One of the central problems of an independent state is the provision of its food security, that is, its ability to provide citizens with basic food products, through proper production practices and import operations. It may safely be said that for every country, more so in the relatively newly independent States, it is an even existential challenge. Despite a full understanding of the problem, its definitive and comprehensive solution is complicated by a trivial problem - limited resources, which is why the extent to which subsidy is provided by the developed countries (per unit of output, per employee or agricultural land), is far beyond the capacity of the developing countries and countries with economies in transition (that would also include Georgia). In such countries, a stereotype picture emerges: food demand remains inelastic, but low purchasing power among a large segment of the population, the weak economy and the limited capacities of providing subsidies artificially lower demand for food. In post-socialist countries with the economies in transition the situation is aggravated by the violation of the social (in fact, political) subsidy system, which has substantially changed the proportions between the volumes of consumed food products. In Georgia, almost 2/3 of the total calories consumed by the population come from food products of plant origin, which is 1.5 times higher than the recommended proportions. The main reason is that the cost of every 1000 kcal from products of plant origin consumed by the population is about 3-4 times cheaper than the cost of the same number of calories from products of animal origin. As a result, the cost of the food basket is formally reduced, a formal basis is created for reducing the subsistence minimum, but at the same time, the proportions are broken between the volumes of the consumption of proteins, fats, carbohydrates by members of society. The common pattern is to remain in force: the high correlation of food security with the level of economic development of the State, or with the macroeconomic situation. In this regard, despite the fact that the dynamics of output and value added created in the agricultural sector in recent years is no longer inferior to the dynamics of national product, but already is slightly higher (in 2020, compared to 2012, the scale of output in the agricultural sector increased by 24.6%, while in other sectors of the national economy (23.3%), the situation in this sector of the economy, especially in terms of food security, is still clearly unsatisfactory. In order to meet citizens food needs, it becomes necessary to import vast quantities of food products, whose average annual volume exceeded $1.2 billion in 2011-2020. Along with the objective circumstances impeding food security (primarily weakness of the economy), the process is also negatively affected by factors such as the insufficient political will of the ruling powers and the lack of competences of decision m
{"title":"FOOD SECURITY AS THE BASIS OF NATIONAL SECURITY","authors":"P. Koguashvili, Joseph Archvadze, N. Chikhladze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2022.23.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.02","url":null,"abstract":"One of the central problems of an independent state is the provision of its food security, that is, its ability to provide citizens with basic food products, through proper production practices and import operations. It may safely be said that for every country, more so in the relatively newly independent States, it is an even existential challenge.\u0000\u0000Despite a full understanding of the problem, its definitive and comprehensive solution is complicated by a trivial problem - limited resources, which is why the extent to which subsidy is provided by the developed countries (per unit of output, per employee or agricultural land), is far beyond the capacity of the developing countries and countries with economies in transition (that would also include Georgia). In such countries, a stereotype picture emerges: food demand remains inelastic, but low purchasing power among a large segment of the population, the weak economy and the limited capacities of providing subsidies artificially lower demand for food. In post-socialist countries with the economies in transition the situation is aggravated by the violation of the social (in fact, political) subsidy system, which has substantially changed the proportions between the volumes of consumed food products. In Georgia, almost 2/3 of the total calories consumed by the population come from food products of plant origin, which is 1.5 times higher than the recommended proportions. The main reason is that the cost of every 1000 kcal from products of plant origin consumed by the population is about 3-4 times cheaper than the cost of the same number of calories from products of animal origin. As a result, the cost of the food basket is formally reduced, a formal basis is created for reducing the subsistence minimum, but at the same time, the proportions are broken between the volumes of the consumption of proteins, fats, carbohydrates by members of society.\u0000\u0000The common pattern is to remain in force: the high correlation of food security with the level of economic development of the State, or with the macroeconomic situation. In this regard, despite the fact that the dynamics of output and value added created in the agricultural sector in recent years is no longer inferior to the dynamics of national product, but already is slightly higher (in 2020, compared to 2012, the scale of output in the agricultural sector increased by 24.6%, while in other sectors of the national economy (23.3%), the situation in this sector of the economy, especially in terms of food security, is still clearly unsatisfactory. In order to meet citizens food needs, it becomes necessary to import vast quantities of food products, whose average annual volume exceeded $1.2 billion in 2011-2020.\u0000\u0000Along with the objective circumstances impeding food security (primarily weakness of the economy), the process is also negatively affected by factors such as the insufficient political will of the ruling powers and the lack of competences of decision m","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121806818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
War is a socio-political and ecological event, which is an extreme form of resolving socio-political, economic, ecological, religious, ideological, as well as national, territorial and other conflicts between states, people, nations, classes and social groups through military violence. The causes of war are as diverse as socio-political, socio-economic, and environmental problems that are perpetuated through violence, such as military-mediated violence. The result is a change in any sphere of public life - social, political, economic, ecological, spiritual, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Countries are moving to a fully military state. Modern warfare ensures the achievement of a set of goals not only through military armed violence but also through other means of war, such as scientific-technical, economic-ecological, diplomatic, ideological and then the nature and directions of the new world order. According to the modern view, war is a historical product of the emergence and development of the opposing forces in society. Throughout the history of mankind, war has been a constant companion of human life. There have been fair and unfair wars. Fair wars have often been a stimulus to social change, a new shift in social relations, and a shift in the direction of a historical progress in general. But in the age of modern nuclear war, when nuclear weapons of mass destruction were developed in the arsenal of means of warfare, war has