Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144241
M. Nast, F. Golatowski, D. Timmermann
The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is a de-facto standard for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. However, since it is limited to TCP at transport layer, it is not possible to run MQTT over UDP, which would be desirable for real-time capable publish/subscribe. MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN), which is a lightweight version of MQTT, allows the use of UDP, however, is strongly coupled to MQTT by the current specification and cannot be operated independently of it. In this work, we therefore propose a standalone broker implementation of MQTT-SN. In initial measurements, we can show that our approach is much more performant than the approach described in the specification and that our implementation compares very well with the protocols CoAP Pub/Sub and MOTT.
{"title":"Design and Performance Evaluation of a Standalone MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN) Broker","authors":"M. Nast, F. Golatowski, D. Timmermann","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144241","url":null,"abstract":"The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is a de-facto standard for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. However, since it is limited to TCP at transport layer, it is not possible to run MQTT over UDP, which would be desirable for real-time capable publish/subscribe. MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN), which is a lightweight version of MQTT, allows the use of UDP, however, is strongly coupled to MQTT by the current specification and cannot be operated independently of it. In this work, we therefore propose a standalone broker implementation of MQTT-SN. In initial measurements, we can show that our approach is much more performant than the approach described in the specification and that our implementation compares very well with the protocols CoAP Pub/Sub and MOTT.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124850345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144124
Susruth Sudhakaran, Ibrahim Ali, Mark Eisen, Javier Perez-Ramirez, Cosmin Cazan, V. Frascolla, D. Cavalcanti
Mobile and autonomous robots are among the most critical technology applications requiring wireless connectivity with deterministic performance, including bounded latency with high reliability, even under congested network conditions. Emerging Wireless Time-Sensitive Networking (WTSN) capabilities over Wi-Fi and 5G can enable time synchronization and bounded low latency through time-aware scheduling mechanisms. Such Wireless TSN capabilities have been demonstrated in several industrial/robotic use cases, but under static conditions. Mobility introduces new challenges due to the roaming events and associated network outages owing to signaling between client devices and network infrastructure during these events. In this paper, we show how we can take advantage of the TSN redundancy capability (as defined in the IEEE 802.1CB standard) to eliminate outages or delays due to events like roaming and interference in a mobile robot use case enabled by Wi-Fi 6 TSN. We demonstrate the roaming performance with no delay impact on the applications though simulations of a mobile robot in a factory scenario and experimental results with a mobile robot connected via multiple Wi-Fi 6 radios in a warehouse environment.
{"title":"Zero-Delay Roaming for Mobile Robots Enabled by Wireless TSN Redundancy","authors":"Susruth Sudhakaran, Ibrahim Ali, Mark Eisen, Javier Perez-Ramirez, Cosmin Cazan, V. Frascolla, D. Cavalcanti","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144124","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile and autonomous robots are among the most critical technology applications requiring wireless connectivity with deterministic performance, including bounded latency with high reliability, even under congested network conditions. Emerging Wireless Time-Sensitive Networking (WTSN) capabilities over Wi-Fi and 5G can enable time synchronization and bounded low latency through time-aware scheduling mechanisms. Such Wireless TSN capabilities have been demonstrated in several industrial/robotic use cases, but under static conditions. Mobility introduces new challenges due to the roaming events and associated network outages owing to signaling between client devices and network infrastructure during these events. In this paper, we show how we can take advantage of the TSN redundancy capability (as defined in the IEEE 802.1CB standard) to eliminate outages or delays due to events like roaming and interference in a mobile robot use case enabled by Wi-Fi 6 TSN. We demonstrate the roaming performance with no delay impact on the applications though simulations of a mobile robot in a factory scenario and experimental results with a mobile robot connected via multiple Wi-Fi 6 radios in a warehouse environment.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134590404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144243
Christopher Lehr, P. Denzler, Thomas Frühwirth, W. Kastner
The change of industrial automation towards a highly interconnected architecture is still ongoing. Time-sensitive networking (TSN) is an essential element for this transition. This paper focuses on TSN end stations, mainly answering how to implement a software-based worst-case execution time (WCET) analyzable buffer management. The two-level segregated fit (TLSF) algorithm was chosen, implemented, and evaluated based on an asymptotic complexity analysis of dynamic storage allocation algorithms. The implemented and improved TLSF algorithm showed similar timing behavior as calculated when executed on a time-predictable platform. The paper concludes by outlining further research.
