Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH021
Steven Okamoto, K. Sycara, P. Scerri
Intelligent software personal assistants are an acti ve research area with the potential to revolutionize the way that human organizations operate, b ut there has been little research quantifying how they will impact organizational performance or how organizations will or should adapt in response. In this chapter we develop a c omputational model of the organization to evaluate the impact different proposed ass ist nt abilities have on the behavior and performance of the organization. By varying t he organizational structures under consideration, we can identify which abilities are mo st beneficial, as well as explore how organizations may adapt to best leverage the new technology. The results indicate that the most beneficial abilities for hierar chical organizations are those that improve load balancing through task allocation and failure rec overy, while for horizontal organizations the most beneficial abilities are those t hat improve communication. The results also suggest that software personal assistant t echnology will facilitate more horizontal organizations.
{"title":"Personal Assistants for Human Organizations","authors":"Steven Okamoto, K. Sycara, P. Scerri","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH021","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent software personal assistants are an acti ve research area with the potential to revolutionize the way that human organizations operate, b ut there has been little research quantifying how they will impact organizational performance or how organizations will or should adapt in response. In this chapter we develop a c omputational model of the organization to evaluate the impact different proposed ass ist nt abilities have on the behavior and performance of the organization. By varying t he organizational structures under consideration, we can identify which abilities are mo st beneficial, as well as explore how organizations may adapt to best leverage the new technology. The results indicate that the most beneficial abilities for hierar chical organizations are those that improve load balancing through task allocation and failure rec overy, while for horizontal organizations the most beneficial abilities are those t hat improve communication. The results also suggest that software personal assistant t echnology will facilitate more horizontal organizations.","PeriodicalId":344795,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124074419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH004
S. DeLoach
This chapter introduces a suite of technologies for building complex, adaptive systems. It is based in the multi-agent systems paradigm and uses the Organization Model for Adaptive Computational Systems (OMACS). OMACS defines the knowledge needed about a system’s structure and capabilities to allow it to reorganize at runtime in the face of a changing environment and its agent’s capabilities. However, the OMACS model is only useful if it is supported by a set of methodologies, techniques, and architectures that allow it to be implemented effectively on a wide variety of systems. To this end, this chapter presents a suite of technologies including (1) the Organization-based Multiagent Systems Engineering (O-MaSE) methodology, (2) a set of policy specification techniques that allow an OMACS system to remain flexible while still providing guidance, and (3) a set of architectures and algorithms used to implement OMACSbased systems. The chapter also includes the presentation of a small OMACS-based system.
{"title":"Omacs: A Framework for Adaptive, Complex Systems","authors":"S. DeLoach","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces a suite of technologies for building complex, adaptive systems. It is based in the multi-agent systems paradigm and uses the Organization Model for Adaptive Computational Systems (OMACS). OMACS defines the knowledge needed about a system’s structure and capabilities to allow it to reorganize at runtime in the face of a changing environment and its agent’s capabilities. However, the OMACS model is only useful if it is supported by a set of methodologies, techniques, and architectures that allow it to be implemented effectively on a wide variety of systems. To this end, this chapter presents a suite of technologies including (1) the Organization-based Multiagent Systems Engineering (O-MaSE) methodology, (2) a set of policy specification techniques that allow an OMACS system to remain flexible while still providing guidance, and (3) a set of architectures and algorithms used to implement OMACSbased systems. The chapter also includes the presentation of a small OMACS-based system.","PeriodicalId":344795,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126958529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH013
B. V. D. Vecht, F. Dignum, J. Meyer
This chapter discusses how autonomous agents can adopt organizational rules into their reasoning process. Agents in an organization need to coordinate their actions in order to reach the organizational goals. Organizational models specify the desired behaviour in terms of roles, relations, norms, and interactions. We have developed a method to translate norms into event-processing rules of the agents. We propose a modular reasoning model that includes the organizational rules explicitly. Since the agents are autonomous, they will have their own reasoning rules next to the organizational rules. The modular approach allows for meta-reasoning about these rules. We show that this stimulates bottom-up dynamics in the organization.
