Pub Date : 2015-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381174
Juan D. Valladolid, Ismael Minchala, M. Vergara
This paper presents the methodology of design of model-based sliding mode control (SMC) algorithms applied to power electronic dc-dc converters, which are part of the components of a solid-state low voltage dc breaker (SLVDB). The power converters used in the tested schemes of the SLVDB are the boost and sepic dc-dc converters. Accurate disconnection times, user-configured, are achieved with the proposed controllers, as well as a complete minimization of the transient recovery voltage (TRV) in the breaker terminals. Details of the performance of two SLVDB configurations are analyzed and compared in order to establish the best design comprising complexity vs. performance. MATLAB simulations support the results and provide a reasonable picture of the operation of the SLVDB.
{"title":"Design of model-based controllers applied to a solid-state low voltage dc breaker","authors":"Juan D. Valladolid, Ismael Minchala, M. Vergara","doi":"10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381174","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the methodology of design of model-based sliding mode control (SMC) algorithms applied to power electronic dc-dc converters, which are part of the components of a solid-state low voltage dc breaker (SLVDB). The power converters used in the tested schemes of the SLVDB are the boost and sepic dc-dc converters. Accurate disconnection times, user-configured, are achieved with the proposed controllers, as well as a complete minimization of the transient recovery voltage (TRV) in the breaker terminals. Details of the performance of two SLVDB configurations are analyzed and compared in order to establish the best design comprising complexity vs. performance. MATLAB simulations support the results and provide a reasonable picture of the operation of the SLVDB.","PeriodicalId":345318,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114945978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381128
Aisha Umair, A. Clausen, B. Jørgensen
Solving multi-objective multi-issue negotiation problems involving interdependent issues distributed among multiple control domains is inherent to most non-trivial cyber-physical systems. In these systems, the coordinated operation of interconnected subsystems performing autonomous control is essential to achieve overall system goals. In spite of its importance, the area has received limited attention to date. In this paper, we propose an innovative agent-based coordination approach for coordinating and controlling interconnected subsystems in cyber-physical systems with interdependent issues. The proposed approach can solve negotiation problems with interdependent issues across multiple coupled control domains. We demonstrate our approach by solving a coordination problem where a Combined Heat and Power Plant must allocate electricity for three commercial greenhouses to ensure the required plant yield. Our results show, that our approach is able to balance the individual requirements of multiple coupled control domains and thereby achieve a global equilibrium state for energy allocation and demand.
{"title":"An agent-based negotiation approach for balancing multiple coupled control domains","authors":"Aisha Umair, A. Clausen, B. Jørgensen","doi":"10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381128","url":null,"abstract":"Solving multi-objective multi-issue negotiation problems involving interdependent issues distributed among multiple control domains is inherent to most non-trivial cyber-physical systems. In these systems, the coordinated operation of interconnected subsystems performing autonomous control is essential to achieve overall system goals. In spite of its importance, the area has received limited attention to date. In this paper, we propose an innovative agent-based coordination approach for coordinating and controlling interconnected subsystems in cyber-physical systems with interdependent issues. The proposed approach can solve negotiation problems with interdependent issues across multiple coupled control domains. We demonstrate our approach by solving a coordination problem where a Combined Heat and Power Plant must allocate electricity for three commercial greenhouses to ensure the required plant yield. Our results show, that our approach is able to balance the individual requirements of multiple coupled control domains and thereby achieve a global equilibrium state for energy allocation and demand.","PeriodicalId":345318,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123413590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381185
S. Carrasco, Héctor Chávez Oróstica
The integration of variable generation to power systems has led to a revision of ancillary service definitions. In the case of secondary frequency control, these concerns are related with the dimensioning of reserves to cope with variability and uncertainty, and, ultimately, with the compliance with performance standards. One of such a performance standards used in North America is the Control Performance Standard 1 (CPS1), that measures the contribution of a balancing authority to frequency control within an interconnection. This paper proposes an Economic Dispatch formulation that ensures CPS1 compliance in the case of a single balancing authority. The formulation assumes that the ramping capability of units and generation variability and uncertainty are given, and determines the optimal procurement of secondary reserves to comply with CPS1. An explanatory example will be presented.
