Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1002/9781119180661.CH20
Tony McDonald, Jessica Sokolow, D. Hunter
{"title":"Farmer and Community-led Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation of Agriculture Using Agricultural Biodiversity and Genetic Resources","authors":"Tony McDonald, Jessica Sokolow, D. Hunter","doi":"10.1002/9781119180661.CH20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.CH20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345678,"journal":{"name":"Food Security and Climate Change","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123024652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.1002/9781119180661.CH17
T. Shigaki
{"title":"Application of Biotechnologies in the Conservation and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food Security","authors":"T. Shigaki","doi":"10.1002/9781119180661.CH17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.CH17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345678,"journal":{"name":"Food Security and Climate Change","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117199051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.1002/9781119180661.CH18
M. Jugulam, Aruna Varanasi, V. Varanasi, P. Prasad
Climate change refers to a change in the climate system that persists for long periods of time, irrespective of the cause. Since the industrial revolution, climate change has been more often associated with a rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbons. The concentration of atmospheric CO2 is steadily rising and is expected to reach ∼1000 μmolmol−1 by the year 2100 with a simultaneous increase of 2–4∘C in the earth’s annual surface temperature (IPCC, 2013). Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have contributed to a large extent to the emission of greenhouse gases (IPCC 2013, MacCracken et al., 1990). Continued emission of these gases may lead to unprecedented climate changes involving high global temperatures, erratic precipitation and wind patterns, and weather extremities such as droughts, floods, and severe storms (Tubiello et al., 2007; Robinson and Gross, 2010; Gillett et al., 2011; Coumou and Rahmstorf, 2012). Such extreme weather events and rapid climatic changes will have major impacts on the stability of ecosystems; consequently influencing plant life and agriculture (Dukes and Mooney, 1999). Crop production and agronomic practices involving weed management and pest control may be severely affected by these altered abiotic conditions primarily caused by changes in climate and climate variability (Dukes et al., 2009, Singer et al., 2013). Warmer and wetter climates not only affect weed growth but also change chemical properties of certain herbicides; thereby altering their performance on weeds and their control (Poorter and Navas, 2003; Dukes et al., 2009). Determining the response of weeds and herbicides to increased CO2 levels and associated changes in other climate variables is critical to optimize weed management strategies in the context of climate change. This chapter provides an overview of the impacts of climate change factors on weed growth and herbicide efficacy, particularly focusing on the impacts of climate factors on the underlying physiological mechanisms that determine herbicide performance.
气候变化是指气候系统中持续很长一段时间的变化，与原因无关。自工业革命以来，气候变化往往与二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化二氮和卤代烃等温室气体浓度的上升联系在一起。大气中二氧化碳的浓度正在稳步上升，预计到2100年将达到~ 1000 μmol - 1，同时地球年表面温度增加2-4°C (IPCC, 2013)。燃烧化石燃料和砍伐森林等人类活动在很大程度上促成了温室气体的排放(IPCC 2013, MacCracken et al.， 1990)。这些气体的持续排放可能导致前所未有的气候变化，包括全球高温、不稳定的降水和风型以及极端天气，如干旱、洪水和强风暴(Tubiello等，2007;Robinson and Gross, 2010;Gillett et al.， 2011;Coumou and Rahmstorf, 2012)。这种极端天气事件和快速的气候变化将对生态系统的稳定性产生重大影响;从而影响植物生命和农业(Dukes和Mooney, 1999年)。这些主要由气候变化和气候变异引起的非生物条件的改变可能严重影响作物生产和涉及杂草管理和病虫害防治的农艺实践(Dukes等人，2009年，Singer等人，2013年)。温暖潮湿的气候不仅影响杂草的生长，还会改变某些除草剂的化学性质;从而改变它们对杂草的处理和控制(Poorter和Navas, 2003;Dukes et al.， 2009)。确定杂草和除草剂对二氧化碳浓度升高和其他气候变量相关变化的响应对于优化气候变化背景下的杂草管理策略至关重要。本章概述了气候变化因素对杂草生长和除草剂功效的影响，特别关注气候因素对决定除草剂性能的潜在生理机制的影响。
{"title":"Climate Change Influence on Herbicide Efficacy and Weed Management","authors":"M. Jugulam, Aruna Varanasi, V. Varanasi, P. Prasad","doi":"10.1002/9781119180661.CH18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.CH18","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change refers to a change in the climate system that persists for long periods of time, irrespective of the cause. Since the industrial revolution, climate change has been more often associated with a rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbons. The concentration of atmospheric CO2 is steadily rising and is expected to reach ∼1000 μmolmol−1 by the year 2100 with a simultaneous increase of 2–4∘C in the earth’s annual surface temperature (IPCC, 2013). Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have contributed to a large extent to the emission of greenhouse gases (IPCC 2013, MacCracken et al., 1990). Continued emission of these gases may lead to unprecedented climate changes involving high global temperatures, erratic precipitation and wind patterns, and weather extremities such as droughts, floods, and severe storms (Tubiello et al., 2007; Robinson and Gross, 2010; Gillett et al., 2011; Coumou and Rahmstorf, 2012). Such extreme weather events and rapid climatic changes will have major impacts on the stability of ecosystems; consequently influencing plant life and agriculture (Dukes and Mooney, 1999). Crop production and agronomic practices involving weed management and pest control may be severely affected by these altered abiotic conditions primarily caused by changes in climate and climate variability (Dukes et al., 2009, Singer et al., 2013). Warmer and wetter climates not only affect weed growth but also change chemical properties of certain herbicides; thereby altering their performance on weeds and their control (Poorter and Navas, 2003; Dukes et al., 2009). Determining the response of weeds and herbicides to increased CO2 levels and associated changes in other climate variables is critical to optimize weed management strategies in the context of climate change. This chapter provides an overview of the impacts of climate change factors on weed growth and herbicide efficacy, particularly focusing on the impacts of climate factors on the underlying physiological mechanisms that determine herbicide performance.","PeriodicalId":345678,"journal":{"name":"Food Security and Climate Change","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121079136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.1002/9781119180661.CH11
