Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-60-77
Jiří Matela
Dajare – Japanese pun and its research potential The present paper introduces dajare as a Japanese form of puns, i.e. utterances with multiple meanings based on a wordplay. Dajare is chosen as a minimal text with a potential of humorous effect, thus a promising starting point for a research of humor and laughter from perspec tives of cultural anthropology and cognitive linguistics. While the ability to make puns with the use of the Chi nese script in Japan is historically well documented in the form of gisho, the concept of dajare is traced to the realms of the poetic forms of haikai no renga, zappai etc. In modern Japan, dajare is often regarded rather nega tively as “old men’s joke” (oyaji gyagu), mainly due to its separation from the tradition of poetic wit. Nevertheless, several areas of the use of dajare are presented and some principles of its most common form are discussed from the linguistic point of view. The paper ends with two main proposals for further research into Japanese puns: Research in the communicative, textual and discourse functions of dajare (humorous effect as the main goal is questioned) and in the relation of puns and linguistic creativity from the perspective of construction grammar.
{"title":"Dadžare – japonský kalambúr a jeho výzkumný potenciál","authors":"Jiří Matela","doi":"10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-60-77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-60-77","url":null,"abstract":"Dajare – Japanese pun and its research potential The present paper introduces dajare as a Japanese form of puns, i.e. utterances with multiple meanings based on a wordplay. Dajare is chosen as a minimal text with a potential of humorous effect, thus a promising starting point for a research of humor and laughter from perspec tives of cultural anthropology and cognitive linguistics. While the ability to make puns with the use of the Chi nese script in Japan is historically well documented in the form of gisho, the concept of dajare is traced to the realms of the poetic forms of haikai no renga, zappai etc. In modern Japan, dajare is often regarded rather nega tively as “old men’s joke” (oyaji gyagu), mainly due to its separation from the tradition of poetic wit. Nevertheless, several areas of the use of dajare are presented and some principles of its most common form are discussed from the linguistic point of view. The paper ends with two main proposals for further research into Japanese puns: Research in the communicative, textual and discourse functions of dajare (humorous effect as the main goal is questioned) and in the relation of puns and linguistic creativity from the perspective of construction grammar.","PeriodicalId":344684,"journal":{"name":"Orientalia antiqua nova XXI:Sborník z vědeckého kolokvia pořádaného na Fakultě filozofické Západočeské univerzity v Plzni 30. dubna 2021","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115896288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-52-59
Liščák Vladimír
Marco Polo and his knowledge of Asian languages Marco Polo (1254–1324) claimed (or rather his editors) that he could speak (and read) in other languages in ad dition to his own, at least five. Although he spoke little Chinese or rather not, he spoke a number of languages used in East Asia at the time – most likely Turkic (in the Kuman dialect: (lingua) tartara; tartaresce; tartaresche), which was also spoken among Mongols, Arabized Per sians, Uighurs and perhaps even he knew Mongolian. While communicating with the Great Khan, Marco Polo was almost certainly able to speak and write Mongolian. Marco Polo usually referred to Chinese local names in Persian, so it is very likely that he spoke Persian and was able to read the Arabic script. In addition, Persian was the lingua franca used throughout the region at the time even at Kublai Khan’s court. The paper brings some particular examples from Marco’s Mss.