{"title":"CPS1-compliant Economic Dispatch for a single balancing authority system","authors":"S. Carrasco, Héctor Chávez Oróstica","doi":"10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381185","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of variable generation to power systems has led to a revision of ancillary service definitions. In the case of secondary frequency control, these concerns are related with the dimensioning of reserves to cope with variability and uncertainty, and, ultimately, with the compliance with performance standards. One of such a performance standards used in North America is the Control Performance Standard 1 (CPS1), that measures the contribution of a balancing authority to frequency control within an interconnection. This paper proposes an Economic Dispatch formulation that ensures CPS1 compliance in the case of a single balancing authority. The formulation assumes that the ramping capability of units and generation variability and uncertainty are given, and determines the optimal procurement of secondary reserves to comply with CPS1. An explanatory example will be presented.","PeriodicalId":345318,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115311638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381216
Danny Montenegro, Simon Rodriguez, Javier Revelo Fuelagan, John Barco Jiménez
This work presents mathematical model of batteries AGM lead acid type that form part of a photovoltaic generating system. The proposed model allows estimation of the voltage of the battery and the state of charge with the objective of designing a controller to create greater duration, efficiency and autonomy of the system. Additionally, we present a mathematical model to estimate the useful life of the battery degraded due to corrosion, cycle, and the state of charge that permits evaluation of the loss of storage capacity in a general distribution scenario. Finally, experimental results and simulations obtained from the monitoring of a bank of batteries in a photovoltaic system are analyzed to validate the proposed model of state of charge. Furthermore, we will present the results of the evaluation of the useful life of the battery in two case studies in the framework of smart grid considering the functioning of a photovoltaic generator under different configurations.
{"title":"An estimation method of state of charge and lifetime for lead-acid batteries in smart grid scenario","authors":"Danny Montenegro, Simon Rodriguez, Javier Revelo Fuelagan, John Barco Jiménez","doi":"10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381216","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents mathematical model of batteries AGM lead acid type that form part of a photovoltaic generating system. The proposed model allows estimation of the voltage of the battery and the state of charge with the objective of designing a controller to create greater duration, efficiency and autonomy of the system. Additionally, we present a mathematical model to estimate the useful life of the battery degraded due to corrosion, cycle, and the state of charge that permits evaluation of the loss of storage capacity in a general distribution scenario. Finally, experimental results and simulations obtained from the monitoring of a bank of batteries in a photovoltaic system are analyzed to validate the proposed model of state of charge. Furthermore, we will present the results of the evaluation of the useful life of the battery in two case studies in the framework of smart grid considering the functioning of a photovoltaic generator under different configurations.","PeriodicalId":345318,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116764733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381148
Victor Meza, Xiomara Gomez, E. Perez
Smart grid integrates electrical network, communication systems and information technologies, where increasing architecture interdependency is introducing new challenges in the evaluation of how possible threats could affect security and reliability of power system. While cyber-attacks have been widely studied, consequences of physical failures on real-time applications are starting to receive attention due to implications for power system security. This paper presents a methodology to quantify the impact on observability in state estimation of possible disruptive failures of a common transmission infrastructure. Numerical results are obtained by calculating observability indicators on an IEEE 14-bus test case, considering the simultaneous disconnection of power transmission lines and communication links installed on the same infrastructure.
{"title":"Quantifying observability in state estimation considering network infrastructure failures","authors":"Victor Meza, Xiomara Gomez, E. Perez","doi":"10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381148","url":null,"abstract":"Smart grid integrates electrical network, communication systems and information technologies, where increasing architecture interdependency is introducing new challenges in the evaluation of how possible threats could affect security and reliability of power system. While cyber-attacks have been widely studied, consequences of physical failures on real-time applications are starting to receive attention due to implications for power system security. This paper presents a methodology to quantify the impact on observability in state estimation of possible disruptive failures of a common transmission infrastructure. Numerical results are obtained by calculating observability indicators on an IEEE 14-bus test case, considering the simultaneous disconnection of power transmission lines and communication links installed on the same infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":345318,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127493362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381220
M. D. de Almeida, Rafael Schincariol, L. Ochoa
In this paper the statistical consistency of the single-phase Admittance Matrix-Based State Estimator (AMB SE) originally proposed for distribution systems is for the first time assessed and compared to that of the widely used Traditional SE (TSE). The AMB SE is an interesting alternative for distribution systems given the use of a constant Gain matrix, thus simplifying its implementation and significantly reducing the computational time. However, it is crucial to statistically assess its consistency so as to ensure estimated values and variances (outputs) are in agreement with the specified measurements and variances (inputs). This is carried out using a Monte Carlo analysis and a generic 16-bus UK distribution system. Despite the conversion from actual to equivalent measurements required by the AMB SE, as well as the approximations regarding the variances of the equivalent measurements, the results demonstrate that the single-phase AMB SE is as consistent and precise as the TSE.