become incompatible with the objective law of community development, with the goals of sustainable development of society, because the war itself and the process of preparation for war have a devastating impact on the sustainability of the environment. Because war causes mass migration of people, unemployment, poverty, socio-economic poverty, environmental degradation. People displaced by the war use unconventional food to save their lives in the form of pets, that destroys the natural environment - flora and fauna. Greenhouse gases emitted as a result of explosions are causing climate change, endangering many species, examples of which abound in war history, bringing the sustainability curve closer to the bottom. The soldiers and the population have to buy large reserves of water and food before the war, they are forced to change their mindset to adapt to new circumstances, focusing not on long-term sustainability but on short-term decisions, all of that causing depression, hopelessness. At this time, a great importance is given to the aspiration of mankind for peace or the salvation of the world; the more perfect the society, the more determined the goal is to move towards sustainability or preservation of the environment and life, which acts as a positive catalyst in their lives. Even an evil person by nature becomes a good rational being as a result of the influence of goodness, although the goodness manifested in actions against war, striving for peace, without this goodness cannot be transformed into harmo
{"title":"WAR AND ITS IMPACT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT","authors":"Darejan Chkhirodze, Manana Bandzeladze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2022.23.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.11","url":null,"abstract":"War is a socio-political and ecological event, which is an extreme form of resolving socio-political, economic, ecological, religious, ideological, as well as national, territorial and other conflicts between states, people, nations, classes and social groups through military violence.\u0000\u0000The causes of war are as diverse as socio-political, socio-economic, and environmental problems that are perpetuated through violence, such as military-mediated violence. The result is a change in any sphere of public life - social, political, economic, ecological, spiritual, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Countries are moving to a fully military state. Modern warfare ensures the achievement of a set of goals not only through military armed violence but also through other means of war, such as scientific-technical, economic-ecological, diplomatic, ideological and then the nature and directions of the new world order.\u0000\u0000According to the modern view, war is a historical product of the emergence and development of the opposing forces in society. Throughout the history of mankind, war has been a constant companion of human life. There have been fair and unfair wars. Fair wars have often been a stimulus to social change, a new shift in social relations, and a shift in the direction of a historical progress in general. But in the age of modern nuclear war, when nuclear weapons of mass destruction were developed in the arsenal of means of warfare, war has become incompatible with the objective law of community development, with the goals of sustainable development of society, because the war itself and the process of preparation for war have a devastating impact on the sustainability of the environment.\u0000\u0000Because war causes mass migration of people, unemployment, poverty, socio-economic poverty, environmental degradation. People displaced by the war use unconventional food to save their lives in the form of pets, that destroys the natural environment - flora and fauna. Greenhouse gases emitted as a result of explosions are causing climate change, endangering many species, examples of which abound in war history, bringing the sustainability curve closer to the bottom. The soldiers and the population have to buy large reserves of water and food before the war, they are forced to change their mindset to adapt to new circumstances, focusing not on long-term sustainability but on short-term decisions, all of that causing depression, hopelessness. At this time, a great importance is given to the aspiration of mankind for peace or the salvation of the world; the more perfect the society, the more determined the goal is to move towards sustainability or preservation of the environment and life, which acts as a positive catalyst in their lives. Even an evil person by nature becomes a good rational being as a result of the influence of goodness, although the goodness manifested in actions against war, striving for peace, without this goodness cannot be transformed into harmo","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"58 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113938235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article considers problematic issues of excise policy related to the taxation of tobacco products. Changes in the excise duty rates on tobacco in Georgia over the last ten years are also discussed. Tobacco products (cigarettes) are commodities that are characterized by particularly inelastic demand and price changes reduce the demand for it to a lesser extent. If different taxes, iincluding the excise duty rates on cigarettes have risen sharply above reasonable levels, making them inaccessible to a statistically significant number of consumers, a strong motivations appears instantly, and illegal supply channels are quite quickly setting up. Such a scheme of development of the situation has taken place many times around the world, even in much more economically developed countries, where the share of tobacco spending in citizens' budgets is much lower. Comparing the codified versions of different periods of the Tax Code and other normative acts, it it has been established that from 2011 to 2021, excise rates on filtered cigarettes increased by an average 5.6 times, and on unfiltered cigarettes - 19 times. The share of taxes (excise and VAT) already exceeds 75% of the average retail selling prices for cigarettes. The reason for the multiple increase in the tax burden on tobacco products is usually the international obligations of the country, both in terms of tobacco taxation to the World Health Organization and in the framework of the Association Agreement with the European Union. Fiscal purposes were also important in implementing the excise policy. The state needed to find additional sources of revenue for financing the increased public expenditure, and under Georgian law, excise duty is the only common State tax that can be increased without a referendum. A sharp rise in excise rates has significantly increased the tax burden on tobacco consumption. This has led to a series of unforeseen consequences. According to official statistics, both local production and imports of tobacco products have significantly decreased. As a result, the demand for excise stamps has sharply decreased. Therefore, the fiscal effect of the multiple increase in excise duty rates on tobacco has been largely offset. However, the reduction in the intensity of tobacco use is not confirmed by any reliable research or reasonable estimates. This indicates that we are dealing with a significant increase in excise duty-free cigarette smuggling and illicit trafficking. This fact is confirmed by statistics - there is a sharp increase in both administrative and criminal offenses in this field. This situation and the discussion of the relevant threats is the subject of this article. We think that excise policy, especially with regard to tobacco products, is one of the most important issues in recent years, which needs to be addressed.