{"title":"Marco Polo a jeho znalost asijských jazyků","authors":"Liščák Vladimír","doi":"10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-52-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-52-59","url":null,"abstract":"Marco Polo and his knowledge of Asian languages Marco Polo (1254–1324) claimed (or rather his editors) that he could speak (and read) in other languages in ad dition to his own, at least five. Although he spoke little Chinese or rather not, he spoke a number of languages used in East Asia at the time – most likely Turkic (in the Kuman dialect: (lingua) tartara; tartaresce; tartaresche), which was also spoken among Mongols, Arabized Per sians, Uighurs and perhaps even he knew Mongolian. While communicating with the Great Khan, Marco Polo was almost certainly able to speak and write Mongolian. Marco Polo usually referred to Chinese local names in Persian, so it is very likely that he spoke Persian and was able to read the Arabic script. In addition, Persian was the lingua franca used throughout the region at the time even at Kublai Khan’s court. The paper brings some particular examples from Marco’s Mss.","PeriodicalId":344684,"journal":{"name":"Orientalia antiqua nova XXI:Sborník z vědeckého kolokvia pořádaného na Fakultě filozofické Západočeské univerzity v Plzni 30. dubna 2021","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132987779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-78-96
Marie Ondříčková
The article was focused on the oldest description of the song on the world. In the paper was analysed content of the note score and introduced its some of translations. It also mention about its place of discovery and its discov erers. The notation was found in the North Syria at area Latákíja in Ras-as-Shamrá in the west-south royal pal ace and its courtyards. Around 1500–1158 BC there was well-known economical and cultural advanced center Ugarit with rich existing musical tradition. Some written sources put accent the temple´s singers and musicians the framework religious ceremonies. The problem of the cuneiform tablet rests on damaged some of parts, that they are not possible to translate exactly. In the tablet there are numbers whose meaning is not understandly. Today we have not to disposition only one transcription because experts are not in concordance of their metod ology and this reason why individual translations are significant different so much.
{"title":"Churritský hymnus H6 – nejstarší píseň na světě","authors":"Marie Ondříčková","doi":"10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-78-96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-78-96","url":null,"abstract":"The article was focused on the oldest description of the song on the world. In the paper was analysed content of the note score and introduced its some of translations. It also mention about its place of discovery and its discov erers. The notation was found in the North Syria at area Latákíja in Ras-as-Shamrá in the west-south royal pal ace and its courtyards. Around 1500–1158 BC there was well-known economical and cultural advanced center Ugarit with rich existing musical tradition. Some written sources put accent the temple´s singers and musicians the framework religious ceremonies. The problem of the cuneiform tablet rests on damaged some of parts, that they are not possible to translate exactly. In the tablet there are numbers whose meaning is not understandly. Today we have not to disposition only one transcription because experts are not in concordance of their metod ology and this reason why individual translations are significant different so much.","PeriodicalId":344684,"journal":{"name":"Orientalia antiqua nova XXI:Sborník z vědeckého kolokvia pořádaného na Fakultě filozofické Západočeské univerzity v Plzni 30. dubna 2021","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124566579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-97-119
Schneider Filip
Roman historians developed a tradition of placing ethno graphic information into their works. The “Other” was an everyday reality of the Roman state. With its expansion more nations came into its orbit and thus to the attention of its writers. Arabs were among many others whom the Romans confronted. The position of the Arabs changed rapidly since the emergence of Islam in the 7th century. From a peripheral nation they became the major superpower in the East. The Roman/Byzantine perception did change due to various factors, such as the emergence of new religion as well as military expansion of the newly founded Arab state. It was in this period when ethnographic tradition under went a major transformation. Ethnography was in decline with snippets of information throughout literary works instead of vast descriptions of the “Other” as known in antiquity. Merging the snippets, however, a more coher ent image may occur. The aim of this paper is to look on the ethnographic information about Arabs in three literary works of the 10th century Byzantium – the Taktika, De administran do imperio and History of Leo the Deacon. Arabs will be analysed under the scope of elements that affected Byzantine perception on them – religion, military, and ethnic stereotypes. With the analysis I intend not only to gain a more coherent picture about the ethnographic perception of the Arabs in Byzantium, but also the differ ence of the perception among its various social classes.
