Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0006
C. Cahill
In February 1913, headlines exploded in newspapers across the country: “Indian Girl in Suffragists Parade”; “Dawn Mist, Indian Girl, to Ride as Suffragists;” “Indian Maidens to Ride in Parade.” Editors pounced on the story as it came across their desks on the wires. It had everything—the controversial issue of suffrage, an exotic Indian princess, a western railroad magnate, and a patriotic procession. In fact, there was no such person as Dawn Mist, only a character created by the public relations department of the Great Northern Railway. Why then had she so convincingly captured the nation’s imagination? The answer lies in white Americans’ fascination with Indians, which suffused the way they thought about suffrage.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0012
M. Lee
As the women of New York continued their efforts to pass suffrage at the state level, Mabel Ping-Hua Lee insisted that Chinese women be involved in both the political revolutions in China and the United States. Mabel Lee’s participation in the 1912 New York City suffrage meetings and parade had connected her to a number of the city’s activists, as did her matriculation to Barnard College in 1913. White suffragists recognized the valuable contributions Lee could bring to the two state campaigns of 1915 and 1917 and asked for her help. As a staunch suffragist and feminist, Lee agreed, but her true passion lay in the position of Chinese women in their new nation. As she closely followed the work of Chinese feminists, conversations with American suffragists helped shape her ideas as she brought the two strands of thought together in her advocacy for women’s rights in the new China. Working with white suffragists also helped her combat the stereotypes about China that white Americans held. But as much as Lee fought for suffrage in New York, she could not vote there. This placed Chinese-born women like Mabel Lee in a position unique among all other women in the United States.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0013
C. Clifford
Part 3 demonstrates that the entry of the United States into World War I changed the political landscape once again as suffrage activists balanced their demands for greater democracy at home with the war abroad. During the fall of 1916, suffrage speakers and organizers fanned out across the western states where women could vote to stump against Democrats. Having failed to keep President Wilson out of office, Alice Paul and her colleagues in the National Woman’s Party turned to publicly shaming him, organizing a vigil in front of the White House in 1917. But with the declaration of war, Washington D.C. immediately changed. America’s entry into the Great War shifted suffragists’ calculations as they reassessed their political strategies in light of the conflict in which their nation was now enmeshed. Despite the new demands on their time from aid or support work, and, for some, the emotional toll of having loved ones in the military, the women remained engaged in their political activism and continued to fight for suffrage and women’s rights.
第三部分表明，美国加入第一次世界大战再次改变了政治格局，因为选举权活动家在国内要求更大的民主与国外的战争之间取得了平衡。1916年秋天，争取选举权的演讲者和组织者分散到西部各州，在那里妇女可以投票反对民主党人。由于未能阻止威尔逊总统下台，爱丽丝·保罗(Alice Paul)和全国妇女党(National women 's Party)的同事转而公开羞辱威尔逊，于1917年在白宫前组织了一场守夜活动。但随着宣战，华盛顿特区立即发生了变化。美国加入第一次世界大战改变了妇女参政论者的想法，他们根据国家卷入的冲突重新评估了自己的政治策略。尽管援助或支持工作占用了她们的时间，而且，对一些人来说，在军队中失去亲人的情感损失，这些妇女仍然从事政治活动，继续争取选举权和妇女权利。
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0021
G. Bonnin
At the very height of the struggle over the Nineteenth Amendment, leading Indigenous feminists were completing and publishing their major works of political theory. This was not a coincidence. Native women had long been engaged in the fight for political participation, citizenship rights, and women’s place in the United States. They built on their previous years of activism, drawing on the lessons they learned about honing their arguments, winning allies, and navigating the particularities of state, federal, and tribal political structures. The year 1920 fell amid what is often called the nadir of Native history, a period characterized by poverty, disease, massive land dispossession, and scant political power—all of which were a direct result of federal policies. Native feminists marshalled multiple strategies to address these problems. In some cases, they loudly and directly called upon newly enfranchised white women. In others, they looked to access U.S. citizenship and suffrage rights for the nearly one-third of adult Native people who were still considered wards of the federal government. Women also worked within their own communities and their own political traditions to protect their lands and cultures.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0017
C. Cahill
Part 4 begins when the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920. People celebrated women winning the vote, but the reality was more complicated. The amendment did not guarantee all women the right to vote—it simply stated that sex could no longer be used as a reason for denying them the franchise. Suffragists arrived in Nashville, Tennessee for what seemed destined to be the final battle for ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. Carrie Chapman Catt arrived for a statewide tour of stump speeches urging ratification. After Tennessee voted to ratify, Catt and her officers traveled triumphantly back to their headquarters in New York City. They celebrated their achievement of full citizenship, but not everyone was able to enjoy the fruits of victory. The new amendment changed the political playing field of the nation. In the fall of 1920, many women of color saw the real potential of the women’s vote to address the struggles in which they were already engaged. Their responses to the post-amendment world varied because they held distinct political priorities based on their communities’ histories.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0019