P. Trębicki, K. Finlay
{"title":"Pests and Diseases under Climate Change; Its Threat to Food Security","authors":"P. Trębicki, K. Finlay","doi":"10.1002/9781119180661.CH11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.CH11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345678,"journal":{"name":"Food Security and Climate Change","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117028911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.1002/9781119180661.CH13
A. Ebert
{"title":"Vegetable Genetic Resources for Food and Nutrition Security under Climate Change","authors":"A. Ebert","doi":"10.1002/9781119180661.CH13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.CH13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345678,"journal":{"name":"Food Security and Climate Change","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128329263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.1002/9781119180661.CH9
R. Redden, Hari Upadyaya, S. Dwivedi, V. Vadez, M. Abberton, A. Amri
Within the last 13 000 yearsmany crop species were domesticated and spread to a range of agri-ecological environments, varying by species (Hancock 2012a).There was manual selection for both food and agronomic characteristics, and natural selection for adaptation to new agro-ecological environments. Such selection was affected by available gene pools, continuing sources of genetic diversity from wild relatives andmutations, natural selection pathways fromstabilising to directional, and both allo- and auto-polyploidy, to result in unique gene pool patterns for each crop (Hancock, 2012b; Cortes et al., 2013). Thedistribution of wheatwas expanded greatlywith the addition of the Aegilops tauschii D genome to tetraploid durum wheat, thereby enabling hexaploid wheat to adapt to a much wider agroecological range from the subtropics to high latitudes, and to provide a wider diversity of food uses (Hancock, 2012c)...
在过去的13000年里，许多作物物种被驯化并传播到一系列不同物种的农业生态环境中(Hancock 2012a)。在食物和农艺性状方面存在人工选择，在适应新的农业生态环境方面存在自然选择。这种选择受到可用基因库、来自野生亲缘种和突变的遗传多样性的持续来源、从稳定到定向的自然选择途径以及允许多倍体和自同源多倍体的影响，从而导致每种作物的独特基因库模式(Hancock, 2012b;Cortes et al.， 2013)。小麦的分布随着四倍体硬粒小麦中加入Aegilops tauschii D基因组而大大扩大，从而使六倍体小麦能够适应从亚热带到高纬度更广泛的农业生态范围，并提供更广泛的食物用途(Hancock, 2012c)。
{"title":"Role of Plant Genetic Resources in Food Security","authors":"R. Redden, Hari Upadyaya, S. Dwivedi, V. Vadez, M. Abberton, A. Amri","doi":"10.1002/9781119180661.CH9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.CH9","url":null,"abstract":"Within the last 13 000 yearsmany crop species were domesticated and spread to a range \u0000of agri-ecological environments, varying by species (Hancock 2012a).There was manual \u0000selection for both food and agronomic characteristics, and natural selection for adaptation \u0000to new agro-ecological environments. Such selection was affected by available gene \u0000pools, continuing sources of genetic diversity from wild relatives andmutations, natural \u0000selection pathways fromstabilising to directional, and both allo- and auto-polyploidy, to \u0000result in unique gene pool patterns for each crop (Hancock, 2012b; Cortes et al., 2013). \u0000Thedistribution of wheatwas expanded greatlywith the addition of the Aegilops tauschii \u0000D genome to tetraploid durum wheat, thereby enabling hexaploid wheat to adapt to a \u0000much wider agroecological range from the subtropics to high latitudes, and to provide \u0000a wider diversity of food uses (Hancock, 2012c)...","PeriodicalId":345678,"journal":{"name":"Food Security and Climate Change","volume":"06 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130522217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.1002/9781119180661.ch12
S. Dass, S. L. Jat, Chikkappa Gk, C. M. Parihar
{"title":"Crop Production Management to Climate Change","authors":"S. Dass, S. L. Jat, Chikkappa Gk, C. M. Parihar","doi":"10.1002/9781119180661.ch12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.ch12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345678,"journal":{"name":"Food Security and Climate Change","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123708888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.1002/9781119180661.CH8
R. Ortiz
{"title":"Role of Plant Breeding to Sustain Food Security under Climate Change","authors":"R. Ortiz","doi":"10.1002/9781119180661.CH8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.CH8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345678,"journal":{"name":"Food Security and Climate Change","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123818199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.1002/9781119180661.CH3
P. Lemonnier, E. Ainsworth
{"title":"Crop Responses to Rising Atmospheric [CO2] and Global Climate Change","authors":"P. Lemonnier, E. Ainsworth","doi":"10.1002/9781119180661.CH3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.CH3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345678,"journal":{"name":"Food Security and Climate Change","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128602938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-21DOI: 10.1002/9781119180661.CH7
Liqun Ling, X. Zong
{"title":"Mitigation and Adaptation Approaches to Sustain Food Security under Climate Change","authors":"Liqun Ling, X. Zong","doi":"10.1002/9781119180661.CH7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.CH7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345678,"journal":{"name":"Food Security and Climate Change","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133811323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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