Pub Date : 2021-11-13DOI: 10.2495/ei-v4-n4-388-399
Sinthumule Hangwelani, Mokgoebo Matjutla John Matjutla, Gumbo Jabulani Ray
{"title":"Impact Of Pigeon Pea Fish Feed Formula On The Limnology Of Small-Holder Aquaculture Systems During Tilapia Fish Feeding Trials, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province","authors":"Sinthumule Hangwelani, Mokgoebo Matjutla John Matjutla, Gumbo Jabulani Ray","doi":"10.2495/ei-v4-n4-388-399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/ei-v4-n4-388-399","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Impacts","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74772907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-13DOI: 10.2495/ei-v4-n4-363-374
Z. Boukalová, Jan Tìšitel, Binod Das Gurung
Constructed wetlands can be considered as a strategic nature-based wastewater treatment technology for Nepal, where the discharge of untreated wastewater into rivers, lakes or any other water body is a common practice and where the big wastewater treatment plants are not well functioning or are not sufficiently used. The successful implementation of constructed wetlands in Nepal is conditioned by many factors, which should be considered. Legislation is weak and hygienic standards are low;therefore, wastewater treatment is usually not a priority for city governments and private or public institutions, as well as for communities themselves. Under these circumstances, it is not an exception that it might be difficult to convince people to pay for constructed wetlands implementation and maintenance. Our paper discusses conditions influencing the applicability of constructed wetlands in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, by empirically analysing the best and bad practices of their application. The focus is paid to present the social situation and history of analysed communities and organisations. Implementation of constructed wetlands for schools is discussed as a special case, as well as the change of the communities’ approach towards constructed wetlands’ importance, as it appeared during the pandemic situation of COVID-19 in 2020.
{"title":"Constructed Wetlands Implementation in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal","authors":"Z. Boukalová, Jan Tìšitel, Binod Das Gurung","doi":"10.2495/ei-v4-n4-363-374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/ei-v4-n4-363-374","url":null,"abstract":"Constructed wetlands can be considered as a strategic nature-based wastewater treatment technology for Nepal, where the discharge of untreated wastewater into rivers, lakes or any other water body is a common practice and where the big wastewater treatment plants are not well functioning or are not sufficiently used. The successful implementation of constructed wetlands in Nepal is conditioned by many factors, which should be considered. Legislation is weak and hygienic standards are low;therefore, wastewater treatment is usually not a priority for city governments and private or public institutions, as well as for communities themselves. Under these circumstances, it is not an exception that it might be difficult to convince people to pay for constructed wetlands implementation and maintenance. Our paper discusses conditions influencing the applicability of constructed wetlands in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, by empirically analysing the best and bad practices of their application. The focus is paid to present the social situation and history of analysed communities and organisations. Implementation of constructed wetlands for schools is discussed as a special case, as well as the change of the communities’ approach towards constructed wetlands’ importance, as it appeared during the pandemic situation of COVID-19 in 2020.","PeriodicalId":34209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Impacts","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87500909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-28DOI: 10.2495/ei-v4-n3-231-242
Sérgio Rodrigues Rocha, T. D. C. Studart, M. M. Portela, M. Zeleňáková, Rogério Soliani Studart Filho
global markets foster economic growth, but production of traded goods also impacts water resource use. This is especially true for semiarid regions, given that increasing agricultural exports is a crucial pro-poor development strategy. The aim of this paper is to quantify the contribution of agricultural trade in terms of virtual water flows – blue, green and grey – between the state of ceará-Brazil and its international partners from 1997 to 2012 and to analyse its impacts in the state’s water resources policy. essentially, all virtual water exported and imported by ceará in agricultural products came from cashew nuts and wheat, corresponding in both cases up to 72% of green water. interestingly, virtual green water has an important role in production but has been underestimated in the state’s water resources management model, which despite successful focuses exclusively on blue water. The results show that the commercial balance of the total virtual water was always negative, meaning that ceará imported more virtual water than it exported; this outcome is aligned with its water-scarce condition.