{"title":"Buffer Management for TSN-Enabled End Stations","authors":"Christopher Lehr, P. Denzler, Thomas Frühwirth, W. Kastner","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144243","url":null,"abstract":"The change of industrial automation towards a highly interconnected architecture is still ongoing. Time-sensitive networking (TSN) is an essential element for this transition. This paper focuses on TSN end stations, mainly answering how to implement a software-based worst-case execution time (WCET) analyzable buffer management. The two-level segregated fit (TLSF) algorithm was chosen, implemented, and evaluated based on an asymptotic complexity analysis of dynamic storage allocation algorithms. The implemented and improved TLSF algorithm showed similar timing behavior as calculated when executed on a time-predictable platform. The paper concludes by outlining further research.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127832950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144116
G. Cena, S. Scanzio, A. Valenzano
New generation electrified and self-driving vehicles require much higher performance and flexibility for onboard digital communications than Controller Area Networks may offer. For this reason, automotive Ethernet is often regarded as the next de facto standard technology in these contexts, and by extension for networked embedded systems as well. However, an abrupt and drastic move from CAN to Ethernet is likely to cause further cost increases, which can be hardly tolerated by buyers. This paper analyzes the third generation of CAN, termed CAN XL, and studies how interoperability can be ensured with Ethernet. Likely, composite CAN XL-Ethernet networks are the key for getting the best of both worlds, not only in the automotive domain but also for sensing and control in scenarios like building automation, wired sensor networks, and low-cost networked embedded systems with real-time constraints.
与控制器区域网络相比，新一代电动汽车和自动驾驶汽车对车载数字通信的性能和灵活性要求更高。由于这个原因，汽车以太网通常被视为这些环境中的下一个事实上的标准技术，并且通过扩展也适用于网络嵌入式系统。然而，从CAN到以太网的突然而剧烈的转变可能会导致成本进一步增加，这是买家难以容忍的。本文分析了第三代CAN协议，称为CAN XL，并研究了如何确保与以太网的互操作性。很可能，复合CAN xml -以太网网络是两全其美的关键，不仅适用于汽车领域，还适用于建筑自动化、有线传感器网络和具有实时限制的低成本网络嵌入式系统等场景的传感和控制。
{"title":"Composite CAN XL-Ethernet Networks for Next-Gen Automotive and Automation Systems","authors":"G. Cena, S. Scanzio, A. Valenzano","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144116","url":null,"abstract":"New generation electrified and self-driving vehicles require much higher performance and flexibility for onboard digital communications than Controller Area Networks may offer. For this reason, automotive Ethernet is often regarded as the next de facto standard technology in these contexts, and by extension for networked embedded systems as well. However, an abrupt and drastic move from CAN to Ethernet is likely to cause further cost increases, which can be hardly tolerated by buyers. This paper analyzes the third generation of CAN, termed CAN XL, and studies how interoperability can be ensured with Ethernet. Likely, composite CAN XL-Ethernet networks are the key for getting the best of both worlds, not only in the automotive domain but also for sensing and control in scenarios like building automation, wired sensor networks, and low-cost networked embedded systems with real-time constraints.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124718892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144234
Gergely Hollósi
Establishing clock synchronization between devices using wireless links is a common problem in various application areas, like IEEE 1588 wireless time synchronization, or in time-difference of arrival (TDoA) systems. While the estimation of clock parameters are widely solved by linear filtering methods, in dense indoor environments, the estimation of the measurement noise is an important task. The paper proposes a method to show that the estimation of the measurement noise in ultra wide band (UWB) systems makes it possible to reach more accurate frequency drift estimation, especially in case of harsh multipath propagation. The proposed algorithm is validated on real measurements, and is compared to the state-of-the-art method based on Kalman-filtering.