{"title":"PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF THE EXCISE POLICY OF GEORGIA","authors":"Guram Uphlisashvili","doi":"10.52244/ep.2022.23.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.15","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers problematic issues of excise policy related to the taxation of tobacco products. Changes in the excise duty rates on tobacco in Georgia over the last ten years are also discussed.\u0000\u0000Tobacco products (cigarettes) are commodities that are characterized by particularly inelastic demand and price changes reduce the demand for it to a lesser extent. If different taxes, iincluding the excise duty rates on cigarettes have risen sharply above reasonable levels, making them inaccessible to a statistically significant number of consumers, a strong motivations appears instantly, and illegal supply channels are quite quickly setting up. Such a scheme of development of the situation has taken place many times around the world, even in much more economically developed countries, where the share of tobacco spending in citizens' budgets is much lower.\u0000\u0000Comparing the codified versions of different periods of the Tax Code and other normative acts, it it has been established that from 2011 to 2021, excise rates on filtered cigarettes increased by an average 5.6 times, and on unfiltered cigarettes - 19 times. The share of taxes (excise and VAT) already exceeds 75% of the average retail selling prices for cigarettes.\u0000\u0000The reason for the multiple increase in the tax burden on tobacco products is usually the international obligations of the country, both in terms of tobacco taxation to the World Health Organization and in the framework of the Association Agreement with the European Union. Fiscal purposes were also important in implementing the excise policy. The state needed to find additional sources of revenue for financing the increased public expenditure, and under Georgian law, excise duty is the only common State tax that can be increased without a referendum.\u0000\u0000A sharp rise in excise rates has significantly increased the tax burden on tobacco consumption. This has led to a series of unforeseen consequences. According to official statistics, both local production and imports of tobacco products have significantly decreased. As a result, the demand for excise stamps has sharply decreased. Therefore, the fiscal effect of the multiple increase in excise duty rates on tobacco has been largely offset.\u0000\u0000However, the reduction in the intensity of tobacco use is not confirmed by any reliable research or reasonable estimates. This indicates that we are dealing with a significant increase in excise duty-free cigarette smuggling and illicit trafficking. This fact is confirmed by statistics - there is a sharp increase in both administrative and criminal offenses in this field.\u0000\u0000This situation and the discussion of the relevant threats is the subject of this article. We think that excise policy, especially with regard to tobacco products, is one of the most important issues in recent years, which needs to be addressed.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"335 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116194125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pandemic has significantly adjusted global processes. The world will never be the same as it was before the pandemic. The COVID-19 challenge was met differently by countries as well as individual industries. The pandemic has emerged as a catalyst for some of the accumulated problems and shortcomings. Naturally, the changes also affected the educational field, which is one of the most sensitive sectors to economic and social change. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, many international organizations have conducted large-scale surveys to address issues related to educational management and learning. They interviewed heads of educational institutions, lecturers, students, parents, and other stakeholders. The purpose of the research was to assess the scale of change and to assist higher education institution in developing future strategies in the areas of management, internationalization, management of the learning process, and other key areas. Due to the situation around the world, the educational institutions of our country have been forced to move to the new levels of education. To create a legal basis for a new form of education in Georgia, the Law on Higher Education was amended, and the terms "remote" and "e-learning" were added. According to the explanations, teaching in both formats is necessary: the distance between the student and the academic staff; As well as implementation of the learning process based on ICT. The new challenge posed many problems for educational institutions, especially for universities, including: to make significant changes to create a safe environment for health; To replace the traditional learning process with the online teaching method; To maintaining the appropriate quality standards and develop different approaches to achieve the outcomes set out in the educational programs; There was a need for training and technical support for students, academic and visiting staff for professional development in digital technology; To solve problems with appropriate technical equipment and limited internet; Universities had purchased appropriate software (Microsoft teams, zoom, etc.) for successful teaching process; It became necessary to digitize the relevant literature and materials of the learning courses, to create or improve text-books, audio or video recording. Solving these problems required promptness from the universities in the management process. Higher education institutions in Georgia, including Akaki Tsereteli State University, responded quickly, implemented measures aimed at reducing the spread of infection and creating the safe environment for learning, which meant a transition to a remote learning. To study students’ satisfaction with e-learning process we made a survey for the students of Akaki Tsereteli State University. 1505 students were participated in the survey, from different faculties. Online questionnaire was used as a research tool. As the research showed, most of the students were invol
{"title":"CHALLENGES OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT IN PANDEMIC REALITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF AKAKI TSERETELI STATE UNIVERSITY)","authors":"T. Valishvili, N. Lukhutashvili, L. Genelidze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2022.23.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.12","url":null,"abstract":"The pandemic has significantly adjusted global processes. The world will never be the same as it was before the pandemic. The COVID-19 challenge was met differently by countries as well as individual industries. The pandemic has emerged as a catalyst for some of the accumulated problems and shortcomings. Naturally, the changes also affected the educational field, which is one of the most sensitive sectors to economic and social change.\u0000\u0000Since the outbreak of the pandemic, many international organizations have conducted large-scale surveys to address issues related to educational management and learning. They interviewed heads of educational institutions, lecturers, students, parents, and other stakeholders. The purpose of the research was to assess the scale of change and to assist higher education institution in developing future strategies in the areas of management, internationalization, management of the learning process, and other key areas.