Pub Date : 2016-11-01DOI: 10.7599/HMR.2016.36.4.235
Sangwon Kim, Seungmin Lee, Hongsoo Choi
A microrobot is a tiny structure that can be remotely controlled to perform a mission which is a definition of a robot. In general, the size of a microrobot is from few micrometers to few millimeters. Microrobots for biomedical applications should be able to swim in a fluidic environment of the body including circulatory, the urinary, and nerve system by external magnetic fields and field gradient [1-4]. These microrobots are expected to perform various biomedical applications including targeted cell transportation, precise drug delivery, opening blocked blood vessels, micro-surgery, sensing, and scaffolding [1-6]. Among these applications, targeted drug delivery and cell transportation can be implemented by fabrication of biocompatible and magnetically controllable microrobots [2, 3, 6]. The structures of the microrobots can be fabricated by various materials such as SU-8, IP-Dip, IP-L, silicon, etc. [7-11] Especially, SU-8, IP-Dip, and IP-L are being used to fabricate precise three-dimensional (3D) microrobots using a 3D laser lithography system [2, 4, 8, 9, 11-14]. The polymer structures of the microrobots should be coated with nickel and titanium layers after fabrication for magnetic wireless control and biocompatibility of the microrobots [2, 9, 11]. The microrobots with a magnetic layer can be precisely controlled by external magnetic fields generated by a magnetic coil system. Relevant magnetic fields or field gradient should be used to control a microrobot based on the driving mechanism of each microrobot [15-18]. Many research works have been focused on only implementation of locomotion with a simple structure or a magnet because of the difficulty of fabrication and assembly of small structures. In this review, 3D laser lithography will be briefly introduced to explain the fabrication method for some of the biomedical microrobots. The driving mechanism for each microrobot will also be introduced with two magnetic Corresponding Author: Hongsoo Choi, Ph. D. Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 50-1 Sang-Ri, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-Gun Daegu, 711-873, KOREA Tel: +82-53-785-6212 Fax: +82-53-785-6209 E-mail: mems@dgist.ac.kr
{"title":"Review on Fabrication and Manipulation of Scaffold and Ciliary Microrobots","authors":"Sangwon Kim, Seungmin Lee, Hongsoo Choi","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2016.36.4.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2016.36.4.235","url":null,"abstract":"A microrobot is a tiny structure that can be remotely controlled to perform a mission which is a definition of a robot. In general, the size of a microrobot is from few micrometers to few millimeters. Microrobots for biomedical applications should be able to swim in a fluidic environment of the body including circulatory, the urinary, and nerve system by external magnetic fields and field gradient [1-4]. These microrobots are expected to perform various biomedical applications including targeted cell transportation, precise drug delivery, opening blocked blood vessels, micro-surgery, sensing, and scaffolding [1-6]. Among these applications, targeted drug delivery and cell transportation can be implemented by fabrication of biocompatible and magnetically controllable microrobots [2, 3, 6]. The structures of the microrobots can be fabricated by various materials such as SU-8, IP-Dip, IP-L, silicon, etc. [7-11] Especially, SU-8, IP-Dip, and IP-L are being used to fabricate precise three-dimensional (3D) microrobots using a 3D laser lithography system [2, 4, 8, 9, 11-14]. The polymer structures of the microrobots should be coated with nickel and titanium layers after fabrication for magnetic wireless control and biocompatibility of the microrobots [2, 9, 11]. The microrobots with a magnetic layer can be precisely controlled by external magnetic fields generated by a magnetic coil system. Relevant magnetic fields or field gradient should be used to control a microrobot based on the driving mechanism of each microrobot [15-18]. Many research works have been focused on only implementation of locomotion with a simple structure or a magnet because of the difficulty of fabrication and assembly of small structures. In this review, 3D laser lithography will be briefly introduced to explain the fabrication method for some of the biomedical microrobots. The driving mechanism for each microrobot will also be introduced with two magnetic Corresponding Author: Hongsoo Choi, Ph. D. Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 50-1 Sang-Ri, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-Gun Daegu, 711-873, KOREA Tel: +82-53-785-6212 Fax: +82-53-785-6209 E-mail: mems@dgist.ac.kr","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"2019 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131949621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.143
H. Cho
An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process originating from another part of the body. There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes as a result of systemic disease. Diabetes, for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20-74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more. Other diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hypertension are commonly found to have associated ocular symptoms. Physicians need to consider that systemic disease can involve the eyes and it is important for ophthalmologists to understand that they may be the first to suggest a diagnosis due to underlying systemic disease. According to the quote “The eyes are the windows of the soul”, ophthalmologists should view the eyes as not only windows of the soul but also a window to the physical state of the entire body. Systemic hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of retinal vascular diseases including hypertensive retinopathy, retinal vein or artery occlusion, and embolic events. High