The article deals with some problematic issues identified in the process of reforming the tax system of Georgia. We focused on the risks identified in the direction of writing off tax debts, simplifying the procedures for refunding overpaid amounts, as well as excise policy measures. Forms of the relationship between tax administration bodies and taxpayers are part of the tax system. The results of the functioning of the tax system depend not only on the tax legislation and the quality of tax administration, but also on the mentality of citizens, their obedience to law, their commitment concerning the established tax burden, and public tax culture. It is clear that different societies differ from one another in their specific tax culture. We believe that the level of readiness of taxpayers for the tax burden should be considered when planning for reforming the tax system. In this context, the measures should be planned in such a way that by providing the right positive or negative incentives, the motivation of tax payers and the attitudes of society as a whole proceed in the way that could be desired in the long run. Taking into consideration the above circumstances, we think that the reform of tax legislation and administration system should continue under the following conditions: • A further simplification of procedures of tax administration. The further strengthening of electronic services; • Keeping the existing low tax rates. Under the conditions of the current level of tax culture, high tax rates push taxpayers to shady operations, thereby undermining their loyalty to taxes; • At the current stage, we consider unfounded the recent practice of introducing additional (especially non-tax) regulations for tax payers; • Caution should be exercised when writing off tax debts. Such precedents, especially those of a continuous nature, undermine the motivation of taxpayers; • There is a need to correct some weaknesses in the tax legislation and administration. This applies not only to the procedures for refunding overpaid amounts, but also to the possibilities of illegal use of special taxation regimes and a number of benefits; • It is important to give a sense of the stability of tax practices in society. It is necessary to comply with tax liabilities, regulation by law, uniformity, justice and other principles. Only in this case, the public tax culture will develop in the right direction in the long run.
{"title":"REFORMING THE TAX SYSTEM OF GEORGIA: PROBLEMATIC ISSUES","authors":"Guram Uphlisashvili","doi":"10.52244/ep.2023.26.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2023.26.08","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with some problematic issues identified in the process of reforming the tax system of Georgia. We focused on the risks identified in the direction of writing off tax debts, simplifying the procedures for refunding overpaid amounts, as well as excise policy measures. Forms of the relationship between tax administration bodies and taxpayers are part of the tax system. The results of the functioning of the tax system depend not only on the tax legislation and the quality of tax administration, but also on the mentality of citizens, their obedience to law, their commitment concerning the established tax burden, and public tax culture. It is clear that different societies differ from one another in their specific tax culture. We believe that the level of readiness of taxpayers for the tax burden should be considered when planning for reforming the tax system. In this context, the measures should be planned in such a way that by providing the right positive or negative incentives, the motivation of tax payers and the attitudes of society as a whole proceed in the way that could be desired in the long run. Taking into consideration the above circumstances, we think that the reform of tax legislation and administration system should continue under the following conditions: • A further simplification of procedures of tax administration. The further strengthening of electronic services; • Keeping the existing low tax rates. Under the conditions of the current level of tax culture, high tax rates push taxpayers to shady operations, thereby undermining their loyalty to taxes; • At the current stage, we consider unfounded the recent practice of introducing additional (especially non-tax) regulations for tax payers; • Caution should be exercised when writing off tax debts. Such precedents, especially those of a continuous nature, undermine the motivation of taxpayers; • There is a need to correct some weaknesses in the tax legislation and administration. This applies not only to the procedures for refunding overpaid amounts, but also to the possibilities of illegal use of special taxation regimes and a number of benefits; • It is important to give a sense of the stability of tax practices in society. It is necessary to comply with tax liabilities, regulation by law, uniformity, justice and other principles. Only in this case, the public tax culture will develop in the right direction in the long run.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138962847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy plays an important role in the economic and social development of the world. Moreover, the history of economic and social development can be considered as the history of energy development (Li N..., 2021). After the Industrial Revolution, use of fossil fuel-based energy (coal, oil, and gas) greatly increased productivity. However, environmental pollution caused by these kinds of energies has gradually become a challenge of the modern world. Recent studies confirm that the consumption of fossil fuels causes negative effects on the environment (Wu MR..., 2018). In order to reduce the negative impact on the environment, in various international negotiations, including the Paris Agreement, the replacement of traditional fossil fuels with renewable - green energy resources, is considered. Including solar, wind, hydrogen, hydro energies and etc; which does not cause harmful effects on the environment. Also, the transition to green energy is considered a necessary condition for sustainable development. Since the 1980s, despite various global climate policies, carbon dioxide emission levels have been steadily increasing; Excluding the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (BP..., 2022). It is a significant fact that emission reduction obligations are voluntary and self-fulfilling, without any legal penalties (Ganda, 2019). Consequently, these policies have neither brought significant benefits to countries nor any punitive measures for their violations. Based on this, it is necessary to investigate the contributing factors at the local level and ensure an effective economic policy. To analyze this issue, this paper reviews economic theory, several market failures, namely: environmental and knowledge spilover "externalities” and practical ways to overcome these failures. Most of the policy instruments used to drive the green energy transition, such as regulations, subsidies and tax incentives, have been known from industrial policy. However, for the green transformation to be real and effective, the dose of government intervention needs to exceed the norms imposed by "traditional" industrial policy. Supportive public policies can encourage change by shifting profit opportunities from polluting investments to green investments. However, these changes always involve "losing" parties who will try to lobby their interests in government forces; This will create a risk for both political and economic stability. These interests need to be well studied and managed. However, given the complexity of the green transformation, it is unrealistic to expect that government policy alone will be able to achieve this. In addition to the involvement of the government, there is a need to develop a policy that will unite non-state forces as well. For example, environmental non-governmental organizations and consumer associations, as well as other forces operating in the economy, including firms, investors and households.
