Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144244
Ben Schneider, Chitiphat Chongaroonngamsaeng, Bjoern Richerzhagen, Michael Bahr, Georg Carle
With its recent developments, Wi-Fi is becoming one of the key technologies to provide flexible yet deterministic communication in Industrial IoT Scenarios. IEEE 802.11ax employs a paradigm shift from a distributed to a centralized coordination strategy with its new channel access mechanism called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). Using OFDMA, the Access Point (AP) always has to win contention against its associated Stations (STA) before it can initiate a trigger-based transmission. However, contention-based, distributed channel access mechanisms are still supported in IEEE 802.11ax networks, interfering with any hard real-time communication. Multi-user Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (MU EDCA), introduced in IEEE 802.11ax, was designed to influence when to use the distributed or the centralized coordination strategy. It allows to shift the probability of STAs accessing the channel towards the AP, such that the AP can initiate an OFDMA-based transmission. OFDMA is a promising starting point for real-time transmissions in Wi-Fi, We propose a modification of MU EDCA that guarantees worst-case channel access times for the AP in networks which only consist of Wi-Fi 6 capable devices (e.g., in the 6-GHz band). Simulations result in a worst-case channel access delay for the AP of $55 mu s$ independent of the number of STAs.
{"title":"Deterministic Channel Access Using MU EDCA in OFDMA-based Wi-Fi Networks","authors":"Ben Schneider, Chitiphat Chongaroonngamsaeng, Bjoern Richerzhagen, Michael Bahr, Georg Carle","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144244","url":null,"abstract":"With its recent developments, Wi-Fi is becoming one of the key technologies to provide flexible yet deterministic communication in Industrial IoT Scenarios. IEEE 802.11ax employs a paradigm shift from a distributed to a centralized coordination strategy with its new channel access mechanism called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). Using OFDMA, the Access Point (AP) always has to win contention against its associated Stations (STA) before it can initiate a trigger-based transmission. However, contention-based, distributed channel access mechanisms are still supported in IEEE 802.11ax networks, interfering with any hard real-time communication. Multi-user Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (MU EDCA), introduced in IEEE 802.11ax, was designed to influence when to use the distributed or the centralized coordination strategy. It allows to shift the probability of STAs accessing the channel towards the AP, such that the AP can initiate an OFDMA-based transmission. OFDMA is a promising starting point for real-time transmissions in Wi-Fi, We propose a modification of MU EDCA that guarantees worst-case channel access times for the AP in networks which only consist of Wi-Fi 6 capable devices (e.g., in the 6-GHz band). Simulations result in a worst-case channel access delay for the AP of $55 mu s$ independent of the number of STAs.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128972766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144228
G. Cena, S. Scanzio, D. Cavalcanti, V. Frascolla
By removing wire harness, Wi-Fi is becoming increasingly pervasive in every aspect of our lives, in both the consumer and industrial worlds. Besides flexibility, the recent high efficiency and extremely high throughput versions managed to close the performance gap with Ethernet. However, it still lags behind Ethernet for what concerns dependability. To this aim, the ultra high reliability study group has been recently formed. This paper reports on some preliminary ideas and proposals about the ways seamless redundancy can be exploited to make Wi-Fi more reliable, yet retaining a good degree of backward compatibility with existing network infrastructures.
{"title":"Seamless Redundancy for High Reliability Wi-Fi","authors":"G. Cena, S. Scanzio, D. Cavalcanti, V. Frascolla","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144228","url":null,"abstract":"By removing wire harness, Wi-Fi is becoming increasingly pervasive in every aspect of our lives, in both the consumer and industrial worlds. Besides flexibility, the recent high efficiency and extremely high throughput versions managed to close the performance gap with Ethernet. However, it still lags behind Ethernet for what concerns dependability. To this aim, the ultra high reliability study group has been recently formed. This paper reports on some preliminary ideas and proposals about the ways seamless redundancy can be exploited to make Wi-Fi more reliable, yet retaining a good degree of backward compatibility with existing network infrastructures.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129801329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144123
João Oliveira, Filipe Sousa, Luís Almeida
Implementing, managing and updating large-scale complex IoT applications is still a non-trivial challenge. Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) are increasingly used for this purpose, given their well-defined communication interfaces and configurable service-to-service links that ease the implementation of complex data flows. However, these architectures usually stop at the edge, not supporting far-edge resource-constrained devices. This paper proposes embServe, a new service-oriented framework that enables SOA on networks of constrained devices. It allows users to deploy services compiled independently of the base application and configure their connections using standard IoT protocols and data models. We compared a reference implementation against traditional approaches. Results show that embServe reduces resource overhead with a subtle impact on computing performance while improving application response time and uptime.