\u0000\u0000Due to the situation around the world, the educational institutions of our country have been forced to move to the new levels of education. To create a legal basis for a new form of education in Georgia, the Law on Higher Education was amended, and the terms \"remote\" and \"e-learning\" were added. According to the explanations, teaching in both formats is necessary: the distance between the student and the academic staff; As well as implementation of the learning process based on ICT.\u0000\u0000The new challenge posed many problems for educational institutions, especially for universities, including: to make significant changes to create a safe environment for health; To replace the traditional learning process with the online teaching method; To maintaining the appropriate quality standards and develop different approaches to achieve the outcomes set out in the educational programs; There was a need for training and technical support for students, academic and visiting staff for professional development in digital technology; To solve problems with appropriate technical equipment and limited internet; Universities had purchased appropriate software (Microsoft teams, zoom, etc.) for successful teaching process; It became necessary to digitize the relevant literature and materials of the learning courses, to create or improve text-books, audio or video recording.\u0000\u0000Solving these problems required promptness from the universities in the management process. Higher education institutions in Georgia, including Akaki Tsereteli State University, responded quickly, implemented measures aimed at reducing the spread of infection and creating the safe environment for learning, which meant a transition to a remote learning. To study students’ satisfaction with e-learning process we made a survey for the students of Akaki Tsereteli State University. 1505 students were participated in the survey, from different faculties. Online questionnaire was used as a research tool.\u0000\u0000As the research showed, most of the students were invol","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114303409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the current geopolitical and economic threats (meaning the Russia-Ukraine war), the analysis of the issue of food supply to the population of Georgia is quite actual. The most important thing is to fully utilize the production potential of the existing agri-food products, use them efficiently and calculate the country's supply channels correctly. It is noteworthy that the diversification of pre-existing import and export markets is necessary and feasible, and also, anti-crisis management issues are definitely applicable when addressing the country's food supply issues. Defined and known to our country by the Statistics Service of Georgia, the main food products of strategic importance, which are necessary for the human body, are: wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk and dairy products, eggs. Analysis of data on these high nutritional value products reveals that the state has a lot to do to meet the needs of the population in the face of existing challenges. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), food security can be measured by self-supply index, which can measure the extent to which a country can meet its local requirements for a given product. The share of food in the consumer basket of Georgia is the highest 30.23%, that is why it is interesting how much the country can provide the population with food products with basic nutritional value. According to the data of 2020-2021, for example, the wheat self-supply ratio of our country did not exceed 15%. Russia is the main importer of wheat in Georgia. Negative impacts as a result of the Russia-Ukraine war, the created deficit, the sanctions imposed on Russia can create problems for the cargo imported from Russia, taking into account all mentioned facts, the need to find new trading partners is on the agenda, from which the possible shortfall will be filled. According to 2021 data, 94% of wheat and 79% of corn were imported from Russia. The same is true for vegetables, whose self-supply rate is 63%. It seems that we can meet the needs of the country with vegetables, but we have to fill 1/3 with imported products. Georgia mainly imports dairy products (milk powder), according to 2021 data, 37% of the total products were imported from Ukraine and Belarus. Ukraine is the third largest importer of eggs and poultry and the second largest importer of meat. When a country is at war, it is natural that the supply chain of products will not be reliable, it is also possible that prices will increase, that is why we need to look for alternative ways of supplying products and alternative suppliers. The impact of hostilities will also be visible on the export of products from our country. Grape products, including wine, have a high rate of local exports. About 60% of these products are exported to Russia, up to 10% to Ukraine and up to 8% to China, while vegetables are also exported to Russia (64%). When such a level of crisis is create
{"title":"USE OF ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN THE COUNTRY'S FOOD SUPPLY","authors":"G. Shanidze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2022.23.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.10","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the current geopolitical and economic threats (meaning the Russia-Ukraine war), the analysis of the issue of food supply to the population of Georgia is quite actual. The most important thing is to fully utilize the production potential of the existing agri-food products, use them efficiently and calculate the country's supply channels correctly. It is noteworthy that the diversification of pre-existing import and export markets is necessary and feasible, and also, anti-crisis management issues are definitely applicable when addressing the country's food supply issues.\u0000\u0000Defined and known to our country by the Statistics Service of Georgia, the main food products of strategic importance, which are necessary for the human body, are: wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk and dairy products, eggs. Analysis of data on these high nutritional value products reveals that the state has a lot to do to meet the needs of the population in the face of existing challenges.\u0000\u0000 According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), food security can be measured by self-supply index, which can measure the extent to which a country can meet its local requirements for a given product. \u0000\u0000 The share of food in the consumer basket of Georgia is the highest 30.23%, that is why it is interesting how much the country can provide the population with food products with basic nutritional value. \u0000\u0000 According to the data of 2020-2021, for example, the wheat self-supply ratio of our country did not exceed 15%. Russia is the main importer of wheat in Georgia.\u0000\u0000 Negative impacts as a result of the Russia-Ukraine war, the created deficit, the sanctions imposed on Russia can create problems for the cargo imported from Russia, taking into account all mentioned facts, the need to find new trading partners is on the agenda, from which the possible shortfall will be filled.\u0000\u0000 According to 2021 data, 94% of wheat and 79% of corn were imported from Russia. The same is true for vegetables, whose self-supply rate is 63%. It seems that we can meet the needs of the country with vegetables, but we have to fill 1/3 with imported products.\u0000\u0000Georgia mainly imports dairy products (milk powder), according to 2021 data, 37% of the total products were imported from Ukraine and Belarus. Ukraine is the third largest importer of eggs and poultry and the second largest importer of meat.\u0000\u0000When a country is at war, it is natural that the supply chain of products will not be reliable, it is also possible that prices will increase, that is why we need to look for alternative ways of supplying products and alternative suppliers.