{"title":"Autonomous Agents Adopting Organizational Rules","authors":"B. V. D. Vecht, F. Dignum, J. Meyer","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how autonomous agents can adopt organizational rules into their reasoning process. Agents in an organization need to coordinate their actions in order to reach the organizational goals. Organizational models specify the desired behaviour in terms of roles, relations, norms, and interactions. We have developed a method to translate norms into event-processing rules of the agents. We propose a modular reasoning model that includes the organizational rules explicitly. Since the agents are autonomous, they will have their own reasoning rules next to the organizational rules. The modular approach allows for meta-reasoning about these rules. We show that this stimulates bottom-up dynamics in the organization.","PeriodicalId":344795,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124301742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH016
M. Dastani, Nick A. M. Tinnemeier, J. Meyer
Multi-agent systems are viewed as consisting of individual agents whose behaviors are regulated by an organizational artifact. This chapter presents a programming language that aims at facilitating the implementation of norm-based organizational artifacts. The programming language is presented in two steps. We first present a programming language that is designed to support the implementation of non-normative organizational artifacts. Such artifacts are specified in terms of non-normative concepts such as the identity of participating agents, the identity of the constituting environments in which individual agents can perform actions and the agents’ access relation to the environments. The programming language is then modified and extended to support the implementation of norm-based artifacts. Such artifacts are specified in terms of norms being enforced by monitoring, regimenting and sanctioning mechanisms. The syntax and operational semantics of the programming language are discussed and explained by means of a conference management system example.
{"title":"A Programming Language for Normative Multi-Agent Systems","authors":"M. Dastani, Nick A. M. Tinnemeier, J. Meyer","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH016","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-agent systems are viewed as consisting of individual agents whose behaviors are regulated by an organizational artifact. This chapter presents a programming language that aims at facilitating the implementation of norm-based organizational artifacts. The programming language is presented in two steps. We first present a programming language that is designed to support the implementation of non-normative organizational artifacts. Such artifacts are specified in terms of non-normative concepts such as the identity of participating agents, the identity of the constituting environments in which individual agents can perform actions and the agents’ access relation to the environments. The programming language is then modified and extended to support the implementation of norm-based artifacts. Such artifacts are specified in terms of norms being enforced by monitoring, regimenting and sanctioning mechanisms. The syntax and operational semantics of the programming language are discussed and explained by means of a conference management system example.","PeriodicalId":344795,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133779406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH010
C. Castelfranchi
This chapter presents organizations as a macro-micro notion and device; they presuppose autonomous proactive entities (agents) playing the organizational roles. Agents may have their own powers, goals, relationships (of dependence, trust, etc.). This opens important issues to be discussed: Does cooperation require mentally shared plans? Which is the relationship between individual powers and role powers; personal dependencies and role dependencies; personal goals and assigned goals; personal beliefs and what we have to assume when playing our role; individual actions and organizational actions? What about possible conflicts, deviations, power abuse, given the agents’ autonomy? MultiAgentSystems discipline should both aim at scientifically modeling human organizations, and at designing effective artificial organizations. Our claim is that for both those aims, one should model a high (risky) degree of flexibility, exploiting autonomy and pro-activity, intelligence and decentralized knowledge of roleplayers, allowing for functional violations of requests and even of rules.
{"title":"Grounding Organizations in the Minds of the Agents","authors":"C. Castelfranchi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents organizations as a macro-micro notion and device; they presuppose autonomous proactive entities (agents) playing the organizational roles. Agents may have their own powers, goals, relationships (of dependence, trust, etc.). This opens important issues to be discussed: Does cooperation require mentally shared plans? Which is the relationship between individual powers and role powers; personal dependencies and role dependencies; personal goals and assigned goals; personal beliefs and what we have to assume when playing our role; individual actions and organizational actions? What about possible conflicts, deviations, power abuse, given the agents’ autonomy? MultiAgentSystems discipline should both aim at scientifically modeling human organizations, and at designing effective artificial organizations. Our claim is that for both those aims, one should model a high (risky) degree of flexibility, exploiting autonomy and pro-activity, intelligence and decentralized knowledge of roleplayers, allowing for functional violations of requests and even of rules.","PeriodicalId":344795,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114496082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH007
Maksim Tsvetovat
Agent-based approaches provide an invaluable tool for building decentralized, distributed architectures and tying together sets of disparate software tools and architectures. However, while the agents themselves have been gaining complexity, and agent specification languages have been gaining expressive power, little thought has been given to the complexity of agent societies, and languages for describing such societies. In this chapter, I propose a declarative language designed specifically for describing in an expressive way a variety of social interactions. I attempt to avoid the fallacies of artificial restriction, and similarly confounding under-specification of the design domain, yet constructing a rigorous, machine-interpretable semantics. It is my hope that introduction of such semantic will lead to a constructive dialogue between communities of agent-based social modeling and agent-based software design, and lead to a greater integration of agent development toolkits and agent-based modeling toolkits.