罗马历史学家形成了一种传统，将人种学信息放入他们的作品中。“他者”是罗马国家的日常现实。随着它的扩张，更多的国家进入了它的轨道，从而引起了它的作者的注意。阿拉伯人是罗马人面对的众多敌人之一。自7世纪伊斯兰教出现以来，阿拉伯人的地位发生了迅速变化。他们从一个边缘国家变成了东方的主要超级大国。罗马/拜占庭的观念确实由于各种因素而改变，例如新宗教的出现以及新成立的阿拉伯国家的军事扩张。正是在这一时期，民族志传统发生了重大转变。民族志正在衰落，文学作品中充斥着片断的信息，而不是古代所知的对“他者”的大量描述。然而，合并这些片段，可能会出现更连贯的图像。本文旨在考察10世纪拜占庭三部文学作品《Taktika》、《De administran do imperio》和《Leo The Deacon History》中关于阿拉伯人的民族志信息。阿拉伯人将在影响拜占庭人对他们的看法的因素范围内进行分析- -宗教、军事和种族成见。通过分析，我不仅想获得关于拜占庭阿拉伯人的民族志认知的更连贯的图景，而且还想了解其不同社会阶层之间认知的差异。
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-1-14
Jindřich Bečvář
The article analyzes five exercises (R50, R48, R41, R42 and R43) from the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (de-posited in the British Museum) that comes from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt and is one of the best known examples of ancient Egyptian mathematics. One exercise (K2) from the Kahun Mathematical Papyrus (British Museum) is also discussed. The exercise R50 shows how Egyptian scribes calculated the area of a cir-cle with a given diameter. The exercise R48 compares the area of a circle with a given diameter to that of its cir-cumscribing square. Four other exercises demonstrate how to calculate the volume of a cylindrical grain silo with a given diameter and height. The author explains the algorithm which was used by Egyptian calculators. He also offers three ways how they could find a fairly accurate calculation, and how they approximated the value for π and compared Egyptian approximation with the approximation using by Babylonian scribes as well as Greek mathematicians.
{"title":"Kruh v egyptské matematice","authors":"Jindřich Bečvář","doi":"10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-1-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-1-14","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes five exercises (R50, R48, R41, R42 and R43) from the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (de-posited in the British Museum) that comes from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt and is one of the best known examples of ancient Egyptian mathematics. One exercise (K2) from the Kahun Mathematical Papyrus (British Museum) is also discussed. The exercise R50 shows how Egyptian scribes calculated the area of a cir-cle with a given diameter. The exercise R48 compares the area of a circle with a given diameter to that of its cir-cumscribing square. Four other exercises demonstrate how to calculate the volume of a cylindrical grain silo with a given diameter and height. The author explains the algorithm which was used by Egyptian calculators. He also offers three ways how they could find a fairly accurate calculation, and how they approximated the value for π and compared Egyptian approximation with the approximation using by Babylonian scribes as well as Greek mathematicians.","PeriodicalId":344684,"journal":{"name":"Orientalia antiqua nova XXI:Sborník z vědeckého kolokvia pořádaného na Fakultě filozofické Západočeské univerzity v Plzni 30. dubna 2021","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126126760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-15-36
Martina Bečvářová
The article analyzes three famous mathematical tablets from the Yale Babylonian Collection (YBC 7290, YBC 7289, and YBC 7302) that come from the Old Babylonian period (i.e. from some time between 1800 and 1600 BC). They show an interesting approach of ancient Babyloni-an mathematicians, scribes, or students to elementary planar geometric shapes (trapezoid, square, and circle). They describe the Old Babylonian calculations of areas, the approximation to the square root of 2 as well as the knowledge of the Pythagorean Theorem and the approx-imation to the value for π.
{"title":"Tři starobabylónské matematické tabulky","authors":"Martina Bečvářová","doi":"10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-15-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-15-36","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes three famous mathematical tablets from the Yale Babylonian Collection (YBC 7290, YBC 7289, and YBC 7302) that come from the Old Babylonian period (i.e. from some time between 1800 and 1600 BC). They show an interesting approach of ancient Babyloni-an mathematicians, scribes, or students to elementary planar geometric shapes (trapezoid, square, and circle). They describe the Old Babylonian calculations of areas, the approximation to the square root of 2 as well as the knowledge of the Pythagorean Theorem and the approx-imation to the value for π.","PeriodicalId":344684,"journal":{"name":"Orientalia antiqua nova XXI:Sborník z vědeckého kolokvia pořádaného na Fakultě filozofické Západočeské univerzity v Plzni 30. dubna 2021","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126405921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.24132/zcu.2021.10392-37-51
Ondřej Crhák
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