{"title":"The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: the Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management","authors":"Sérgio Rodrigues Rocha, T. D. C. Studart, M. M. Portela, M. Zeleňáková, Rogério Soliani Studart Filho","doi":"10.2495/ei-v4-n3-231-242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/ei-v4-n3-231-242","url":null,"abstract":"global markets foster economic growth, but production of traded goods also impacts water resource use. This is especially true for semiarid regions, given that increasing agricultural exports is a crucial pro-poor development strategy. The aim of this paper is to quantify the contribution of agricultural trade in terms of virtual water flows – blue, green and grey – between the state of ceará-Brazil and its international partners from 1997 to 2012 and to analyse its impacts in the state’s water resources policy. essentially, all virtual water exported and imported by ceará in agricultural products came from cashew nuts and wheat, corresponding in both cases up to 72% of green water. interestingly, virtual green water has an important role in production but has been underestimated in the state’s water resources management model, which despite successful focuses exclusively on blue water. The results show that the commercial balance of the total virtual water was always negative, meaning that ceará imported more virtual water than it exported; this outcome is aligned with its water-scarce condition.","PeriodicalId":34209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Impacts","volume":"269 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77461572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ciopec, I. Hulka, N. Duțeanu, A. Negrea, O. Grad, P. Negrea, V. Mînzatu, Cristina Ardean
One of the strategies for sustainable development is to promote a quality health care system, available to all without discrimination, and improving protection against health threats. In this context, arsenic removal from groundwater for drinking purposes presents challenges at national and global levels. Thus, the present article focuses on removing arsenic from groundwaters by using a new class of materials based on cellulose modified with crown ether (dibenzo-18-crown-6) doped with iron ions. Using such extractants involves only a small amount of crown ether, indicating higher efficiency of produced material, and in order to improve the adsorbent properties and selectivity for arsenic removal, the modified cellulose was functionalized with iron ions. The new adsorbent material was characterized by using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. To investigate its adsorption properties for arsenic removal, equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed. Arsenic adsorption from water onto new class of adsorbent material was studied under different experimental conditions such as reaction time, initial arsenic concentration and temperature. Kinetic of adsorption process was better described by pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium adsorption data were well described by the Sips adsorption isotherm. The values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔGo, ΔHo, ΔSo) showed that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The possibility of reuse of the adsorbent material through adsorption and desorption cycles was also studied, and it was found that the material can be used in three adsorption–desorption cycles.
{"title":"Arsenic removal from water using a new class of materials with adsorbent properties","authors":"M. Ciopec, I. Hulka, N. Duțeanu, A. Negrea, O. Grad, P. Negrea, V. Mînzatu, Cristina Ardean","doi":"10.2495/ei-v3-n1-53-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/ei-v3-n1-53-65","url":null,"abstract":"One of the strategies for sustainable development is to promote a quality health care system, available to all without discrimination, and improving protection against health threats. In this context, arsenic removal from groundwater for drinking purposes presents challenges at national and global levels. Thus, the present article focuses on removing arsenic from groundwaters by using a new class of materials based on cellulose modified with crown ether (dibenzo-18-crown-6) doped with iron ions. Using such extractants involves only a small amount of crown ether, indicating higher efficiency of produced material, and in order to improve the adsorbent properties and selectivity for arsenic removal, the modified cellulose was functionalized with iron ions. The new adsorbent material was characterized by using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. To investigate its adsorption properties for arsenic removal, equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed. Arsenic adsorption from water onto new class of adsorbent material was studied under different experimental conditions such as reaction time, initial arsenic concentration and temperature. Kinetic of adsorption process was better described by pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium adsorption data were well described by the Sips adsorption isotherm. The values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔGo, ΔHo, ΔSo) showed that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The possibility of reuse of the adsorbent material through adsorption and desorption cycles was also studied, and it was found that the material can be used in three adsorption–desorption cycles.","PeriodicalId":34209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Impacts","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74419382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piotr A. Kowalski, Kasper Sapała, Wiktor Warchałowski
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution kills around 6.5 million people around the world every year. The European Environment Agency, in turn, points out that about 50,000 people die annually in Poland due to this. PM10 pollution arises in the form of smog (smoke and fog) and is an unnatural phenomenon created by adverse weather conditions and human activity. The aim of this article is to assess the possibilities of tasking modern neural networks to predict PM10 air pollution levels in the following hours of the subsequent day. In evaluating the prediction task, several types of error are considered, and machine learning algorithms and structures are utilized as learning models. Of note, the algorithm selected for stochastic optimization is a form of convolutional neural networking and deep learning neural networking that is used in machine learning when considering Big Data issues. The obtained results were then analysed and compared with other methods of prediction. As a result of this research, the proposed convergent neural network could be used effectively as a tool for calculating detailed air quality forecasts for the subsequent 24-h period.