{"title":"THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSITION TOWARD “GREEN ENERGY”","authors":"Aleksandre Vatcharadze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2023.26.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2023.26.04","url":null,"abstract":"Energy plays an important role in the economic and social development of the world. Moreover, the history of economic and social development can be considered as the history of energy development (Li N..., 2021). After the Industrial Revolution, use of fossil fuel-based energy (coal, oil, and gas) greatly increased productivity. However, environmental pollution caused by these kinds of energies has gradually become a challenge of the modern world. Recent studies confirm that the consumption of fossil fuels causes negative effects on the environment (Wu MR..., 2018). In order to reduce the negative impact on the environment, in various international negotiations, including the Paris Agreement, the replacement of traditional fossil fuels with renewable - green energy resources, is considered. Including solar, wind, hydrogen, hydro energies and etc; which does not cause harmful effects on the environment. Also, the transition to green energy is considered a necessary condition for sustainable development. Since the 1980s, despite various global climate policies, carbon dioxide emission levels have been steadily increasing; Excluding the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (BP..., 2022). It is a significant fact that emission reduction obligations are voluntary and self-fulfilling, without any legal penalties (Ganda, 2019). Consequently, these policies have neither brought significant benefits to countries nor any punitive measures for their violations. Based on this, it is necessary to investigate the contributing factors at the local level and ensure an effective economic policy. To analyze this issue, this paper reviews economic theory, several market failures, namely: environmental and knowledge spilover \"externalities” and practical ways to overcome these failures. Most of the policy instruments used to drive the green energy transition, such as regulations, subsidies and tax incentives, have been known from industrial policy. However, for the green transformation to be real and effective, the dose of government intervention needs to exceed the norms imposed by \"traditional\" industrial policy. Supportive public policies can encourage change by shifting profit opportunities from polluting investments to green investments. However, these changes always involve \"losing\" parties who will try to lobby their interests in government forces; This will create a risk for both political and economic stability. These interests need to be well studied and managed. However, given the complexity of the green transformation, it is unrealistic to expect that government policy alone will be able to achieve this. In addition to the involvement of the government, there is a need to develop a policy that will unite non-state forces as well. For example, environmental non-governmental organizations and consumer associations, as well as other forces operating in the economy, including firms, investors and households.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138961684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tourism business in Georgia is a means of stimulating the country's economy, it creates additional jobs, develops small businesses, is an important source of income for other business sectors, promotes the sale of products produced and imported in the country, and therefore, as in other countries, this sector is an important source of state income in Georgia. According to the information spread by the National Tourism Administration, in 2022, Georgia received 3.5 billion dollars in income from international travel. According to their own statement, the income received from travel in 2022 exceeded the figure of 2019 and showed a record figure of 3,516,634,479 USD, which is a recovery of the similar figure of 2019 by 107.6%. According to the data of the National Statistical Service of Georgia, in 2022, 5.4 million international non-residents travelled to Georgia, which is 2.9 times higher than the previous year. Most of the visits were made in Tbilisi at the regional level, 57.2%, followed by Adjara with 45.1% and Mtskheta-Mtianeti with 19%. From the rest of the regions, the most visits were made to Kvemo Kartli 7.9%, Samtskhe-Javakheti 7.7%, Imereti 7.5% and Kakheti 5.8%. In Georgia, in order to develop the tourism business during the pandemic and post pandemic period, it was necessary for the state to develop a systematic approach. It is worth noting that the government has shown some support in this direction and carried out the postponement of loans taken by individuals and legal entities, exempting a number of companies from taxes and establishing certain benefits, etc. The National Tourism Administration, in its turn, implemented the following activities: support of the private sector and trainings in the direction of adaptation of operations, communication with private sectors, recommendations and planning of future actions, deepening of international cooperation. The project "Work from Georgia" of the National Tourism Administration made a great contribution to the development of tourism, which meant hosting highly paid citizens of foreign countries who wish to work remotely in Georgia. This project contributed to the entry of more affluent tourists to Georgia, and what is very important, it increased the statistical stay period of travelers in Georgia compared to previous years. Tourism, like other economic sectors, needs the establishment of appropriate state policies and state support, both at the local, regional and national levels, for stable development. The development of tourism business in Georgia and the growth of incomes from this field were caused by the recognition of tourism as a priority area of the country's economy. For a country that actually has tourism potential and possesses certain competitive advantages, tourism should be one of the main pillars and priority areas of the country's development strategy. Our country really has this potential, and with the support of the state, the tourism business will become more compe
