when measured in spectrophotometer at 540 nm. In conclusion, strain of Bacillus subtilis was found to be the potential surface active agent producers on the mustard oil cake, which can be useful medium for various environmental, food, medicinal and industrial processes.
{"title":"Potential surface active agent production using very low grade and cheap substrate by Bacillus subtilis as microbial cell factory","authors":"Niranjan Koirala, S. Khanal, Sujan Chaudhary, S. Gautam, Shiv Nandan Sah, P. Subba, N. Marraiki, G. El-Saber Batiha","doi":"10.54796/njb.v9i2.41910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v9i2.41910","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-surfactants are surface-active molecules which are produced by the wide range of microbes including bacteria, fungi, moulds, and yeast. This study was conducted to identify bio-surfactants by Bacillus subtilis combined with use of cheap substrates and industrial wastes (Mustard cake, Whey and Soya cake) which are found locally in Nepal. Bacillus subtilis, one of the most potential bio-surfactants producer; was isolated from soil sample of hydrocarbon contaminated site. Isolates were grown in a Minimal Salt Media (MSM) with 10% (v/v) mustard oil cake, whey and soya cake separately. The presence and potential of surfactant was determined by the oil spreading technique, emulsification index (%E24) and surface tension measurement. It was revealed that the surface tensions of cell free extract were 54.41, 60.02 and 56.64 mN/m for from mustard cake, whey and soya cake respectively as compared to distilled water (72.09) at 25oC. The emulsification index values was found to be highest in engine oil from the bio-surfactant extracted from mustard cake, soya cake and whey respectively. Similarly, mustard oil showed the lowest value of emulsification index. The highest emulsification activity was shown in mustard oil i.e. 1.13 from the cell free extract from mustard oil and lowest in engine oil i.e., 0.07, by the extract from soya cake medium, when measured in spectrophotometer at 540 nm. In conclusion, strain of Bacillus subtilis was found to be the potential surface active agent producers on the mustard oil cake, which can be useful medium for various environmental, food, medicinal and industrial processes.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84140117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Poudel, Akash Paudyal, Bishnu Prasad Sharma, K. Sharma, Y. Baral, S. Adhikari, Manju Shree Shakya Hada
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of condition of water relative to requirement of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. The main objective of the study is to detect the physio-chemical and microbiological parameters of water sample from the Bagmati river and its tributaries of Kathmandu valley along with antibiotic susceptibility. In physico-chemical parameters, turbidity, temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Ammonia, Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Phosphate, Iron, Nitrate, Total Dissolved solids, and color were analyzed. Iron and Turbidity was found to be above the World health organization and Nepal Standard guideline in all the samples (100%), while Ammonia was found to be above the WHO guideline in 10(90%) samples. Among 11 samples, 10(90%) showed a low Dissolved oxygen level. Most Probable Number method was followed for counting total load of coliform and fecal coliform. Escherichia coli was isolated from the sample and subjected to Antibiotic susceptibility. Coliform was detected in all the samples and E. coli was identified as highly resistant towards Gentamicin (81.8%) and sensitive towards Chloramphenicol (81.8%). High value of ammonia, turbidity and low value of Dissolved Oxygen in the lower belts of river was due to large inputs of wastewater and organic loads caused by anthropogenic activities. High value of Coliform in all the samples indicates bacterial contamination in river water. The comparative study for the water quality variables in the urban areas showed that the main rivers and its tributaries were equally polluted.
{"title":"Microbial and Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Rivers of Kathmandu Valley","authors":"S. Poudel, Akash Paudyal, Bishnu Prasad Sharma, K. Sharma, Y. Baral, S. Adhikari, Manju Shree Shakya Hada","doi":"10.54796/njb.v9i2.41908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v9i2.41908","url":null,"abstract":"Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of condition of water relative to requirement of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. The main objective of the study is to detect the physio-chemical and microbiological parameters of water sample from the Bagmati river and its tributaries of Kathmandu valley along with antibiotic susceptibility. In physico-chemical parameters, turbidity, temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Ammonia, Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Phosphate, Iron, Nitrate, Total Dissolved solids, and color were analyzed. Iron and Turbidity was found to be above the World health organization and Nepal Standard guideline in all the samples (100%), while Ammonia was found to be above the WHO guideline in 10(90%) samples. Among 11 samples, 10(90%) showed a low Dissolved oxygen level. Most Probable Number method was followed for counting total load of coliform and fecal coliform. Escherichia coli was isolated from the sample and subjected to Antibiotic susceptibility. Coliform was detected in all the samples and E. coli was identified as highly resistant towards Gentamicin (81.8%) and sensitive towards Chloramphenicol (81.8%). High value of ammonia, turbidity and low value of Dissolved Oxygen in the lower belts of river was due to large inputs of wastewater and organic loads caused by anthropogenic activities. High value of Coliform in all the samples indicates bacterial contamination in river water. The comparative study for the water quality variables in the urban areas showed that the main rivers and its tributaries were equally polluted.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74390861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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