{"title":"PM10 forecasting through applying convolution neural network techniques","authors":"Piotr A. Kowalski, Kasper Sapała, Wiktor Warchałowski","doi":"10.2495/ei-v3-n1-31-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/ei-v3-n1-31-42","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution kills around 6.5 million people around the world every year. The European Environment Agency, in turn, points out that about 50,000 people die annually in Poland due to this. PM10 pollution arises in the form of smog (smoke and fog) and is an unnatural phenomenon created by adverse weather conditions and human activity. The aim of this article is to assess the possibilities of tasking modern neural networks to predict PM10 air pollution levels in the following hours of the subsequent day. In evaluating the prediction task, several types of error are considered, and machine learning algorithms and structures are utilized as learning models. Of note, the algorithm selected for stochastic optimization is a form of convolutional neural networking and deep learning neural networking that is used in machine learning when considering Big Data issues. The obtained results were then analysed and compared with other methods of prediction. As a result of this research, the proposed convergent neural network could be used effectively as a tool for calculating detailed air quality forecasts for the subsequent 24-h period.","PeriodicalId":34209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Impacts","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83102934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new method that evaluates dominant local dynamics by skeletonization, mathematical term decomposition and the re-combination of a reduced number of dominant terms around the skeleton points is proposed to clarify the dynamics of hairpin vortices generated during the boundary-layer transition under free-stream turbulence (FST). The development of the method is based on the results of direct numerical simulations conducted for the laminar-turbulent transition on a flat plate with FST intensities of 0–6% and a free-stream Mach number of 0.5. Regarding the skeletonization, a new algorithm for extracting the interior points of vortex structures represented by enclosed iso-surfaces is developed. To identify the dominant terms, governing equations are decomposed into non-further-decomposable (NFD) terms. The proposed method is also extended to time series flow field data to reveal the variation of the combination set of dominant NFD terms during the evolution of vortex structures. The present method enables the automatic finding and categorization of the variations of the sets of dominant terms that govern local dynamics during the evolution of hairpin vortices.
{"title":"Algorithmic exploration of dominant terms around hairpin vortices generated during boundary-layer transition under Free-Stream Turbulence","authors":"K. Matsuura","doi":"10.2495/ei-v3-n1-66-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/ei-v3-n1-66-80","url":null,"abstract":"A new method that evaluates dominant local dynamics by skeletonization, mathematical term decomposition and the re-combination of a reduced number of dominant terms around the skeleton points is proposed to clarify the dynamics of hairpin vortices generated during the boundary-layer transition under free-stream turbulence (FST). The development of the method is based on the results of direct numerical simulations conducted for the laminar-turbulent transition on a flat plate with FST intensities of 0–6% and a free-stream Mach number of 0.5. Regarding the skeletonization, a new algorithm for extracting the interior points of vortex structures represented by enclosed iso-surfaces is developed. To identify the dominant terms, governing equations are decomposed into non-further-decomposable (NFD) terms. The proposed method is also extended to time series flow field data to reveal the variation of the combination set of dominant NFD terms during the evolution of vortex structures. The present method enables the automatic finding and categorization of the variations of the sets of dominant terms that govern local dynamics during the evolution of hairpin vortices.","PeriodicalId":34209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Impacts","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84165552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Air quality improvement is a major concern in developed countries. In the past decade, especially in Europe, legislative measures have been taken to reduce air pollution. The present article promotes photocatalysis as an air quality improvement technique towards NO 2 pollution. Indoor air depollution by painted plasterboards treated with photocatalytic coating was investigated. First, at laboratory scale, using a bed flow reactor, depollution efficiency of the photocatalytic system was evaluated. Experimental conditions were adapted as much as possible to match indoor environment. Thus, pollution levels remained at ppb scale, temperature and relative humidity (RH) were kept constant (20 °C and 50% RH) and typical indoor lighting systems (fluorescent tubes, Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and halogen bulbs) were used for photoactivation. UV-A fluorescent tube was also used to optimise photocatalytic activity. Second, experiments were conducted at real scale, in a 10-m experimental chamber developed at our laboratory. Interior walls were covered with the photocatalytic system and the chamber was used as a reactor. Employing a specific experimental procedure, aiming at keeping pollution level constant in the chamber, photocatalytic depollution was evaluated. The same lighting systems were used for photoactivation. NO 2 abatement efficiency was evaluated through the photocatalytic oxidation potential and rate. Results show that NO 2 can be significantly removed by this technique. However, the light used for photoactivation is at utmost importance. Furthermore, the results show that at laboratory scale, photocatalytic depollution efficiency of NO 2 could be underestimated.