\u0000\u0000The impact of hostilities will also be visible on the export of products from our country. Grape products, including wine, have a high rate of local exports. About 60% of these products are exported to Russia, up to 10% to Ukraine and up to 8% to China, while vegetables are also exported to Russia (64%).\u0000\u0000 When such a level of crisis is create","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125463872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the term management accounting has been used around the world since the second half of the 20th century, and in Georgia, the scientists have been arguing about the essence of this phenomenon since about the 80s. Is it an independent science? Is it part of science that does not have an independent subject? This is pseudoscience, e.g., such a phenomenon does not exist at all and so on. The dispute is largely due to the reality of accounting science and practice in the specific countries. It would be a mistake to think of the management accounting as a novelty for the domestic economy. In the 1920s and early 1930s, the functions of accounting services were much broader than in the later years of Soviet rule. The accountant of that time was engaged both as in accounting and as in planning and analytical work. Along with development of the socialist economic system in the country and the strengthening of central planning, there was the gradual separation from the Accounting Service of the Planning and Financial Departments, with the transfer of part of the accounting authority to them. As a result, the activities of the accountant were actually reduced to the accounting of the facts of the economic life of the enterprise. As a result, the activities of the accountant were actually reduced to the accounting of the facts of the economic life of the enterprise. Historically, the development of management accounting in theory and practice has been accompanied by controversy. One of the issues to be discussed is the concept of management accounting: Or it is a field of economic work in the enterprise, which includes methods of reporting operations, analysis, planning, staff motivation, etc.; Or this activity may be limited to the functions of collecting and summarizing financial and non-financial information required by management; e.g., independent from economic analysis, planning, management, sociology, psychology, and etc. Examining the various sources of educational, methodological and scientific literature, you can find many definitions of management accounting, which indicates the lack of a unified methodological approach to the essence of management accounting. This is due to the uniqueness of the organizational basis for establishment of the management accounting system in each economic entity, which is largely determined by the characteristics of its activities and the requirements imposed on management by management information. With the development of technology and organization of production, with diversification of the products, improvement of organizational management structures, increased competition, the need for constant reduction of costs per unit of production, the organization’s management requires the new types of information generated through the management accounting subsystem. There have been used the several methods of obtaining the relevant literature, in particular the literature review is concept-oriented, or paradigm-
{"title":"EVOLUTION OF ESSENCE OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING","authors":"Besik Bauchadze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2022.23.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.04","url":null,"abstract":"Although the term management accounting has been used around the world since the second half of the 20th century, and in Georgia, the scientists have been arguing about the essence of this phenomenon since about the 80s. Is it an independent science? Is it part of science that does not have an independent subject? This is pseudoscience, e.g., such a phenomenon does not exist at all and so on. The dispute is largely due to the reality of accounting science and practice in the specific countries. It would be a mistake to think of the management accounting as a novelty for the domestic economy. In the 1920s and early 1930s, the functions of accounting services were much broader than in the later years of Soviet rule. The accountant of that time was engaged both as in accounting and as in planning and analytical work. Along with development of the socialist economic system in the country and the strengthening of central planning, there was the gradual separation from the Accounting Service of the Planning and Financial Departments, with the transfer of part of the accounting authority to them. As a result, the activities of the accountant were actually reduced to the accounting of the facts of the economic life of the enterprise. As a result, the activities of the accountant were actually reduced to the accounting of the facts of the economic life of the enterprise. Historically, the development of management accounting in theory and practice has been accompanied by controversy. One of the issues to be discussed is the concept of management accounting:\u0000\u0000Or it is a field of economic work in the enterprise, which includes methods of reporting operations, analysis, planning, staff motivation, etc.;\u0000Or this activity may be limited to the functions of collecting and summarizing financial and non-financial information required by management; e.g., independent from economic analysis, planning, management, sociology, psychology, and etc.\u0000Examining the various sources of educational, methodological and scientific literature, you can find many definitions of management accounting, which indicates the lack of a unified methodological approach to the essence of management accounting. This is due to the uniqueness of the organizational basis for establishment of the management accounting system in each economic entity, which is largely determined by the characteristics of its activities and the requirements imposed on management by management information. With the development of technology and organization of production, with diversification of the products, improvement of organizational management structures, increased competition, the need for constant reduction of costs per unit of production, the organization’s management requires the new types of information generated through the management accounting subsystem. There have been used the several methods of obtaining the relevant literature, in particular the literature review is concept-oriented, or paradigm-","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":" 21","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132158645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mentality of the Georgian nation is historically democratic. Historically, Georgia was a perfectly feudal country. One quarter of Georgian territory - the mountains – lived millennia of a history under conditions of the so-called “community democracy” (non-dominant territorial community, community land ownership). Georgia, thanks to its strong Christian culture, its feudal history (and in the mountains, the so-called "community democracy"), is a typologically western country, which throughout its history has been striving for a connection with the West. The current situation in Georgia is particularly acute. The nutrition of the population of Georgia today is essentially dependent on imports, which, due to the difficult geostrategic and geopolitical situation, can be stopped at any moment. The use of agricultural land owned by a foreign citizen to prevent