C. Clifford
Black women were disappointed that white-led women’s organizations seemed uninterested in the fact that a large group of American women were being kept from their right to vote, but they did not have time to stop fighting. For them, it was a matter of life and death. Carrie Williams Clifford and other black women following the lead of Ida B. Wells-Barnett had been fighting for years against lynching and the move violence that periodically swept over black communities. Black women like Clifford understood their campaign for the vote within this ongoing struggle against white supremacists. It would give them some power to fight back against the violence of lynching and Jim Crow.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0018
C. Cahill
White feminists were not done reenvisioning society. Six months after Alice Paul waved a triumphal American flag from the National Woman’s Party balcony, the organization held an open meeting to celebrate the winning of the vote and decide what it should do next. They organized a conference, an unveiling of a memorial to “suffrage pioneers,” and a procession and pageant featuring 250 women on February 15, 1921. The ceremony embodied the potential and the limitations of that moment. The procession indicated a capacious vision of a broad women’s movement that included women of multiple races, religions, and classes. Leaders of the National Woman’s Party, however, continued to see the suffrage struggle as fundamentally a movement of white women. In memorializing the history of the suffrage struggle, they literally carved that version in stone.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0016
Nina Otero-Warren
Throughout the war, suffragists in individual states closely followed the federal amendment’s progress through Congress. In the early spring of 1913, Otero-Warren travelled to the capital with friend and fellow educational leader Isabel Eckles. While in the city, the National Woman’s Party feted Otero-Warren for her suffrage work in the Southwest. When Otero-Warren returned to Santa Fe, she was recognized as an expert on the federal situation by the members of the Santa Fe Suffrage League. Otero-Warren was incredibly busy in the fall of 1918 as she balanced her leadership in suffrage activism with her educational and war work.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0008
C. Cahill
This chapter focuses on the 1913 suffrage parade in Washington, D.C. It provides a history of its conception and the main players in its organization. As they organized the parade, the white planners had very distinct ideas about which women should be included, calculating whether the presence of nonwhite or foreign women would help or hurt their cause. Inclusion turned on the question of symbolism and the message that would resonate with white audiences. They made a place for Native women and Chinese women, but many of them balked at black women’s participation.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0002
G. Bonnin
Chapter 1 is the first of 7 chapters in Part 1 of the book, which highlights the backgrounds of the women whose experiences structure the narrative. Gertrude Simmons Bonnin’s story, along with the others in this section, is key to understanding how these women became politicized and looked to voting rights as an instrument in their struggle for broader civil and human rights. This chapter introduces us to Gertrude Simmons (later Bonnin), a member of the Yankton Sioux in South Dakota. The chapter looks at Simmons’s visit home, a suffragist speaking tour of South Dakota, and the massacre at Wounded Knee Creek—all which occurred in South Dakota in 1890—to argue that people of color were always at the heart of debates over suffrage. In large part, this was because women of color were generating important ideas about women’s rights and their place in the nation. But it was also because white suffragists constantly invoked race in their speeches, writings, and activism. It explores the federal government’s policy towards and conquest of Native nations in the American West; U.S. territories and the suffrage campaign; suffragists’ reaction to the violence at Wounded Knee; and early suffrage referendum in western states.
{"title":"Woman versus the Indian","authors":"G. Bonnin","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659329.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 is the first of 7 chapters in Part 1 of the book, which highlights the backgrounds of the women whose experiences structure the narrative. Gertrude Simmons Bonnin’s story, along with the others in this section, is key to understanding how these women became politicized and looked to voting rights as an instrument in their struggle for broader civil and human rights.\u0000This chapter introduces us to Gertrude Simmons (later Bonnin), a member of the Yankton Sioux in South Dakota. The chapter looks at Simmons’s visit home, a suffragist speaking tour of South Dakota, and the massacre at Wounded Knee Creek—all which occurred in South Dakota in 1890—to argue that people of color were always at the heart of debates over suffrage. In large part, this was because women of color were generating important ideas about women’s rights and their place in the nation. But it was also because white suffragists constantly invoked race in their speeches, writings, and activism. It explores the federal government’s policy towards and conquest of Native nations in the American West; U.S. territories and the suffrage campaign; suffragists’ reaction to the violence at Wounded Knee; and early suffrage referendum in western states.","PeriodicalId":345152,"journal":{"name":"Recasting the Vote","volume":"227 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132443294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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