{"title":"Indoor air NO2 depollution by photocatalysis – comparing reactor and experimental chamber results","authors":"Jivko Topalov, J. Hot, E. Ringot, A. Bertron","doi":"10.2495/ei-v3-n1-81-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/ei-v3-n1-81-92","url":null,"abstract":"Air quality improvement is a major concern in developed countries. In the past decade, especially in Europe, legislative measures have been taken to reduce air pollution. The present article promotes photocatalysis as an air quality improvement technique towards NO 2 pollution. Indoor air depollution by painted plasterboards treated with photocatalytic coating was investigated. First, at laboratory scale, using a bed flow reactor, depollution efficiency of the photocatalytic system was evaluated. Experimental conditions were adapted as much as possible to match indoor environment. Thus, pollution levels remained at ppb scale, temperature and relative humidity (RH) were kept constant (20 °C and 50% RH) and typical indoor lighting systems (fluorescent tubes, Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and halogen bulbs) were used for photoactivation. UV-A fluorescent tube was also used to optimise photocatalytic activity. Second, experiments were conducted at real scale, in a 10-m experimental chamber developed at our laboratory. Interior walls were covered with the photocatalytic system and the chamber was used as a reactor. Employing a specific experimental procedure, aiming at keeping pollution level constant in the chamber, photocatalytic depollution was evaluated. The same lighting systems were used for photoactivation. NO 2 abatement efficiency was evaluated through the photocatalytic oxidation potential and rate. Results show that NO 2 can be significantly removed by this technique. However, the light used for photoactivation is at utmost importance. Furthermore, the results show that at laboratory scale, photocatalytic depollution efficiency of NO 2 could be underestimated.","PeriodicalId":34209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Impacts","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75014752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In spite of their positive role in the framework of circular economy, waste-to-energy processes are responsible for the emissions of a large number of air pollutants. Although this sector has made significant improvements in the air pollution control of primary emissions, the role of other sources (i.e. secondary emissions) has been often neglected. This paper aims at investigating the contributions of primary and secondary emissions expected from a waste gasification plant that is planned for the construction in an Alpine valley. The results from this analysis show that secondary emissions would play a significant role in the overall emissive footprint of the plant, contributing to 29% and 10%, respectively, of the overall emissions of dusts and total organic carbon. In the light of such results, secondary emissions would require an appropriate monitoring approach, which should complement the existing monitoring protocols for primary emissions.
{"title":"Environmental balance of an innovative waste-to-energy plant: The role of secondary emissions","authors":"M. Schiavon, L. Adami, V. Torretta, M. Tubino","doi":"10.2495/ei-v3-n1-43-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/ei-v3-n1-43-52","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of their positive role in the framework of circular economy, waste-to-energy processes are responsible for the emissions of a large number of air pollutants. Although this sector has made significant improvements in the air pollution control of primary emissions, the role of other sources (i.e. secondary emissions) has been often neglected. This paper aims at investigating the contributions of primary and secondary emissions expected from a waste gasification plant that is planned for the construction in an Alpine valley. The results from this analysis show that secondary emissions would play a significant role in the overall emissive footprint of the plant, contributing to 29% and 10%, respectively, of the overall emissions of dusts and total organic carbon. In the light of such results, secondary emissions would require an appropriate monitoring approach, which should complement the existing monitoring protocols for primary emissions.","PeriodicalId":34209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Impacts","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84990473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-346-355
T. Torregrosa, M. Sevilla
The International Water Association bets in its integrated management of water resource model (IWRM) toolbox for a management unit that covers the watershed. However, this point is debatable as there are models of IWRM implementation at the infra-basin level, or even, as in the case we present with this work, when there are several basins that interfere with a particular territory. The problems associated with the confluence of two or more basins in the same territory go through the difficulties in the management of the different resources and their allocation between different uses, especially when the resources are scarce to meet the total demands of water, which occurs in the areas of South-east Spain. Here, global demands are trying to articulate within two deficit basins (the Júcar and the Segura), with external contributions from the Tajo Basin (Tajo-Segura Transfer) and with non-conventional resources from the desalination of seawater. We will try to expose the state of the art at this time, and the alternatives that arise from an economic point of view. Attempts to solve this situation come from far away, even though on many occasions, the economic aspects have not been taken into account, giving rise to investment processes in infrastructures that, due to their costs and the refusal of the users to face them, have generated unstable equilibriums that different governments are incapable to solve.