this danger requires the use of legal tools, which the Georgian state does not currently have. In Georgia, the form of long-term transferrable lease should be used mostly for foreigners. Land use is unregulated and unaccounted for! It is heartbreaking that in the ancient country of Georgian culture, today there is such a negligent attitude towards the land, which probably has no analogues in the modern world! The process of land transfer by the state is unsystematic and does not bring economic efficiency, social expediency or any other essential public benefit. The State has lost its main function - control over the land use. The rural community must surely regain its unconditional and inalienable right to its own estate; This means, first of all, that the common community land - pastureы, meadows, water landscapes, forestry fund lands (and more!) must be legally returned to the community for permanent and gratuitous ownership and use; this land should not be state-owned, but municipal property, and the community, which is its only legitimate owner and user, and it should be made impossible the ownership of this land, that is, fair and efficient management of rural heritage - its management, rational use, organization of other economic activities in the rural area using agricultural production or land as the main means of production without their consent. To solve the land issue, we deem it necessary: To define the main goals of land reform; To create a legislative and normative framework for fundamental agrarian reform; it is necessary to prepare and adopt a land code as soon as possible; To regulate land privatization - preparation of normative bases, by which the real content will be acquired by the principle of Article 116 of the Georgian Constitution of 1921. that "cultivation and use of land is the duty of the landowner to the public". Based on this principle, the law clearly defines the terms and conditions that must be met by the purchaser of the land. In particular, the rule of privatization of community-owned land will be established, when privatization is allowed only with th
{"title":"LAND IS AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF A NATION'S EXISTENCE AND CREATIVITY","authors":"P. Koguashvili, B. Ramishvili","doi":"10.52244/ep.2022.23.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.03","url":null,"abstract":"The mentality of the Georgian nation is historically democratic. Historically, Georgia was a perfectly feudal country. One quarter of Georgian territory - the mountains – lived millennia of a history under conditions of the so-called “community democracy” (non-dominant territorial community, community land ownership). Georgia, thanks to its strong Christian culture, its feudal history (and in the mountains, the so-called \"community democracy\"), is a typologically western country, which throughout its history has been striving for a connection with the West.\u0000\u0000The current situation in Georgia is particularly acute. The nutrition of the population of Georgia today is essentially dependent on imports, which, due to the difficult geostrategic and geopolitical situation, can be stopped at any moment. The use of agricultural land owned by a foreign citizen to prevent this danger requires the use of legal tools, which the Georgian state does not currently have. In Georgia, the form of long-term transferrable lease should be used mostly for foreigners.\u0000\u0000Land use is unregulated and unaccounted for! It is heartbreaking that in the ancient country of Georgian culture, today there is such a negligent attitude towards the land, which probably has no analogues in the modern world!\u0000\u0000The process of land transfer by the state is unsystematic and does not bring economic efficiency, social expediency or any other essential public benefit. The State has lost its main function - control over the land use. The rural community must surely regain its unconditional and inalienable right to its own estate; This means, first of all, that the common community land - pastureы, meadows, water landscapes, forestry fund lands (and more!) must be legally returned to the community for permanent and gratuitous ownership and use; this land should not be state-owned, but municipal property, and the community, which is its only legitimate owner and user, and it should be made impossible the ownership of this land, that is, fair and efficient management of rural heritage - its management, rational use, organization of other economic activities in the rural area using agricultural production or land as the main means of production without their consent.\u0000\u0000To solve the land issue, we deem it necessary:\u0000\u0000To define the main goals of land reform;\u0000To create a legislative and normative framework for fundamental agrarian reform; it is necessary to prepare and adopt a land code as soon as possible;\u0000To regulate land privatization - preparation of normative bases, by which the real content will be acquired by the principle of Article 116 of the Georgian Constitution of 1921. that \"cultivation and use of land is the duty of the landowner to the public\". Based on this principle, the law clearly defines the terms and conditions that must be met by the purchaser of the land. In particular, the rule of privatization of community-owned land will be established, when privatization is allowed only with th","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124648335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The country's central property rests on the institutional and organizational strength of the major price chaos market and the banking sector. Georgian banking system is currently developed not only in the country, but in all regions, the Georgian securities market and the only licensed representative of this market in the country - the Georgian Stock Exchange is undeveloped and unique. The securities market is a kind of economic barometer of the country, a measure of the pulse, which is primarily reflected in the ongoing political, economic and social changes in the country and in the world. The securities market provides fast mobilization of temporarily free cash without bureaucratic intermediaries (in this case banks) and with minimal additional fees compared to bank credit, respectively the banking system and the stock market are competitors. In 1998-2000, with the help of the best government and financial market experts in Georgia, the foundations of the securities market began to form. During this period, everyone was well aware that these two most important financial institutions should be developed together on an equal footing, under conditions of fair competition, and tried not to allow one sphere to be absorbed or oppressed by another. For some reason, the new post-Soviet Georgia had better starting conditions in the banking sector, as enshrined in the 1998 Law on the Securities Market adopted by the Georgian Parliament. By law, the securities industry was separated from the banking sector in order for securities to be newly established mechanisms to enable independent real development opportunities. JSC "Georgian Stock Exchange" (JSC) was established on January 12, 1999 at the initiative of leading brokerage companies, commercial banks, insurance companies and investment funds. Special activity on the Georgian Stock Exchange began in 2004, when after the change of government, the legislation related to privatization was changed and the economic recovery began, corruption was significantly reduced, the financial market was opened, investments were increased. The reduction of trading volume on the Georgian Stock Exchange was caused by the financial crisis of 2008 and a change in the legislation, which resulted in the abolition of the self-regulatory system of the stock exchange and its controlling body became the National Bank of Georgia. Since 2007, the stock exchange has been managed by a group of banks that currently own 58% of the stock exchange shares, of which the Bank of Georgia has the largest package with 46%. As of March 1, 2022, the balance of deposits of legal entities and individuals attracted by commercial banks in national currency is 15.06 billion GEL, weighted by an average of 11.06%, and the volume of deposits of legal entities and individuals attracted in foreign currency - equivalent to 22.03 billion GEL. , On average by 0.81%. (SEB, 2022) In total, 37.1 billion GEL of free cash is deposited in Georgian banks, and