{"title":"Bayesian Measurement Noise Estimation in Ultra Wide Band Systems for Clock Synchronization","authors":"Gergely Hollósi","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144234","url":null,"abstract":"Establishing clock synchronization between devices using wireless links is a common problem in various application areas, like IEEE 1588 wireless time synchronization, or in time-difference of arrival (TDoA) systems. While the estimation of clock parameters are widely solved by linear filtering methods, in dense indoor environments, the estimation of the measurement noise is an important task. The paper proposes a method to show that the estimation of the measurement noise in ultra wide band (UWB) systems makes it possible to reach more accurate frequency drift estimation, especially in case of harsh multipath propagation. The proposed algorithm is validated on real measurements, and is compared to the state-of-the-art method based on Kalman-filtering.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129774019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144238
E. Sisinni, P. Bellagente, A. Depari, A. Flammini, Massimiliano Gaffurini, M. Pasetti, S. Rinaldi, P. Ferrari
The demand for enhanced flexibility in automation systems, dictated by initiatives as the Industry 4.0 in Europe or the Industrial Internet Consortium in the United States, can be satisfied inheriting solutions of the information technology (the so called IT-OT convergence). Other than communication and cloud technologies, virtualization will play a relevant role in the next future. The use of lightweight virtualization, e.g., in the form of containers for implementing the edge computing paradigm, is a promising tool to dynamically provide services depending on the actual production needs. However, requirements of industrial automation applications are different from those of office-like counterparts. For this reason, methodologies for evaluating obtainable performance are needed. In this work, an industrial-grade framework, the Siemens Industrial Edge, is considered. A reference testbed is setup to evaluate latencies when information is exchanged between two user applications. Experiments demonstrate that round trip time in the order of 10 ms is feasible, compatible with the requirements of both process control systems and supervision applications.
由欧洲的工业4.0或美国的工业互联网联盟(Industrial Internet Consortium)等倡议所决定的对自动化系统增强灵活性的需求，可以通过继承信息技术的解决方案(所谓的IT-OT融合)来满足。除了通信和云技术，虚拟化将在未来发挥重要作用。使用轻量级虚拟化，例如，以容器的形式实现边缘计算范式，是一种很有前途的工具，可以根据实际生产需求动态提供服务。然而，工业自动化应用的需求与类似办公室的应用不同。出于这个原因，需要评估可获得性能的方法。在这项工作中，考虑了一个工业级框架，西门子工业边缘。设置一个参考测试平台来评估两个用户应用程序之间交换信息时的延迟。实验表明，往返时间在10 ms左右是可行的，既符合过程控制系统的要求，也符合监督应用的要求。
{"title":"Assessment of Time Performance of Lightweight Virtualization for Edge Computing Applications","authors":"E. Sisinni, P. Bellagente, A. Depari, A. Flammini, Massimiliano Gaffurini, M. Pasetti, S. Rinaldi, P. Ferrari","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144238","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for enhanced flexibility in automation systems, dictated by initiatives as the Industry 4.0 in Europe or the Industrial Internet Consortium in the United States, can be satisfied inheriting solutions of the information technology (the so called IT-OT convergence). Other than communication and cloud technologies, virtualization will play a relevant role in the next future. The use of lightweight virtualization, e.g., in the form of containers for implementing the edge computing paradigm, is a promising tool to dynamically provide services depending on the actual production needs. However, requirements of industrial automation applications are different from those of office-like counterparts. For this reason, methodologies for evaluating obtainable performance are needed. In this work, an industrial-grade framework, the Siemens Industrial Edge, is considered. A reference testbed is setup to evaluate latencies when information is exchanged between two user applications. Experiments demonstrate that round trip time in the order of 10 ms is feasible, compatible with the requirements of both process control systems and supervision applications.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131952780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144248
Abdulkadir Karaagac, O. Dobrijevic, D. Schulz, Gergely Seres, Ala Nazari, Hubert Przybysz, J. Sachs
By expanding beyond broadband capabilities of commercial mobile networks and providing novel connectivity features for a wide variety of industry verticals, 5G is becoming a key enabler for the digitalization of industry. However, unlike consumer market where users have very similar communication needs, industrial environments require direct control of security and performance aspects of an underlying networking infrastructure to achieve high communication availability and determinism for a broad range of applications and services. Similarly, it is vital to continuously monitor and verify the connectivity status and performance of devices, especially for mission-critical industrial systems. This paper investigates how to achieve fundamental management capabilities for 5G networks from industrial automation systems, which we refer to as “5G Managed from Industrial Automation”, while hiding “low-level” complexities of the technology. It presents a simplified 5G network management and monitoring solution, designed according to the functional requirements of a process control system, and based on a prototype of 5G system exposure capabilities. In addition, the paper presents details about the design and implementation of the 5G management solution in an ABB industrial automation system and its verification on a private 5G network offered by Ericsson.