{"title":"Economic issues in the Integrated management of Water Resource Model (IWRM) and the management unit in a territory affected by several basins: the case of the Spanish Southeast","authors":"T. Torregrosa, M. Sevilla","doi":"10.2495/EI-V2-N4-346-355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V2-N4-346-355","url":null,"abstract":"The International Water Association bets in its integrated management of water resource model (IWRM) toolbox for a management unit that covers the watershed. However, this point is debatable as there are models of IWRM implementation at the infra-basin level, or even, as in the case we present with this work, when there are several basins that interfere with a particular territory. The problems associated with the confluence of two or more basins in the same territory go through the difficulties in the management of the different resources and their allocation between different uses, especially when the resources are scarce to meet the total demands of water, which occurs in the areas of South-east Spain. Here, global demands are trying to articulate within two deficit basins (the Júcar and the Segura), with external contributions from the Tajo Basin (Tajo-Segura Transfer) and with non-conventional resources from the desalination of seawater. We will try to expose the state of the art at this time, and the alternatives that arise from an economic point of view. Attempts to solve this situation come from far away, even though on many occasions, the economic aspects have not been taken into account, giving rise to investment processes in infrastructures that, due to their costs and the refusal of the users to face them, have generated unstable equilibriums that different governments are incapable to solve.","PeriodicalId":34209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Impacts","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85623134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-382-388
Francine Cansi, J. Moreno
Although Brazil has almost 15% of the world’s freshwater volume, its insufficiency is due to severe climate change in recent years, and has provoked a debate on water resources, which in turn need to be managed in a country defined as ‘rich in water’. As an effective force for sustainability, local, regional, national and global monitoring and management is essential to make the best use of available water today and in the future. This debate focuses in particular on the accessibility of water as a system of sustainable governance over time, welcoming the equal distribution of water and the right to water for the different regions of the country. The governance of water resources in Brazil is under the responsibility of the federated entities, by which they represent unequal societies and river basins. Considering that the elements that cause inequalities are territorial, it needs coordination that seeks solutions to water, now too much, now in scarcity, and now polluted. In the demographic perspective, they reflect the characteristics intrinsic to the local dynamics, diversities in access, which includes basic sanitation and the concentration of the deficit in certain population groups, whose priority is to make management decisions at administrative levels that are reciprocally compatible and effective. Therefore, it should be noted that governance for water allocation in an equitable manner is closely linked to a decentralized regime without the strengthening of competence at the subnational level. In its multiple approaches, it instrumentalizes the inefficiency of physical, economic accessibility, quantity and water quality for the Brazilian society in its majority. This condition results from exogenous, socioeconomic, demographic and cultural aspects, stemming from the continuous presence of water market treatment, lack of strategic planning and management, and the many existing challenges to ensure adequate access.
{"title":"Rights and accessibility of water applicable to territory governance in Brazil","authors":"Francine Cansi, J. Moreno","doi":"10.2495/EI-V2-N4-382-388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V2-N4-382-388","url":null,"abstract":"Although Brazil has almost 15% of the world’s freshwater volume, its insufficiency is due to severe climate change in recent years, and has provoked a debate on water resources, which in turn need to be managed in a country defined as ‘rich in water’. As an effective force for sustainability, local, regional, national and global monitoring and management is essential to make the best use of available water today and in the future. This debate focuses in particular on the accessibility of water as a system of sustainable governance over time, welcoming the equal distribution of water and the right to water for the different regions of the country. The governance of water resources in Brazil is under the responsibility of the federated entities, by which they represent unequal societies and river basins. Considering that the elements that cause inequalities are territorial, it needs coordination that seeks solutions to water, now too much, now in scarcity, and now polluted. In the demographic perspective, they reflect the characteristics intrinsic to the local dynamics, diversities in access, which includes basic sanitation and the concentration of the deficit in certain population groups, whose priority is to make management decisions at administrative levels that are reciprocally compatible and effective. Therefore, it should be noted that governance for water allocation in an equitable manner is closely linked to a decentralized regime without the strengthening of competence at the subnational level. In its multiple approaches, it instrumentalizes the inefficiency of physical, economic accessibility, quantity and water quality for the Brazilian society in its majority. This condition results from exogenous, socioeconomic, demographic and cultural aspects, stemming from the continuous presence of water market treatment, lack of strategic planning and management, and the many existing challenges to ensure adequate access.","PeriodicalId":34209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Impacts","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89912727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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