{"title":"THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM BUSINESS","authors":"G. Shanidze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2023.26.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2023.26.09","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism business in Georgia is a means of stimulating the country's economy, it creates additional jobs, develops small businesses, is an important source of income for other business sectors, promotes the sale of products produced and imported in the country, and therefore, as in other countries, this sector is an important source of state income in Georgia. According to the information spread by the National Tourism Administration, in 2022, Georgia received 3.5 billion dollars in income from international travel. According to their own statement, the income received from travel in 2022 exceeded the figure of 2019 and showed a record figure of 3,516,634,479 USD, which is a recovery of the similar figure of 2019 by 107.6%. According to the data of the National Statistical Service of Georgia, in 2022, 5.4 million international non-residents travelled to Georgia, which is 2.9 times higher than the previous year. Most of the visits were made in Tbilisi at the regional level, 57.2%, followed by Adjara with 45.1% and Mtskheta-Mtianeti with 19%. From the rest of the regions, the most visits were made to Kvemo Kartli 7.9%, Samtskhe-Javakheti 7.7%, Imereti 7.5% and Kakheti 5.8%. In Georgia, in order to develop the tourism business during the pandemic and post pandemic period, it was necessary for the state to develop a systematic approach. It is worth noting that the government has shown some support in this direction and carried out the postponement of loans taken by individuals and legal entities, exempting a number of companies from taxes and establishing certain benefits, etc. The National Tourism Administration, in its turn, implemented the following activities: support of the private sector and trainings in the direction of adaptation of operations, communication with private sectors, recommendations and planning of future actions, deepening of international cooperation. The project \"Work from Georgia\" of the National Tourism Administration made a great contribution to the development of tourism, which meant hosting highly paid citizens of foreign countries who wish to work remotely in Georgia. This project contributed to the entry of more affluent tourists to Georgia, and what is very important, it increased the statistical stay period of travelers in Georgia compared to previous years. Tourism, like other economic sectors, needs the establishment of appropriate state policies and state support, both at the local, regional and national levels, for stable development. The development of tourism business in Georgia and the growth of incomes from this field were caused by the recognition of tourism as a priority area of the country's economy. For a country that actually has tourism potential and possesses certain competitive advantages, tourism should be one of the main pillars and priority areas of the country's development strategy. Our country really has this potential, and with the support of the state, the tourism business will become more compe","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":" 773","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among all other resources, Human Resources are the most relevant in increasing the efficiency of companies' operations. Currently, the attitude towards the role and importance of Human Resources has changed significantly. As the issue of using modern information technologies and thinking in global categories becomes more active, special emphasis is placed on relationships with that personnel who can offer innovations to company leaders. In fact, they constitute the main core of the intellectual capital of production. The purpose of the article is to analyze the role and place of information technologies in the management (including strategy) of Human Resources. The subject of the research is outsourcing in personnel management. When does a company turn to outsourcing? This is the main issue around which many discussions and scientific disputes have been and are being conducted today in the scientific space. Research on Human Resources outsourcing in Georgia is still scarce. This article is a modest attempt to fill this gap. As a result of the study, both general and case-specific factors of Human Resources management that are currently relevant for Georgia were identified.
{"title":"OUTSOURCING AS AN ACTOR IN HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT","authors":"Jemal Mamaiashvili","doi":"10.52244/ep.2023.26.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2023.26.06","url":null,"abstract":"Among all other resources, Human Resources are the most relevant in increasing the efficiency of companies' operations. Currently, the attitude towards the role and importance of Human Resources has changed significantly. As the issue of using modern information technologies and thinking in global categories becomes more active, special emphasis is placed on relationships with that personnel who can offer innovations to company leaders. In fact, they constitute the main core of the intellectual capital of production. The purpose of the article is to analyze the role and place of information technologies in the management (including strategy) of Human Resources. The subject of the research is outsourcing in personnel management. When does a company turn to outsourcing? This is the main issue around which many discussions and scientific disputes have been and are being conducted today in the scientific space. Research on Human Resources outsourcing in Georgia is still scarce. This article is a modest attempt to fill this gap. As a result of the study, both general and case-specific factors of Human Resources management that are currently relevant for Georgia were identified.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"102 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs realized reform from 1th february till 1th september in 2014 for prescription system implementation. According to these changes pharmaceutical products of second group becamethe prescription medicines. In Georgia, access to and supply Rx medicines is governed by a regulatory framework. Second group drugs are only available to the public when prescribed by doctors on new prescription form N 3. The aim of research is to reveal and evaluate positive and negative sides of new prescription system; to study it, sinfluence on achievement process to drugs. As part of the quantitative research, doctors and pharmacists of the medical institution were interviewed. As part of the qualitative research, in-depth interviews with healthcare experts were conducted. The special questionnaire was designed for each aimed group. The questionnaires consist of open and closed questions. The results of the study revealed the positive aspects of the Prescription Institute: with this reform, the system returned to the logic of normal clinical medicine; The role of the doctor in relation to the patient's pharmacotherapy has been strengthened; The competence of the pharmacist was included in the appropriate framework and the specific skills of selling medicinal products by prescription were developed; The culture of purchasing medicines with prescriptions has been established among the population; At the same time, the results of the research revealed such actual problems that are an obstacle to the introduction of the prescription institute: prescription drugs are sold without a prescription; In the doctor's offices opened next to the pharmacies, the doctor is limited to prescribing only prescriptions; In case of chronic or long-term diseases, patients' access to prescription drugs is complicated; Doctors do not have complete information about the dispensing mode of this or that pharmaceutical product from the pharmacy. Pharmacists talk about the lack of specific skills in prescribing prescriptions: in the case of more than one medicine prescribed on one prescription form, the prescription is cancelled; Prescriptions not certified with a seal are invalid; Incorrectly indicated generic name, inconsistency between generic and trade names, prescription of a combined pharmaceutical product with a generic name prolongs the service of the user; Incorrectly indicated course of treatment, drug release forms, medicinal dose are the cause of misunderstanding; e.g. A pharmacist is prohibited from selling a 10 mg tablet of the same name medicine instead of a specified 5 mg tablet. One of the goals of the reform planned by the Ministry of Health is the correct treatment, the reduction of the share of expenses on medicine and the harm caused by self-medication. It is too early to talk about these achievements within the framework of the conducted research, however, one of the details was revealed that will contribute to the reduction of expe
