The chapter begins with a review of the existing research and data on the impact of citizenship education globally in order to reveal the existence of particular correlations with socio-political outcomes. It points out that the positive potential of citizenship education for democracy relies heavily on the interaction of distinct macro, meso, and micro level factors. It takes the UK, with the Bernard Crick-led introduction of citizenship education into the curriculum, as a specific case study. It identifies a gap between the original vision and the delivered reality; a shift from the radical potential of citizenship education to its evisceration by a government that has different political priorities; and a series of practical problems from a lack of teacher training to the prerogatives of competing policies such as Prevent, which have limited school interest in the subject as well as their capacity to teach it effectively. The chapter concludes with observations on the broader implications and insights of this focus on citizenship education and suggests a number of ways in which the barriers and blockages identified might be circumvented.
{"title":"Improving Citizenship Education","authors":"James Weinberg, M. Flinders","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvcb59gp.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcb59gp.16","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter begins with a review of the existing research and data on the impact of citizenship education globally in order to reveal the existence of particular correlations with socio-political outcomes. It points out that the positive potential of citizenship education for democracy relies heavily on the interaction of distinct macro, meso, and micro level factors. It takes the UK, with the Bernard Crick-led introduction of citizenship education into the curriculum, as a specific case study. It identifies a gap between the original vision and the delivered reality; a shift from the radical potential of citizenship education to its evisceration by a government that has different political priorities; and a series of practical problems from a lack of teacher training to the prerogatives of competing policies such as Prevent, which have limited school interest in the subject as well as their capacity to teach it effectively. The chapter concludes with observations on the broader implications and insights of this focus on citizenship education and suggests a number of ways in which the barriers and blockages identified might be circumvented.","PeriodicalId":345886,"journal":{"name":"Whose Government is it?","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115385070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0001
Henry Tam
This chapter provides a critical introduction to the problem of disengagement between governments and citizens. It looks at different arguments for reforming the scope and approach adopted by the state and explains why the way forward has to be through more effective state-citizen cooperation. It also gives a general outline of the three parts of the book. The first part examines the theoretical background and recent development of state-citizen cooperation to find out why more attention should be given to advance it; how its impact should be judged; and what makes it distinctive and complementary to other proposals on improving democratic governance. The second part reviews policies and strategies that have been tried out in different parts of the world to enable citizens and state institutions to work together in an informed and collaborative manner in defining and pursuing the public good. The final part considers how various underlying barriers to effective state-citizen cooperation can be overcome, with reference to specific case examples.
{"title":"Government With The People","authors":"Henry Tam","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a critical introduction to the problem of disengagement between governments and citizens. It looks at different arguments for reforming the scope and approach adopted by the state and explains why the way forward has to be through more effective state-citizen cooperation. It also gives a general outline of the three parts of the book. The first part examines the theoretical background and recent development of state-citizen cooperation to find out why more attention should be given to advance it; how its impact should be judged; and what makes it distinctive and complementary to other proposals on improving democratic governance. The second part reviews policies and strategies that have been tried out in different parts of the world to enable citizens and state institutions to work together in an informed and collaborative manner in defining and pursuing the public good. The final part considers how various underlying barriers to effective state-citizen cooperation can be overcome, with reference to specific case examples.","PeriodicalId":345886,"journal":{"name":"Whose Government is it?","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128960274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Renewal of State–Citizen Cooperation","authors":"Henry Tam","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvcb59gp.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcb59gp.20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345886,"journal":{"name":"Whose Government is it?","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121509093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529200980.003.0007
M. Taylor
Community development offers a distinct approach to respond to the problem of diminishing free spaces where citizens can exchange views and learn about democracy and citizenship. It involves citizens as co-creators of the common world rather than as consumers. It has been supported by governments in different countries as a way of defusing tensions within communities, addressing the crisis of political legitimacy, encouraging citizen responsibility, as well as co-producing services with the state. This chapter tracks the ways in which community development has played these different roles over time and the implications for the relationship between state and citizen. It reviews its changing relationship with the state, and the critiques generated by different approaches and programmes. It concludes with an assessment of the challenges it faces in seeking to deepen democracy and foster creative citizenship, in the face of recurring attempts to shrink the state and leave the market as the principal mediating factor in society.