{"title":"Managing 5G Non-Public Networks from Industrial Automation Systems","authors":"Abdulkadir Karaagac, O. Dobrijevic, D. Schulz, Gergely Seres, Ala Nazari, Hubert Przybysz, J. Sachs","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144248","url":null,"abstract":"By expanding beyond broadband capabilities of commercial mobile networks and providing novel connectivity features for a wide variety of industry verticals, 5G is becoming a key enabler for the digitalization of industry. However, unlike consumer market where users have very similar communication needs, industrial environments require direct control of security and performance aspects of an underlying networking infrastructure to achieve high communication availability and determinism for a broad range of applications and services. Similarly, it is vital to continuously monitor and verify the connectivity status and performance of devices, especially for mission-critical industrial systems. This paper investigates how to achieve fundamental management capabilities for 5G networks from industrial automation systems, which we refer to as “5G Managed from Industrial Automation”, while hiding “low-level” complexities of the technology. It presents a simplified 5G network management and monitoring solution, designed according to the functional requirements of a process control system, and based on a prototype of 5G system exposure capabilities. In addition, the paper presents details about the design and implementation of the 5G management solution in an ABB industrial automation system and its verification on a private 5G network offered by Ericsson.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130297665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144229
Mahyar Shariat, W. Kastner
Drones can be downed by spoofing attacks. As a countermeasure, the European Space Agency has adopted a broadcast authentication protocol called Timed Efficient Loss-tolerant Authentication (TESLA) in the European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Galileo. In this work, we will assess the potential of using TESLA for indoor positioning systems that are based on ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. The initial findings from our experiments indicate that authentication methods based on TESLA can provide protection to an UWB-based indoor positioning system against signal spoofing,
{"title":"Authenticated UWB-Based Positioning of Passive Drones","authors":"Mahyar Shariat, W. Kastner","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144229","url":null,"abstract":"Drones can be downed by spoofing attacks. As a countermeasure, the European Space Agency has adopted a broadcast authentication protocol called Timed Efficient Loss-tolerant Authentication (TESLA) in the European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Galileo. In this work, we will assess the potential of using TESLA for indoor positioning systems that are based on ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. The initial findings from our experiments indicate that authentication methods based on TESLA can provide protection to an UWB-based indoor positioning system against signal spoofing,","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"1 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114119232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144227
E. Schweissguth, Helge Parzyjegla, P. Danielis, Gero Mühl, D. Timmermann, Stefan Mehner, O. Hohlfeld, David Hellmanns, Jonathan Falk
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) disrupts realtime communication technology by making IEEE Ethernet realtime-capable. For time-triggered, hard realtime traffic, TSN provides standardized mechanisms to reserve communication paths as well as individual transmission time slots for data frames. By leveraging these means in a precomputed network schedule, TSN allows for bounded end-to-end delays and minimal jitter. Not being part of the IEEE standard, corresponding scheduling algorithms are an active field of research. Unfortunately, due to differing model assumptions, evaluation setups, and key metrics, a fair comparison of schedulers is impossible so far. In this paper, we present a systematic and reproducible approach to benchmark TSN schedulers. First, we provide a scheduler taxonomy that enables to cluster schedulers by their characteristics. Second, we analyze interactions of input parameters and scheduler results to derive a benchmarking parcour for quantitative comparisons. Finally, we use the approach to benchmark existing schedulers and show subtle interaction effects. This way, our approach enables—for the first time-comparability between schedulers, fueled by the public availability of our benchmarking scenarios.