{"title":"THE PROBLEMS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRESCRIPTION INSTITUTION IN THE INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH CARE IN GEORGIA","authors":"T. Verulava","doi":"10.52244/ep.2023.26.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2023.26.05","url":null,"abstract":"Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs realized reform from 1th february till 1th september in 2014 for prescription system implementation. According to these changes pharmaceutical products of second group becamethe prescription medicines. In Georgia, access to and supply Rx medicines is governed by a regulatory framework. Second group drugs are only available to the public when prescribed by doctors on new prescription form N 3. The aim of research is to reveal and evaluate positive and negative sides of new prescription system; to study it, sinfluence on achievement process to drugs. As part of the quantitative research, doctors and pharmacists of the medical institution were interviewed. As part of the qualitative research, in-depth interviews with healthcare experts were conducted. The special questionnaire was designed for each aimed group. The questionnaires consist of open and closed questions. The results of the study revealed the positive aspects of the Prescription Institute: with this reform, the system returned to the logic of normal clinical medicine; The role of the doctor in relation to the patient's pharmacotherapy has been strengthened; The competence of the pharmacist was included in the appropriate framework and the specific skills of selling medicinal products by prescription were developed; The culture of purchasing medicines with prescriptions has been established among the population; At the same time, the results of the research revealed such actual problems that are an obstacle to the introduction of the prescription institute: prescription drugs are sold without a prescription; In the doctor's offices opened next to the pharmacies, the doctor is limited to prescribing only prescriptions; In case of chronic or long-term diseases, patients' access to prescription drugs is complicated; Doctors do not have complete information about the dispensing mode of this or that pharmaceutical product from the pharmacy. Pharmacists talk about the lack of specific skills in prescribing prescriptions: in the case of more than one medicine prescribed on one prescription form, the prescription is cancelled; Prescriptions not certified with a seal are invalid; Incorrectly indicated generic name, inconsistency between generic and trade names, prescription of a combined pharmaceutical product with a generic name prolongs the service of the user; Incorrectly indicated course of treatment, drug release forms, medicinal dose are the cause of misunderstanding; e.g. A pharmacist is prohibited from selling a 10 mg tablet of the same name medicine instead of a specified 5 mg tablet. One of the goals of the reform planned by the Ministry of Health is the correct treatment, the reduction of the share of expenses on medicine and the harm caused by self-medication. It is too early to talk about these achievements within the framework of the conducted research, however, one of the details was revealed that will contribute to the reduction of expe","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the paper, based on a complex analysis of ethnographic materials, interesting issues of ethno-economics are discussed. In particular: The reasons for the beginning of the process of emptying rural settlements, which is still ongoing, but originates from the last quarter of the 19th century; the consequences of rejecting the willing rule of standing next to each other in labor-activity; Integrating modern means of ennobling personal economic and social status ("living affordably") into everyday life. The following are the reasons for the emptying of the countryside and the abolition of traditional farming: 1. neglecting traditional, time-tested approaches to "people's life", farm management; 2. Abolition of traditional local community governance, for example, replacement of the "Makhvshi" institution with "trickster-savvy, salaried" administrators; 3. The gradual replacement of unity, work for each other with the approach "to be mine". We mean that on the way to economic security, the "rule of unselfishness help" was forgotten. 4. "legally recognized" binding relationships that did not take into account human capacity. Replacing the faith-boosting "begar" with "an inappropriate natural tax imposed on you by law"; 5. Forgetting the habit of asking God for "provided happiness". It is revealed that before the government launched various economic programs to raise social welfare, the individual and the community themselves were oriented to get a better life and distribute the "benefit" to their family and external needs. On the basis of complex research, the historical meaning of the terms: "Scream", "Bad Monday", "Letting go" and "Peace", "Begara" is revealed; Also, the name of a better economic condition obtained by "faithful and calculated work" - "comparatively better being". It is worth noting the fact that ethnographic materials once again confirmed the opinions of Georgian economists that physiocratic views were always predominant for the Georgian space, until the consciousness of our population was formed on the basis of national-Georgian morality. This was reflected not only in various types of legislation, but also in literature. Only "The knight in the panther skin" and "Wisdom of Lies" are enough to prove this. However, after the disruption of the Georgian statehood by Tsarist Russia and, later, the Sovietization, the thinking of the citizens of Georgia changed and adapted to the new reality, which should be perceived as an adequate response to the change in environmental conditions. However, historical experience shows that this process had a negative impact on the current situation and future prospects of our country. Before the state took over social and economic functions, the community itself was responsible for the well-being of its members. We may think that in the conditions of the so-called “collective responsibility”, the area of individual responsibility is lost, however, in the case of the community, it was the concern for t