blood pressure also increases the risk for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Signs of hypertensive retinopathy are predictive of target-organ damage including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [1]. High blood pressure affects the heart, kidney, brain, large arteries, and also the eyes. Retinal, choroidal, and optic nerve circulations undergo pathophysiological changes resulting in clinical signs referred to as hypertensive retinopathy, hypertensive choroidopathy, and hypertensive optic neuropathy. Systemic hypertension also increases the risk for the development of retinal vein and artery occlusion, retinal-arteriolar emboli, and diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the common causes of blindness. It is an ocular manifestation of diabetes, which affects up to 80 percent of all patients who have had diabetes for 20 years or more. Diabetic macular edema is the most common cause of visual dimness in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Dr. Lee will discuss the challenges and current treatments to prevent the visual disturbance related to diabetic macular edema [2]. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. SLE is a potentially life-threatening multisystem disease that is commonly associated with ocular manifestations. The purpose of this review is to outline the ocular manifestations of SLE and treatments [3]. Ocular complications have been reported in up to one-third of patients with SLE. Ocular manifestations can be associated with significant morbidity and eye issues may play a role as a marker for systemic disease activity. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is the most common ocula
{"title":"Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases: The Eyes are the Windows of the Body","authors":"H. Cho","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.143","url":null,"abstract":"An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process originating from another part of the body. There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes as a result of systemic disease. Diabetes, for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20-74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more. Other diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hypertension are commonly found to have associated ocular symptoms. Physicians need to consider that systemic disease can involve the eyes and it is important for ophthalmologists to understand that they may be the first to suggest a diagnosis due to underlying systemic disease. According to the quote “The eyes are the windows of the soul”, ophthalmologists should view the eyes as not only windows of the soul but also a window to the physical state of the entire body. Systemic hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of retinal vascular diseases including hypertensive retinopathy, retinal vein or artery occlusion, and embolic events. High blood pressure also increases the risk for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Signs of hypertensive retinopathy are predictive of target-organ damage including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [1]. High blood pressure affects the heart, kidney, brain, large arteries, and also the eyes. Retinal, choroidal, and optic nerve circulations undergo pathophysiological changes resulting in clinical signs referred to as hypertensive retinopathy, hypertensive choroidopathy, and hypertensive optic neuropathy. Systemic hypertension also increases the risk for the development of retinal vein and artery occlusion, retinal-arteriolar emboli, and diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the common causes of blindness. It is an ocular manifestation of diabetes, which affects up to 80 percent of all patients who have had diabetes for 20 years or more. Diabetic macular edema is the most common cause of visual dimness in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Dr. Lee will discuss the challenges and current treatments to prevent the visual disturbance related to diabetic macular edema [2]. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. SLE is a potentially life-threatening multisystem disease that is commonly associated with ocular manifestations. The purpose of this review is to outline the ocular manifestations of SLE and treatments [3]. Ocular complications have been reported in up to one-third of patients with SLE. Ocular manifestations can be associated with significant morbidity and eye issues may play a role as a marker for systemic disease activity. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is the most common ocula","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114097209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.146
Dae Joong Ma, H. Yu
High blood pressure (BP) affects not only the heart, kidneys, brain, and large arteries but also the eyes. Retinal, choroidal, and optic nerve circulations undergo pathophysiological changes, resulting in clinical signs referred to as hypertensive retinopathy, hypertensive choroidopathy, and hypertensive optic neuropathy. Systemic hypertension also increases the risk of development of retinal vein and artery occlusion, retinal-arteriolar emboli, retinal arterial macroaneurysm, nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), and diabetic retinopathy. On the other hand, the eye is the only organ where the blood vessels can be observed directly. Retinal arterioles are similar to the cardiac and cerebral arterioles from the anatomical and physiological standpoint. The evaluation of retinal circulation provides further information of the changes in the microvasculature in the body, which may provide additional information on the cardiovascular or cerebrovascular risk stratification of hypertensive patients [1-3]. The purpose of this review was to summarize the ocular manifestations of systemic hypertension and its clinical implication on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk stratification.