这个国家的核心资产依赖于主要价格混乱的市场和银行业的制度和组织力量。格鲁吉亚的银行系统目前不仅在国内，而且在所有地区都很发达，格鲁吉亚证券市场和这个市场在该国的唯一许可代表-格鲁吉亚证券交易所是不发达的，也是独一无二的。证券市场是一个国家的经济晴雨表，是衡量脉搏的指标，主要反映一个国家和世界正在发生的政治、经济和社会变化。证券市场提供了暂时自由现金的快速动员，没有官僚中介机构(在这里是银行)，与银行信贷相比，额外费用最少，银行体系和股票市场分别是竞争对手。1998-2000年，在格鲁吉亚最好的政府和金融市场专家的帮助下，证券市场的基础开始形成。在此期间，每个人都清楚地意识到，这两个最重要的金融机构应该在公平竞争的条件下在平等的基础上共同发展，并努力不让一个领域被另一个领域吸收或压迫。由于某种原因，格鲁吉亚议会1998年通过的《证券市场法》规定，后苏联时代的格鲁吉亚在银行业的起步条件较好。依法将证券业从银行业中分离出来，使证券业成为新机制，获得真正独立发展的机会。格鲁吉亚证券交易所(JSC)成立于1999年1月12日，由领先的经纪公司、商业银行、保险公司和投资基金发起。格鲁吉亚证券交易所的特别活动始于2004年，当时在政府更迭之后，与私有化有关的立法发生了变化，经济开始复苏，腐败大大减少，金融市场开放，投资增加。格鲁吉亚证券交易所交易量的减少是由于2008年的金融危机和立法的变化造成的，这导致证券交易所的自律制度被废除，其控制机构成为格鲁吉亚国家银行。自2007年以来，证券交易所一直由一组银行管理，这些银行目前持有证券交易所58%的股份，其中格鲁吉亚银行(Bank of Georgia)持有的股份最多，占46%。截至2022年3月1日，商业银行吸纳法人和个人本币存款余额为150.6亿GEL，平均加权11.06%;吸纳法人和个人外币存款余额为220.3亿GEL。，平均下降0.81%。(SEB, 2022)总共有371亿GEL的自由现金存入格鲁吉亚的银行，如果其中至少有四分之一回到格鲁吉亚证券交易所，很容易想象经济增长水平和国民经济的规模。截至2022年5月6日，养老基金累计约23.1亿GEL，其中60%为定期存款，1.3%为定期存款，5.8%为外国公司股票(1.3398亿美元)，%为外币利息账户，24.69%为利息账户(养老金机构，2022年)。换句话说，格鲁吉亚公民在养老基金中持有的资金要么进入银行系统，然后才参与短期活动，即随着外国经济的增长，以约1.34亿GEL的价格购买他们的证券。格鲁吉亚股票市场的发展将促进养恤基金的资金增长，用银行存款进行更有利可图的投资，国民经济增长更快，佣金和利率压力比银行信贷更大。截至2022年4月30日，格鲁吉亚证券交易所股票市场的总市值约为22.9亿GEL，仅为格鲁吉亚2021年GDP(602亿GEL)的3.8%，而这一数字却推动了股票市场的发展。国家有超过100%的GDP。从年份来看，同年格鲁吉亚股市市值占GDP的比例呈下降趋势，2020年为4.8%(受疫情影响，今年GDP下降，公司市值基本保持不变)，2019年为3.97%;2018年- 4.39%;2017年- 8.16%。截至2022年5月2日，共有23家公司的证券进入哥伦比亚广播公司交易系统，总市值为7.48亿美元，2022年4月日均成交量为21 GEL。2022年3月24日至30日，我们通过谷歌平台表格进行了一项关于人们如何管理储蓄的调查，共有629人参与。 调查结果显示，人口中的积累文化相当高，他们愿意在格鲁吉亚证券交易所购买证券。我们认为，格鲁吉亚证券市场的发展将部分通过个体经营来减少就业问题，经济将通过经济实体的直接融资来发展(而不是通过方案=人口=银行=>企业)，提高现金流通的速度。在发展中经济体建立证券市场的过程中，国家可以发挥重要作用。证券市场是全球经济不可或缺的重要组成部分，没有证券市场，市场经济的正常运行是不可能的。需要进行有关的立法改革和政治意愿，以加强格鲁吉亚的股票市场。
{"title":"POTENTIAL AND POSSIBLE EFFECT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIAN FINANCIAL MARKETS","authors":"Alim Kherkhadze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2022.23.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.09","url":null,"abstract":"The country's central property rests on the institutional and organizational strength of the major price chaos market and the banking sector. Georgian banking system is currently developed not only in the country, but in all regions, the Georgian securities market and the only licensed representative of this market in the country - the Georgian Stock Exchange is undeveloped and unique. The securities market is a kind of economic barometer of the country, a measure of the pulse, which is primarily reflected in the ongoing political, economic and social changes in the country and in the world.\u0000\u0000The securities market provides fast mobilization of temporarily free cash without bureaucratic intermediaries (in this case banks) and with minimal additional fees compared to bank credit, respectively the banking system and the stock market are competitors.\u0000\u0000In 1998-2000, with the help of the best government and financial market experts in Georgia, the foundations of the securities market began to form. During this period, everyone was well aware that these two most important financial institutions should be developed together on an equal footing, under conditions of fair competition, and tried not to allow one sphere to be absorbed or oppressed by another. For some reason, the new post-Soviet Georgia had better starting conditions in the banking sector, as enshrined in the 1998 Law on the Securities Market adopted by the Georgian Parliament. By law, the securities industry was separated from the banking sector in order for securities to be newly established mechanisms to enable independent real development opportunities.\u0000\u0000JSC \"Georgian Stock Exchange\" (JSC) was established on January 12, 1999 at the initiative of leading brokerage companies, commercial banks, insurance companies and investment funds. Special activity on the Georgian Stock Exchange began in 2004, when after the change of government, the legislation related to privatization was changed and the economic recovery began, corruption was significantly reduced, the financial market was opened, investments were increased.\u0000\u0000The reduction of trading volume on the Georgian Stock Exchange was caused by the financial crisis of 2008 and a change in the legislation, which resulted in the abolition of the self-regulatory system of the stock exchange and its controlling body became the National Bank of Georgia. Since 2007, the stock exchange has been managed by a group of banks that currently own 58% of the stock exchange shares, of which the Bank of Georgia has the largest package with 46%.\u0000\u0000As of March 1, 2022, the balance of deposits of legal entities and individuals attracted by commercial banks in national currency is 15.06 billion GEL, weighted by an average of 11.06%, and the volume of deposits of legal entities and individuals attracted in foreign currency - equivalent to 22.03 billion GEL. , On average by 0.81%. (SEB, 2022) In total, 37.1 billion GEL of free cash is deposited in Georgian banks, and","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121038729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economic strength of territorial units is one of the most important factors for the economic development of the government. And for the economic stability of the territorial units it is crucial to have high level of financial decentralization and the ability to provide their budget revenues with their own tax sources, which is guaranteed by effective fiscal politics from the government. Some reforms have been going on in Georgia for decades in order to have financial decentralization and to improve the quality of budget independence, but in order to improve modern situation in this field it is necessary to develop a system of specific actions. Therefore, the problem of tax revenue optimization of territorial units is gaining more urgency and we believe that identifying the factors hindering the improvement of the tax revenues of the budget of the territorial units and taking certain actions and measures to solve them will significantly contribute to the socio-economic development of the territorial units. While working on these issues, the study of the problem was done mainly using characteristic and quantitative research methods. In terms of characteristic research we managed to get information in-depth about the main topic and then we managed to process and analyze this information. In terms of quantitative research, we were mainly guided by statistical information of the revenues of the budgets of the territorial units. Quantitative data were processed in accordance with the objectives, on the basis of which specific trends of the problem were identified. Based on the analysis of the information collected through the mentioned methods, the relevant conclusion-recommendations were formed. The issue of ownership of natural resources is important for the economic development of territorial units. Natural resources should be used in such a way to maximize the growth rate of economic development of territorial units. Part of the value added that is created as a result of industrial-economic relations using natural resources should be transferred by using the budget-tax mechanism to the budget of the municipality and/or, as it is in our case, the budget of the Autonomous Republic. Clearly, the same principle must be maintained in terms of the use of other industrial resources. Effective use of fiscal policy instruments can create a structure of tax revenues for the budgets of territorial units, the volume of which will depend on the efficient use of resources in the territorial unit. Public policy in the field of regional finance should reflect the economic activity of the region, which can provide increased productivity in the region, increased value added measures in the region, job growth and, ultimately, the well-being of the region's population. In modern conditions, budget relations in Georgia are based on the principle of independence (autonomy), however, the dependence of different levels of budgets on central budgets is very high. T