{"title":"Assessing the statistical consistency of the AMB State Estimator in distribution systems","authors":"M. D. de Almeida, Rafael Schincariol, L. Ochoa","doi":"10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381220","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the statistical consistency of the single-phase Admittance Matrix-Based State Estimator (AMB SE) originally proposed for distribution systems is for the first time assessed and compared to that of the widely used Traditional SE (TSE). The AMB SE is an interesting alternative for distribution systems given the use of a constant Gain matrix, thus simplifying its implementation and significantly reducing the computational time. However, it is crucial to statistically assess its consistency so as to ensure estimated values and variances (outputs) are in agreement with the specified measurements and variances (inputs). This is carried out using a Monte Carlo analysis and a generic 16-bus UK distribution system. Despite the conversion from actual to equivalent measurements required by the AMB SE, as well as the approximations regarding the variances of the equivalent measurements, the results demonstrate that the single-phase AMB SE is as consistent and precise as the TSE.","PeriodicalId":345318,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM)","volume":"9 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126177490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381196
J. Quirós-Tortós, L. Ochoa, Becky Lees
To truly quantify the impact of electric vehicles (EVs) on the electricity network and their potential interactions in the context of Smart Grids, it is crucial to understand their charging behavior. However, as EVs are yet to be widely adopted, these data are scarce. This work presents results of a thorough statistical analysis of the charging behavior of 221 real residential EV users (Nissan LEAF, i.e., 24kWh, 3.6 kW) spread across the UK and monitored over one year (68,000+ samples). Probability distribution functions (PDFs) of different charging features (e.g., start charging time) are produced for both weekdays and week-ends. Crucially, these unique PDFs can be used to create stochastic, realistic and detailed EV profiles to carry out impact and/or Smart Grid-related studies. Finally, the effects of the EV demand on future UK distribution networks are discussed.
{"title":"A statistical analysis of EV charging behavior in the UK","authors":"J. Quirós-Tortós, L. Ochoa, Becky Lees","doi":"10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381196","url":null,"abstract":"To truly quantify the impact of electric vehicles (EVs) on the electricity network and their potential interactions in the context of Smart Grids, it is crucial to understand their charging behavior. However, as EVs are yet to be widely adopted, these data are scarce. This work presents results of a thorough statistical analysis of the charging behavior of 221 real residential EV users (Nissan LEAF, i.e., 24kWh, 3.6 kW) spread across the UK and monitored over one year (68,000+ samples). Probability distribution functions (PDFs) of different charging features (e.g., start charging time) are produced for both weekdays and week-ends. Crucially, these unique PDFs can be used to create stochastic, realistic and detailed EV profiles to carry out impact and/or Smart Grid-related studies. Finally, the effects of the EV demand on future UK distribution networks are discussed.","PeriodicalId":345318,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126950077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381248
I. D. Serna-Suárez, G. Ordóñez-Plata, J. F. Petit-Suárez, G. Carrillo Caicedo
Storage systems are a key element to take advantage of renewable energy due to its ability to transfer energy consumption from one time period to another. With high charge/discharge ratios one can increase the short term revenue stream from a renewable energy system whereas with a low charge/discharge ratios one can increase the long term benefits. Hence, when compared against nominal charge or discharge operation, the storage system life can be increased/reduced with a low/high charge or discharge ratios. In order to quantify this fact for different storage management strategies, this work analyze the effect on the life of a lead-acid battery system of three scheduling strategies: linear programming, crisp logic and fuzzy logic. The three cases will be compared against a reference strategy which consist on solving a linear optimization problem with perfect forecast of load, energy price and renewable availability. A photovoltaic system is taken as the renewable source and historic values for eight months are used to study the trend in the life of the storage system. it can be concluded that higher storage capacity leads to higher overall benefits, however, this cannot be said for the maximum storage system power, even when considering only the costs benefits, which suggest that a proper strategy and parameter selection can be better than high power ratio.