{"title":"SOME ISSUES OF ETHNO-ECONOMICS","authors":"David Shavianidze, George Gavtadze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2023.26.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2023.26.03","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper, based on a complex analysis of ethnographic materials, interesting issues of ethno-economics are discussed. In particular: The reasons for the beginning of the process of emptying rural settlements, which is still ongoing, but originates from the last quarter of the 19th century; the consequences of rejecting the willing rule of standing next to each other in labor-activity; Integrating modern means of ennobling personal economic and social status (\"living affordably\") into everyday life. The following are the reasons for the emptying of the countryside and the abolition of traditional farming: 1. neglecting traditional, time-tested approaches to \"people's life\", farm management; 2. Abolition of traditional local community governance, for example, replacement of the \"Makhvshi\" institution with \"trickster-savvy, salaried\" administrators; 3. The gradual replacement of unity, work for each other with the approach \"to be mine\". We mean that on the way to economic security, the \"rule of unselfishness help\" was forgotten. 4. \"legally recognized\" binding relationships that did not take into account human capacity. Replacing the faith-boosting \"begar\" with \"an inappropriate natural tax imposed on you by law\"; 5. Forgetting the habit of asking God for \"provided happiness\". It is revealed that before the government launched various economic programs to raise social welfare, the individual and the community themselves were oriented to get a better life and distribute the \"benefit\" to their family and external needs. On the basis of complex research, the historical meaning of the terms: \"Scream\", \"Bad Monday\", \"Letting go\" and \"Peace\", \"Begara\" is revealed; Also, the name of a better economic condition obtained by \"faithful and calculated work\" - \"comparatively better being\". It is worth noting the fact that ethnographic materials once again confirmed the opinions of Georgian economists that physiocratic views were always predominant for the Georgian space, until the consciousness of our population was formed on the basis of national-Georgian morality. This was reflected not only in various types of legislation, but also in literature. Only \"The knight in the panther skin\" and \"Wisdom of Lies\" are enough to prove this. However, after the disruption of the Georgian statehood by Tsarist Russia and, later, the Sovietization, the thinking of the citizens of Georgia changed and adapted to the new reality, which should be perceived as an adequate response to the change in environmental conditions. However, historical experience shows that this process had a negative impact on the current situation and future prospects of our country. Before the state took over social and economic functions, the community itself was responsible for the well-being of its members. We may think that in the conditions of the so-called “collective responsibility”, the area of individual responsibility is lost, however, in the case of the community, it was the concern for t","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":" April","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The field of education has always represented and represents one of the innovative sectors of the economy, which literally determines the innovative activities of almost all other sectors, creates an innovative climate and a competitive environment in the country's economy. Introduction of changes (innovations) in the education system can be associated with: the improvement of the goal of the education system, teaching/learning methods, the form of organization and management system; the style of teaching activities and organizing the teaching-cognitive process; the knowledge monitoring system and the assessment of education level; the funding system; educational and methodological support; educational activities; the improvement of educational curricula; the activities of teachers and students. In general, the essence of innovation in education consists in searching for new approaches of young generation to education and to its successful application. The basic types of the technologies, which are being actively introduced in the universities educational processes, and the application of which for teaching purposes, are being increasingly extended, include: Internet technologies; electronic mail technologies; computer education programs; Web-technologies; the Dean’s electronic offices; e-learning, the mirror teaching methods and so on. In addition, focus should be shifted from problems relating to the implementation of technological changes in higher schools to those ones, which are directly related to the expected behaviors of teaching staff in higher education institutions. These problems include: Creativity barrier. Members of the teaching staff, who are accustomed to working with the old programs, have no desire to make a difference, conduct training, take exams, develop, much less to spent money on all this. Mostly, they are hostile to all novelties in the educational system; Conformism. Lack of desire for development, the fear of looking out of place and ridiculous. Members of the teaching staff often refused to make the unsual educational decisions; Trait anxiety. Due to self-doubt, a lck of confidence in their own abilities, low self-esteem and because of fear in expressing their own views, some members of teaching staff are opposed to any change; Rigidity of thinking. Members of teaching staff holding rigidity to past positions feel that their views are the only right solution, which they see as irreversible. They are not eager to acquire new knowledge and skills. The main reason for evasion of innovations in the modern education system consists in fact that with the appearance of new technologies and new devices, the quaetion arises as to whether these means will replace living labor. However, we should remember that these technologies mainly impact not on the number of jobs, but on the quality requirement of labor. For the support and development of innovative activities, the administration of the higher educat