{"title":"embServe: Embedded Services for Constrained Devices","authors":"João Oliveira, Filipe Sousa, Luís Almeida","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144123","url":null,"abstract":"Implementing, managing and updating large-scale complex IoT applications is still a non-trivial challenge. Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) are increasingly used for this purpose, given their well-defined communication interfaces and configurable service-to-service links that ease the implementation of complex data flows. However, these architectures usually stop at the edge, not supporting far-edge resource-constrained devices. This paper proposes embServe, a new service-oriented framework that enables SOA on networks of constrained devices. It allows users to deploy services compiled independently of the base application and configure their connections using standard IoT protocols and data models. We compared a reference implementation against traditional approaches. Results show that embServe reduces resource overhead with a subtle impact on computing performance while improving application response time and uptime.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126548727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/wfcs57264.2023.10144113
{"title":"Best Papers Award Certificate","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/wfcs57264.2023.10144113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wfcs57264.2023.10144113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126081155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144119
Stanislava Ivanova, N. Moradpoor
The Industrial Control System (ICS) industry faces an ever-growing number of cyber threats - defence against which can be strengthened using honeypots. As the systems they mimic, ICS honeypots shall be deployed in a similar context to field ICS systems. This ICS context demands a novel honeypot deployment process, that is more consistent with real ICS systems. State-of-the-art ICS honeypots mainly focus on deployments in cloud environments which could divulge the true intent to cautious adversaries. This experimental research project addresses this limitation by evaluating the deception capability of a public cloud and an on-premise deployment. Results from a 65-day, HoneyPLC experiment show that the on-premise deployment attracts more Denial of Service and Reconnaissance ICS attacks. The results guide future researchers that an on-premise deployment might be more convincing and attract more ICS-relevant interactions.
{"title":"Fake PLC in the Cloud, We Thought the Attackers Believed that: How ICS Honeypot Deception Gets Impacted by Cloud Deployments?","authors":"Stanislava Ivanova, N. Moradpoor","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144119","url":null,"abstract":"The Industrial Control System (ICS) industry faces an ever-growing number of cyber threats - defence against which can be strengthened using honeypots. As the systems they mimic, ICS honeypots shall be deployed in a similar context to field ICS systems. This ICS context demands a novel honeypot deployment process, that is more consistent with real ICS systems. State-of-the-art ICS honeypots mainly focus on deployments in cloud environments which could divulge the true intent to cautious adversaries. This experimental research project addresses this limitation by evaluating the deception capability of a public cloud and an on-premise deployment. Results from a 65-day, HoneyPLC experiment show that the on-premise deployment attracts more Denial of Service and Reconnaissance ICS attacks. The results guide future researchers that an on-premise deployment might be more convincing and attract more ICS-relevant interactions.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"1 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126143608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144232
R. Candell, Karl Montgomery, Mohamed Kashef Hany, Susruth Sudhakaran, D. Cavalcanti
Time-sensitive networking (TSN) is emerging as a viable means to achieving deterministic quality of service (QoS) communications within mission critical industrial applications such as feedback control systems, robotics, and precision sensing and actuation. Originally developed for Ethernet-based audio-video applications using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TSN assume unidirectional flows from source (talked) to destination(listener) and it is most easily implemented using UDP in which packets are transmitted without an acknowledgment from the recipient. However, most existing industrial protocols are implemented using the reliable Transport Control Protocol (TCP) in which each transmission is explicitly acknowledged. In this work, a bandwidth efficient TSN schedule is developed to accommodate the TCP traffic flow between two synchronized robots collaboratively moving an object. We then demonstrate an IEEE 802.1Qbv TSN schedule over an IEEE 802.11 wireless medium that guarantees robot performance requirements are maintained while accommodating concurrent best-effort traffic flows. The process for schedule selection and experimental data collection is discussed, and TSN configuration parameter tuning and experimental results are provided.
{"title":"Scheduling for Time-Critical Applications Utilizing TCP in Software-Based 802.1Qbv Wireless TSN","authors":"R. Candell, Karl Montgomery, Mohamed Kashef Hany, Susruth Sudhakaran, D. Cavalcanti","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144232","url":null,"abstract":"Time-sensitive networking (TSN) is emerging as a viable means to achieving deterministic quality of service (QoS) communications within mission critical industrial applications such as feedback control systems, robotics, and precision sensing and actuation. Originally developed for Ethernet-based audio-video applications using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TSN assume unidirectional flows from source (talked) to destination(listener) and it is most easily implemented using UDP in which packets are transmitted without an acknowledgment from the recipient. However, most existing industrial protocols are implemented using the reliable Transport Control Protocol (TCP) in which each transmission is explicitly acknowledged. In this work, a bandwidth efficient TSN schedule is developed to accommodate the TCP traffic flow between two synchronized robots collaboratively moving an object. We then demonstrate an IEEE 802.1Qbv TSN schedule over an IEEE 802.11 wireless medium that guarantees robot performance requirements are maintained while accommodating concurrent best-effort traffic flows. The process for schedule selection and experimental data collection is discussed, and TSN configuration parameter tuning and experimental results are provided.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116822261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.1109/wfcs57264.2023.10144239
{"title":"Cover Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/wfcs57264.2023.10144239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wfcs57264.2023.10144239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128495691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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