{"title":"Storage system scheduling effects on the life of lead-acid batteries","authors":"I. D. Serna-Suárez, G. Ordóñez-Plata, J. F. Petit-Suárez, G. Carrillo Caicedo","doi":"10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381248","url":null,"abstract":"Storage systems are a key element to take advantage of renewable energy due to its ability to transfer energy consumption from one time period to another. With high charge/discharge ratios one can increase the short term revenue stream from a renewable energy system whereas with a low charge/discharge ratios one can increase the long term benefits. Hence, when compared against nominal charge or discharge operation, the storage system life can be increased/reduced with a low/high charge or discharge ratios. In order to quantify this fact for different storage management strategies, this work analyze the effect on the life of a lead-acid battery system of three scheduling strategies: linear programming, crisp logic and fuzzy logic. The three cases will be compared against a reference strategy which consist on solving a linear optimization problem with perfect forecast of load, energy price and renewable availability. A photovoltaic system is taken as the renewable source and historic values for eight months are used to study the trend in the life of the storage system. it can be concluded that higher storage capacity leads to higher overall benefits, however, this cannot be said for the maximum storage system power, even when considering only the costs benefits, which suggest that a proper strategy and parameter selection can be better than high power ratio.","PeriodicalId":345318,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122404446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381240
T. Sousa, M. Ali Fotouhi Ghazvini, H. Morais, R. Castro, Z. Vale
The integration of renewable sources and electric vehicles will introduce new uncertainties to the optimal resource scheduling, namely at the distribution level. These uncertainties are mainly originated by the power generated by renewables sources and by the electric vehicles charge requirements. This paper proposes a two-state stochastic programming approach to solve the day-ahead optimal resource scheduling problem. The case study considers a 33-bus distribution network with 66 distributed generation units and 1000 electric vehicles.
{"title":"Two-stage stochastic day-ahead optimal resource scheduling in a distribution network with intensive use of distributed energy resources","authors":"T. Sousa, M. Ali Fotouhi Ghazvini, H. Morais, R. Castro, Z. Vale","doi":"10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381240","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of renewable sources and electric vehicles will introduce new uncertainties to the optimal resource scheduling, namely at the distribution level. These uncertainties are mainly originated by the power generated by renewables sources and by the electric vehicles charge requirements. This paper proposes a two-state stochastic programming approach to solve the day-ahead optimal resource scheduling problem. The case study considers a 33-bus distribution network with 66 distributed generation units and 1000 electric vehicles.","PeriodicalId":345318,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122404849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381156
Oscar F. Becerra Angarita, Roberto Chouhy Leborgne, D. da Silva Gazzana, Cássio Bortolosso
This article presents a methodology for optimal distributed generation (DG) allocation and sizing in distribution systems, in order to minimize the electrical network losses and keep acceptable voltage profiles. The optimization problem considered equality and inequality constrains, 24 hours power load levels, operational voltage limits, conventional power flow, DG placement with binary variables and sizing of active and reactive power. The optimization problem is solved by mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINPL) using KNITRO solver.
{"title":"Power loss and voltage variation in distribution systems with optimal allocation of distributed generation","authors":"Oscar F. Becerra Angarita, Roberto Chouhy Leborgne, D. da Silva Gazzana, Cássio Bortolosso","doi":"10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-LA.2015.7381156","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a methodology for optimal distributed generation (DG) allocation and sizing in distribution systems, in order to minimize the electrical network losses and keep acceptable voltage profiles. The optimization problem considered equality and inequality constrains, 24 hours power load levels, operational voltage limits, conventional power flow, DG placement with binary variables and sizing of active and reactive power. The optimization problem is solved by mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINPL) using KNITRO solver.","PeriodicalId":345318,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128636965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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