{"title":"INNOVATIONS IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM AND RELATED TO IT PROBLEMS","authors":"N. Lukhutashvili","doi":"10.52244/ep.2023.26.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2023.26.07","url":null,"abstract":"The field of education has always represented and represents one of the innovative sectors of the economy, which literally determines the innovative activities of almost all other sectors, creates an innovative climate and a competitive environment in the country's economy. Introduction of changes (innovations) in the education system can be associated with: the improvement of the goal of the education system, teaching/learning methods, the form of organization and management system; the style of teaching activities and organizing the teaching-cognitive process; the knowledge monitoring system and the assessment of education level; the funding system; educational and methodological support; educational activities; the improvement of educational curricula; the activities of teachers and students. In general, the essence of innovation in education consists in searching for new approaches of young generation to education and to its successful application. The basic types of the technologies, which are being actively introduced in the universities educational processes, and the application of which for teaching purposes, are being increasingly extended, include: Internet technologies; electronic mail technologies; computer education programs; Web-technologies; the Dean’s electronic offices; e-learning, the mirror teaching methods and so on. In addition, focus should be shifted from problems relating to the implementation of technological changes in higher schools to those ones, which are directly related to the expected behaviors of teaching staff in higher education institutions. These problems include: Creativity barrier. Members of the teaching staff, who are accustomed to working with the old programs, have no desire to make a difference, conduct training, take exams, develop, much less to spent money on all this. Mostly, they are hostile to all novelties in the educational system; Conformism. Lack of desire for development, the fear of looking out of place and ridiculous. Members of the teaching staff often refused to make the unsual educational decisions; Trait anxiety. Due to self-doubt, a lck of confidence in their own abilities, low self-esteem and because of fear in expressing their own views, some members of teaching staff are opposed to any change; Rigidity of thinking. Members of teaching staff holding rigidity to past positions feel that their views are the only right solution, which they see as irreversible. They are not eager to acquire new knowledge and skills. The main reason for evasion of innovations in the modern education system consists in fact that with the appearance of new technologies and new devices, the quaetion arises as to whether these means will replace living labor. However, we should remember that these technologies mainly impact not on the number of jobs, but on the quality requirement of labor. For the support and development of innovative activities, the administration of the higher educat","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":" 1131","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The modern world has entered an acute phase of irreversible changes and implementation of global economic transformation. In today's situation, a sensible, coherent, flexible and adaptable national economic strategic doctrine created by the state, delineating the proper role and function of the country's regional and agrarian policy, is becoming urgent. The Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of Georgia for 2021-2027 considers the creation of competitive products the main objective, however, the single action plan and the service programs available to the Ministry today do not leave the feeling that we have understood all the problems and challenges that arise at different stages, step or phase. Based on the foregoing, it is appropriate to raise the issue of policy options to promote production of agricultural products in the regions. Georgia's agriculture and regional development are moving absolutely haphazardly. It is this kind of inertia that needs to be stopped and urgently reformed and transformed, where the determination of the “rules of the game” of the institutional economy and the activity of regional structures in terms of statistical-analytical and situational-contextual studies become a prerequisite for targeted-program actions and the development of the field. It I safe to say that creating a regional agriculture and rural development strategy is an urgent and at the same time difficult task in today's situation. First of all, the problem is specified in the area of –administrative-territorial system and imperfections of legislation. As for the socio-economic aspects and the range of actions and thematic diversity here encourage us to think creatively and determine the advantages of causal programs. Contemporary world challenges in recent years show even more attention to issues of regionalization and the introduction of decentralization-deconcentration principles in the processes generally. The programs developed in the regions, which should be formed according to the “bottom-up” principle, fall under the institutional order network, because they become a continuation of the centripetal macroeconomic strategy of the government and create the needs of the centrist policy with the help of the principles of the regional economy. It is of the utmost importance that flexible and effective institutional changes appear in the regions, thus we will be able to analyze the resource potential and prospeects of the economy, motivate active behavior, which will replace evolutionary inertia and fragmentation with a complex, structurally-organizationally formed, technical-economically sound policy. The five directions of agricultural production optimization presented in the paper, starting from the land optimization formula and ending with the importance of introducing innovative technologies, are a single complex action module, where each has its own unique function-duty, and it is not unacceptable to disable or ignore them from a busi
{"title":"REGIONAL CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN GEORGIA","authors":"P. Koguashvili, N. Chikhladze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2023.26.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2023.26.01","url":null,"abstract":"The modern world has entered an acute phase of irreversible changes and implementation of global economic transformation. In today's situation, a sensible, coherent, flexible and adaptable national economic strategic doctrine created by the state, delineating the proper role and function of the country's regional and agrarian policy, is becoming urgent. The Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of Georgia for 2021-2027 considers the creation of competitive products the main objective, however, the single action plan and the service programs available to the Ministry today do not leave the feeling that we have understood all the problems and challenges that arise at different stages, step or phase. Based on the foregoing, it is appropriate to raise the issue of policy options to promote production of agricultural products in the regions. Georgia's agriculture and regional development are moving absolutely haphazardly. It is this kind of inertia that needs to be stopped and urgently reformed and transformed, where the determination of the “rules of the game” of the institutional economy and the activity of regional structures in terms of statistical-analytical and situational-contextual studies become a prerequisite for targeted-program actions and the development of the field. It I safe to say that creating a regional agriculture and rural development strategy is an urgent and at the same time difficult task in today's situation. First of all, the problem