{"title":"TSN Scheduler Benchmarking","authors":"E. Schweissguth, Helge Parzyjegla, P. Danielis, Gero Mühl, D. Timmermann, Stefan Mehner, O. Hohlfeld, David Hellmanns, Jonathan Falk","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144227","url":null,"abstract":"Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) disrupts realtime communication technology by making IEEE Ethernet realtime-capable. For time-triggered, hard realtime traffic, TSN provides standardized mechanisms to reserve communication paths as well as individual transmission time slots for data frames. By leveraging these means in a precomputed network schedule, TSN allows for bounded end-to-end delays and minimal jitter. Not being part of the IEEE standard, corresponding scheduling algorithms are an active field of research. Unfortunately, due to differing model assumptions, evaluation setups, and key metrics, a fair comparison of schedulers is impossible so far. In this paper, we present a systematic and reproducible approach to benchmark TSN schedulers. First, we provide a scheduler taxonomy that enables to cluster schedulers by their characteristics. Second, we analyze interactions of input parameters and scheduler results to derive a benchmarking parcour for quantitative comparisons. Finally, we use the approach to benchmark existing schedulers and show subtle interaction effects. This way, our approach enables—for the first time-comparability between schedulers, fueled by the public availability of our benchmarking scenarios.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116366784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144242
Ehsan Shahri, P. Pedreiras, L. Almeida
Nowadays, custom components are increasingly being replaced by commercially available off-the-shelf hardware and standard protocols. Additionally, emerging industrial paradigms like Industry 4.0 and IoT place new demands on requirements like scalability, transparency, adaptability and efficiency. Accordingly, application layer protocols like the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT) are becoming more and more popular in these fields, thanks to their simplicity, scalability, low resource-usage and decoupling between end nodes. However, these protocols are not deterministic, thus being unsuitable for real-time applications. Recently the authors proposed a set of extensions to the MQTT protocol, allowing applications to explicitly specify real-time requirements that are then used by a resource manager, implemented in Software Defined Networking (SDN), to create real-time channels. This paper extends the work, providing worst-case analysis using the Holistic and Trajectory approaches. The paper also includes a set of experimental results aiming to verify the correctness of both analysis and evaluate its performance in several scenarios.
{"title":"End-to-End Response Time Analysis for RT-MQTT: Trajectory Approach versus Holistic Approach","authors":"Ehsan Shahri, P. Pedreiras, L. Almeida","doi":"10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144242","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, custom components are increasingly being replaced by commercially available off-the-shelf hardware and standard protocols. Additionally, emerging industrial paradigms like Industry 4.0 and IoT place new demands on requirements like scalability, transparency, adaptability and efficiency. Accordingly, application layer protocols like the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT) are becoming more and more popular in these fields, thanks to their simplicity, scalability, low resource-usage and decoupling between end nodes. However, these protocols are not deterministic, thus being unsuitable for real-time applications. Recently the authors proposed a set of extensions to the MQTT protocol, allowing applications to explicitly specify real-time requirements that are then used by a resource manager, implemented in Software Defined Networking (SDN), to create real-time channels. This paper extends the work, providing worst-case analysis using the Holistic and Trajectory approaches. The paper also includes a set of experimental results aiming to verify the correctness of both analysis and evaluate its performance in several scenarios.","PeriodicalId":345607,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131062485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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