{"title":"PROBLEMS OF FORMATION OF TAX REVENUES OF THE BUDGET OF TERRITORIAL UNITS AND WAYS OF IT OVERCOMING","authors":"G. Abuselidze, Aleko Meladze","doi":"10.52244/ep.2022.23.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.07","url":null,"abstract":"Economic strength of territorial units is one of the most important factors for the economic development of the government. And for the economic stability of the territorial units it is crucial to have high level of financial decentralization and the ability to provide their budget revenues with their own tax sources, which is guaranteed by effective fiscal politics from the government.\u0000\u0000Some reforms have been going on in Georgia for decades in order to have financial decentralization and to improve the quality of budget independence, but in order to improve modern situation in this field it is necessary to develop a system of specific actions. Therefore, the problem of tax revenue optimization of territorial units is gaining more urgency and we believe that identifying the factors hindering the improvement of the tax revenues of the budget of the territorial units and taking certain actions and measures to solve them will significantly contribute to the socio-economic development of the territorial units.\u0000\u0000 While working on these issues, the study of the problem was done mainly using characteristic and quantitative research methods. In terms of characteristic research we managed to get information in-depth about the main topic and then we managed to process and analyze this information. In terms of quantitative research, we were mainly guided by statistical information of the revenues of the budgets of the territorial units. Quantitative data were processed in accordance with the objectives, on the basis of which specific trends of the problem were identified. Based on the analysis of the information collected through the mentioned methods, the relevant conclusion-recommendations were formed.\u0000\u0000 The issue of ownership of natural resources is important for the economic development of territorial units. Natural resources should be used in such a way to maximize the growth rate of economic development of territorial units. Part of the value added that is created as a result of industrial-economic relations using natural resources should be transferred by using the budget-tax mechanism to the budget of the municipality and/or, as it is in our case, the budget of the Autonomous Republic. Clearly, the same principle must be maintained in terms of the use of other industrial resources. Effective use of fiscal policy instruments can create a structure of tax revenues for the budgets of territorial units, the volume of which will depend on the efficient use of resources in the territorial unit.\u0000\u0000 Public policy in the field of regional finance should reflect the economic activity of the region, which can provide increased productivity in the region, increased value added measures in the region, job growth and, ultimately, the well-being of the region's population. In modern conditions, budget relations in Georgia are based on the principle of independence (autonomy), however, the dependence of different levels of budgets on central budgets is very high.\u0000\u0000T","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129417489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article is devoted to research and definition of the principles of omnichannel marketing technology and its rationale as an effective way to interact with the consumer and increase the efficiency of the enterprise. Whereas, in the conditions of growth of digital economy and production of information technologies, new approaches to marketing activity are formed. With the development of digital marketing, there is a need for new strategic approaches and technologies that can retain existing customers and attract new ones, build long-term relationships, and increase their LTV, especially when the consumer journey is not direct. The main goal of omnichannel marketing approach is to create a simple and comfortable customer experience that allows the consumer, regardless of location and information device, to contact the company (brand). The implementation of omnichannel approach in marketing will have a positive effect on sales, customer confidence, and therefore the desire to return to make repeat purchases. The company can more effectively determine the range of products or services, price management and customer LTV. This will attract new customers, expand market share, help analyze customer behavior and personalize the sales funnel. Ultimately, all these things give an opportunity to improve the efficiency of sales and business in general. The results can be used in determining the marketing strategy of the enterprise, which will improve interaction with consumers and increase the financial efficiency of the enterprise.
{"title":"ОMNICHANNEL MARKETING AS A NEW OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD AN EFFECTIVE CONSUMER INTERACTION STRATEGY","authors":"O. Bakulich, Anton Bokyi","doi":"10.52244/ep.2022.23.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.05","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to research and definition of the principles of omnichannel marketing technology and its rationale as an effective way to interact with the consumer and increase the efficiency of the enterprise. Whereas, in the conditions of growth of digital economy and production of information technologies, new approaches to marketing activity are formed. With the development of digital marketing, there is a need for new strategic approaches and technologies that can retain existing customers and attract new ones, build long-term relationships, and increase their LTV, especially when the consumer journey is not direct. The main goal of omnichannel marketing approach is to create a simple and comfortable customer experience that allows the consumer, regardless of location and information device, to contact the company (brand). The implementation of omnichannel approach in marketing will have a positive effect on sales, customer confidence, and therefore the desire to return to make repeat purchases. The company can more effectively determine the range of products or services, price management and customer LTV. This will attract new customers, expand market share, help analyze customer behavior and personalize the sales funnel. Ultimately, all these things give an opportunity to improve the efficiency of sales and business in general.\u0000\u0000The results can be used in determining the marketing strategy of the enterprise, which will improve interaction with consumers and increase the financial efficiency of the enterprise.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125949616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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