is specified in the area of –administrative-territorial system and imperfections of legislation. As for the socio-economic aspects and the range of actions and thematic diversity here encourage us to think creatively and determine the advantages of causal programs. Contemporary world challenges in recent years show even more attention to issues of regionalization and the introduction of decentralization-deconcentration principles in the processes generally. The programs developed in the regions, which should be formed according to the “bottom-up” principle, fall under the institutional order network, because they become a continuation of the centripetal macroeconomic strategy of the government and create the needs of the centrist policy with the help of the principles of the regional economy. It is of the utmost importance that flexible and effective institutional changes appear in the regions, thus we will be able to analyze the resource potential and prospeects of the economy, motivate active behavior, which will replace evolutionary inertia and fragmentation with a complex, structurally-organizationally formed, technical-economically sound policy. The five directions of agricultural production optimization presented in the paper, starting from the land optimization formula and ending with the importance of introducing innovative technologies, are a single complex action module, where each has its own unique function-duty, and it is not unacceptable to disable or ignore them from a busi","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":" 62","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138961234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phrase "the customer is always right" was universally accepted for quite a long time. It's clear that customer retention is impossible without motivated, case-oriented professional employees. But time has changed, organizations face new challenges, and companies often have to choose in favor of employees in disputed situations. The main reason for this is that the loss of a good employee can cost the business more than loss of the one particular customer. In the new reality, the measure of business success is not just financial profit but also its positive image, which is unthinkable without effective internal marketing. It means creating a worthwhile internal environment for employees to achieve business goals. Internal marketing plays a significant role in the development of the company. Foreign companies are constantly working to create better requirements for their employees. The development of internal marketing in Georgia is in the initial phase, the literature is relatively small, but there is a high interest from successful companies. The article discusses internal marketing, its origin and importance, the peculiarity of its use, the practice introduced by foreign companies, and the assessment of Georgian examples and reality. A questionnaire survey was conducted for the article, where 65 people were interviewed. The purpose of the research was to study employees' satisfaction with the work environment, to determine their views and preferences, to analyze the current situation in companies regarding internal marketing, to discover the existing problems, and to determine the ways of their elimination. When asked if they would change their job if there were an alternative, 58% of the respondents answered positively (which is a very high rate), only 17% refused, and 25% did not have an exact answer. 32% of the respondents continue to work in their position, because of career advancement, 22% because of a lack of alternatives, 19% for the friendly team, and a smaller number of the respondents answer satisfaction with the work-life balance, good wages, and fear of new things. When choosing a job, the respondents gave decisive importance to the following main aspects: opportunity for development (72%), high salary (52%), and comfortable working environment (34%). 40% of the respondents had at least once a problem with a vacation at the desired time; 20% had an issue when they could not use their vacation. Such facts lead to a violation of the work-life balance, and over time is reflected in ineffective work, loss of motivation, and less initiative. 63% of respondents answered that they are familiar with the Labor Code in Georgia, while 37% are not, which indicates that employees have no idea about their rights, the employer's obligations, and exemplary activities. Only 40 to 50% of the respondents answered that the management takes into account the needs of employees, encourages new ideas/initiatives, is interested in the opinion of employe
{"title":"EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION AND INTERNAL MARKETING PROBLEMS IN GEORGIA","authors":"T. Valishvili, L. Genelidze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2023.26.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2023.26.10","url":null,"abstract":"The phrase \"the customer is always right\" was universally accepted for quite a long time. It's clear that customer retention is impossible without motivated, case-oriented professional employees. But time has changed, organizations face new challenges, and companies often have to choose in favor of employees in disputed situations. The main reason for this is that the loss of a good employee can cost the business more than loss of the one particular customer. In the new reality, the measure of business success is not just financial profit but also its positive image, which is unthinkable without effective internal marketing. It means creating a worthwhile internal environment for employees to achieve business goals. Internal marketing plays a significant role in the development of the company. Foreign companies are constantly working to create better requirements for their employees. The development of internal marketing in Georgia is in the initial phase, the literature is relatively small, but there is a high interest from successful companies. The article discusses internal marketing, its origin and importance, the peculiarity of its use, the practice introduced by foreign companies, and the assessment of Georgian examples and reality. A questionnaire survey was conducted for the article, where 65 people were interviewed. The purpose of the research was to study employees' satisfaction with the work environment, to determine their views and preferences, to analyze the current situation in companies regarding internal marketing, to discover the existing problems, and to determine the ways of their elimination. When asked if they would change their job if there were an alternative, 58% of the respondents answered positively (which is a very high rate), only 17% refused, and 25% did not have an exact answer. 32% of the respondents continue to work in their position, because of career advancement, 22% because of a lack of alternatives, 19% for the friendly team, and a smaller number of the respondents answer satisfaction with the work-life balance, good wages, and fear of new things. When choosing a job, the respondents gave decisive importance to the following main aspects: opportunity for development (72%), high salary (52%), and comfortable working environment (34%). 