{"title":"Describing Agent Societies","authors":"Maksim Tsvetovat","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH007","url":null,"abstract":"Agent-based approaches provide an invaluable tool for building decentralized, distributed architectures and tying together sets of disparate software tools and architectures. However, while the agents themselves have been gaining complexity, and agent specification languages have been gaining expressive power, little thought has been given to the complexity of agent societies, and languages for describing such societies. In this chapter, I propose a declarative language designed specifically for describing in an expressive way a variety of social interactions. I attempt to avoid the fallacies of artificial restriction, and similarly confounding under-specification of the design domain, yet constructing a rigorous, machine-interpretable semantics. It is my hope that introduction of such semantic will lead to a constructive dialogue between communities of agent-based social modeling and agent-based software design, and lead to a greater integration of agent development toolkits and agent-based modeling toolkits.","PeriodicalId":344795,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"274 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115998278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH022
Sachin Kamboj, Keith S. Decker
{"title":"Organizational Self-Design in Worth-Oriented Domains","authors":"Sachin Kamboj, Keith S. Decker","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":344795,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114380535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH017
A. C. R. Costa, G. Dimuro
{"title":"A Minimal Dynamical MAS Organization Model","authors":"A. C. R. Costa, G. Dimuro","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":344795,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126277449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH003
J. Ferber, Tiberiu Stratulat, John Tranier
In this chapter, we stress the importance of thinking a MAS in all its aspects (agents, environment, interactions, organizations, and institutions), using a more integral vision. We show that a genuine organizational approach has to take into account both the environment and the institutional part of MAS societies. Then, we propose the MASQ (Multi-Agent System based on Quadrants) meta-model, which constitutes an abstraction of the various aspects of an OCMAS (Organization Centered Multi-Agent Systems), extending AGR (Agent/Group/Role). MASQ is based on a four-quadrant framework, where the analysis and design of a system is performed along two axes: an interior/exterior dimension and an individual/collective dimension. We give a conceptual definition of this approach and we will show that it is possible to apply it to practical models.
{"title":"Towards an Integral Approach of Organizations in Multi-Agent Systems","authors":"J. Ferber, Tiberiu Stratulat, John Tranier","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH003","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we stress the importance of thinking a MAS in all its aspects (agents, environment, interactions, organizations, and institutions), using a more integral vision. We show that a genuine organizational approach has to take into account both the environment and the institutional part of MAS societies. Then, we propose the MASQ (Multi-Agent System based on Quadrants) meta-model, which constitutes an abstraction of the various aspects of an OCMAS (Organization Centered Multi-Agent Systems), extending AGR (Agent/Group/Role). MASQ is based on a four-quadrant framework, where the analysis and design of a system is performed along two axes: an interior/exterior dimension and an individual/collective dimension. We give a conceptual definition of this approach and we will show that it is possible to apply it to practical models.","PeriodicalId":344795,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117194658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH006
V. Popova, A. Sharpanskykh
This chapter introduces a formal framework for modeling and analys is of organizations. It allows representing and reasoning about all important aspects of artificial and human organizations structured in a number of views, including performance-oriented, process-oriented, powerand interaction-related aspects. The framework provides means to model formal (pre)defined organizational structures and dynamics, informal relations and behavior of organizational actors. The meaning attached to the modeling concepts is specified based on the literature from Social Science. Unlike many existing organization modeling approaches the proposed framework has formal foundations based on the ordersorted predicate logic which enables different types of analysis of organizational specifications of particular views and across views. The framework allows scalability of modeling and analysis of complex organizations, by considering them at different aggregation levels. Furthermore, the framework provides support for real-time management of organizational processes. The framework was applied in several case studies, one of which is discussed here.
{"title":"A Formal Framework for Organization Modeling and Analysis","authors":"V. Popova, A. Sharpanskykh","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.CH006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces a formal framework for modeling and analys is of organizations. It allows representing and reasoning about all important aspects of artificial and human organizations structured in a number of views, including performance-oriented, process-oriented, powerand interaction-related aspects. The framework provides means to model formal (pre)defined organizational structures and dynamics, informal relations and behavior of organizational actors. The meaning attached to the modeling concepts is specified based on the literature from Social Science. Unlike many existing organization modeling approaches the proposed framework has formal foundations based on the ordersorted predicate logic which enables different types of analysis of organizational specifications of particular views and across views. The framework allows scalability of modeling and analysis of complex organizations, by considering them at different aggregation levels. Furthermore, the framework provides support for real-time management of organizational processes. The framework was applied in several case studies, one of which is discussed here.","PeriodicalId":344795,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117044127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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