{"title":"Window to Heart; Ocular Manifestations of Hypertension","authors":"Dae Joong Ma, H. Yu","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.146","url":null,"abstract":"High blood pressure (BP) affects not only the heart, kidneys, brain, and large arteries but also the eyes. Retinal, choroidal, and optic nerve circulations undergo pathophysiological changes, resulting in clinical signs referred to as hypertensive retinopathy, hypertensive choroidopathy, and hypertensive optic neuropathy. Systemic hypertension also increases the risk of development of retinal vein and artery occlusion, retinal-arteriolar emboli, retinal arterial macroaneurysm, nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), and diabetic retinopathy. On the other hand, the eye is the only organ where the blood vessels can be observed directly. Retinal arterioles are similar to the cardiac and cerebral arterioles from the anatomical and physiological standpoint. The evaluation of retinal circulation provides further information of the changes in the microvasculature in the body, which may provide additional information on the cardiovascular or cerebrovascular risk stratification of hypertensive patients [1-3]. The purpose of this review was to summarize the ocular manifestations of systemic hypertension and its clinical implication on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk stratification.","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"2018 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128040429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.151
J. E. Lee
{"title":"A Multimodal Approach to Diabetic Macular Edema","authors":"J. E. Lee","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133223917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.192
B. G. Moon, J. Lee
Ocular inflammation is often the first evidence of systemic infections. Despite the protection of the blood-retinal barrier, various pathogenic organisms can invade the eye via the bloodstream. Sources of immunosuppression affect not only a patient’s susceptibility to ocular infection, but can also change the features of the disease. Posterior segment manifestations in the eye due to systemic infections have many disease presentations that cannot all be covered in this article. Therefore, we have described the most common ocular infections associated with systemic infections.
{"title":"Ocular Inflammation Associated with Systemic Infection","authors":"B. G. Moon, J. Lee","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.192","url":null,"abstract":"Ocular inflammation is often the first evidence of systemic infections. Despite the protection of the blood-retinal barrier, various pathogenic organisms can invade the eye via the bloodstream. Sources of immunosuppression affect not only a patient’s susceptibility to ocular infection, but can also change the features of the disease. Posterior segment manifestations in the eye due to systemic infections have many disease presentations that cannot all be covered in this article. Therefore, we have described the most common ocular infections associated with systemic infections.","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"342 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122836620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.161
I. Song, Sang Mok Lee
{"title":"Ocular Manifestations of Sjögren Syndrome","authors":"I. Song, Sang Mok Lee","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.161","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130862841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.186
Sunah Kang, Ho-Seok Sa
{"title":"Current Trends in the Management of Thyroid Ophthalmopathy","authors":"Sunah Kang, Ho-Seok Sa","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.186","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"37 15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131930871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.168
Y. Kim
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease, which may in volve any part of the eye and its adnexal tissues. Although the first manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis is often ophthalmic involve ment, nonophthalmologists are not familiar with its ocular man ifestations, especially when described in ophthalmologic terms. In this article, the author intends to describe the ocular manifestations of sarcoidosis in the terms of a nonophthalmologist.
{"title":"Ocular Manifestations of Sarcoidosis: An Ophthalmologist's View","authors":"Y. Kim","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.168","url":null,"abstract":"Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease, which may in volve any part of the eye and its adnexal tissues. Although the first manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis is often ophthalmic involve ment, nonophthalmologists are not familiar with its ocular man ifestations, especially when described in ophthalmologic terms. In this article, the author intends to describe the ocular manifestations of sarcoidosis in the terms of a nonophthalmologist.","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130012408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.182
Han Woong Lim, S. Oh
{"title":"Ocular Manifestations of Pediatric Systemic Disease","authors":"Han Woong Lim, S. Oh","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2016.36.3.182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"13 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127283959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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