40% of the respondents had at least once a problem with a vacation at the desired time; 20% had an issue when they could not use their vacation. Such facts lead to a violation of the work-life balance, and over time is reflected in ineffective work, loss of motivation, and less initiative. 63% of respondents answered that they are familiar with the Labor Code in Georgia, while 37% are not, which indicates that employees have no idea about their rights, the employer's obligations, and exemplary activities. Only 40 to 50% of the respondents answered that the management takes into account the needs of employees, encourages new ideas/initiatives, is interested in the opinion of employe","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most important factors of the sustainable and safe development of the national economy is the availability of investment resources in the economy, the establishment of a favorable climate for attracting foreign investments and the mechanisms of their effective use. The practice of countries with developing economies shows that investments should play the most important role in ensuring acceptable parameters of economic development and economic growth, that's why investments Countries are considered as one of the factors of economic growth. Investment environment (climate), as an economic category, represents a wide system of economic-geographic, socio-economic, political-legal, geopolitical-ecological relations. It is formed by the influence of closely related processes and events at the macro, meso or micro level of management and generates strong investment motives. Foreign direct investment in Georgia and its ratio to GDP are often used as a measure of the country's investment climate and competitiveness. According to Blomstrom, developing countries are able to export competitive products to the world market through direct foreign investments. Investments are closely related to human development, directly ensuring the economic growth and progress of mankind. According to world experience, many countries in transition have achieved economic strength as a result of increased investment. The modernization of the national economy, the growth of investments depends on the creation of a favorable, rational investment environment, which means a combination of factors that give companies opportunities, incentives to expand the fields of activity, the scale of business through the advancement of capital. Foreign capital also plays an important role for Georgia, which is the main means of introducing new technologies, using modern management methods and implementing local innovative projects. Foreign investment can also become a motivating factor for local investment and promote healthy competition and the absence of monopoly. The best, rational investment environment leads to attracting large amounts of investment. On the other hand, investments play the role of a catalyst for economic growth and development, it is especially effective in developing countries. Acceptable level of economic growth, development and achieved micro- and macro-economic conditions are necessary conditions for investment activity. All this contributes to raising the competitiveness of domestic goods producers and, ultimately, the standard of living of the population. Complex ratings of investment attractiveness of world countries are periodically published by the leading economic magazines: "Euromoney", "Fortune", of which "Euromoney" is considered the most popular. Twice a year (in March and September), the mentioned magazine informs the readers of the investment risk and reliability rating of the countries of the world with a 10-point system – by the expert report
{"title":"ACTUAL ISSUES OF ASSESSMENT OF THE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT","authors":"Ramin Tsinaridze, G. Abuselidze, Lasha Beridze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2023.26.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2023.26.02","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important factors of the sustainable and safe development of the national economy is the availability of investment resources in the economy, the establishment of a favorable climate for attracting foreign investments and the mechanisms of their effective use. The practice of countries with developing economies shows that investments should play the most important role in ensuring acceptable parameters of economic development and economic growth, that's why investments Countries are considered as one of the factors of economic growth. Investment environment (climate), as an economic category, represents a wide system of economic-geographic, socio-economic, political-legal, geopolitical-ecological relations. It is formed by the influence of closely related processes and events at the macro, meso or micro level of management and generates strong investment motives. Foreign direct investment in Georgia and its ratio to GDP are often used as a measure of the country's investment climate and competitiveness. According to Blomstrom, developing countries are able to export competitive products to the world market through direct foreign investments. Investments are closely related to human development, directly ensuring the economic growth and progress of mankind. According to world experience, many countries in transition have achieved economic strength as a result of increased investment. The modernization of the national economy, the growth of investments depends on the creation of a favorable, rational investment environment, which means a combination of factors that give companies opportunities, incentives to expand the fields of activity, the scale of business through the advancement of capital. Foreign capital also plays an important role for Georgia, which is the main means of introducing new technologies, using modern management methods and implementing local innovative projects. Foreign investment can also become a motivating factor for local investment and promote healthy competition and the absence of monopoly. The best, rational investment environment leads to attracting large amounts of investment. On the other hand, investments play the role of a catalyst for economic growth and development, it is especially effective in developing countries. Acceptable level of economic growth, development and achieved micro- and macro-economic conditions are necessary conditions for investment activity. All this contributes to raising the competitiveness of domestic goods producers and, ultimately, the standard of living of the population. Complex ratings of investment attractiveness of world countries are periodically published by the leading economic magazines: \"Euromoney\", \"Fortune\", of which \"Euromoney\" is considered the most popular. Twice a year (in March and September), the mentioned magazine informs the readers of the investment risk and reliability rating of the countries of the world with a 10-point system – by the expert report","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":" 712","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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