{"title":"The Potential of Community Development","authors":"M. Taylor","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529200980.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529200980.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Community development offers a distinct approach to respond to the problem of diminishing free spaces where citizens can exchange views and learn about democracy and citizenship. It involves citizens as co-creators of the common world rather than as consumers. It has been supported by governments in different countries as a way of defusing tensions within communities, addressing the crisis of political legitimacy, encouraging citizen responsibility, as well as co-producing services with the state. This chapter tracks the ways in which community development has played these different roles over time and the implications for the relationship between state and citizen. It reviews its changing relationship with the state, and the critiques generated by different approaches and programmes. It concludes with an assessment of the challenges it faces in seeking to deepen democracy and foster creative citizenship, in the face of recurring attempts to shrink the state and leave the market as the principal mediating factor in society.","PeriodicalId":345886,"journal":{"name":"Whose Government is it?","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133364689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Developing Public–Cooperative Partnerships","authors":"P. Conaty","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvcb59gp.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcb59gp.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345886,"journal":{"name":"Whose Government is it?","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127654203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter examines not only what politicians can do to narrow the distance between them and their constituents, but how they should carry out their civic roles with suggested principles and practical examples. In addition to the interactions to be developed, attention is also given to the challenge to open civic roles to wider participation. Politicians are generally perceived to be a breed apart, a separate political class far removed from the lives of ordinary people. With the risks and difficulties associated with political exit further dissuading some from standing in the first place, and heightening the reluctance of those in office to leave, it is argued that with more ‘fluidity’ into and out of political office – experimenting with term limits or with some citizens serving a political term by lottery - a wider range of people could have the opportunity to gain experience of the complex demands and pressures of political office.
{"title":"Rethinking Civic Roles","authors":"Jane F. Roberts","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvcb59gp.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcb59gp.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines not only what politicians can do to narrow the distance between them and their constituents, but how they should carry out their civic roles with suggested principles and practical examples. In addition to the interactions to be developed, attention is also given to the challenge to open civic roles to wider participation. Politicians are generally perceived to be a breed apart, a separate political class far removed from the lives of ordinary people. With the risks and difficulties associated with political exit further dissuading some from standing in the first place, and heightening the reluctance of those in office to leave, it is argued that with more ‘fluidity’ into and out of political office – experimenting with term limits or with some citizens serving a political term by lottery - a wider range of people could have the opportunity to gain experience of the complex demands and pressures of political office.","PeriodicalId":345886,"journal":{"name":"Whose Government is it?","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124837895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0003
A. Coote
Attempts at improving state-citizen cooperation will fail unless the protagonists ensure that citizens share control over the process with their counterparts in the state on a genuinely equal footing. This chapter focuses on collective control and the pivotal importance of confidence – the perception that it is possible to influence decisions and make things happen, or prevent things happening – for the benefit of the community. Drawing on published findings as well as the New Economics Foundation’s own field research, it considers how systems in state institutions can be geared to build the confidence and capacity of citizens to collaborate constructively with public sector policy makers. The second part of the chapter examines collective control and state-citizen co-operation in relation to ‘the commons’: resources that are essential for human survival and flourishing. It shows how the ‘commoning’ movement will help to test the limits of both citizen and state control, as well as the potential of state-citizen cooperation.
{"title":"The Importance of Collective Control","authors":"A. Coote","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Attempts at improving state-citizen cooperation will fail unless the protagonists ensure that citizens share control over the process with their counterparts in the state on a genuinely equal footing. This chapter focuses on collective control and the pivotal importance of confidence – the perception that it is possible to influence decisions and make things happen, or prevent things happening – for the benefit of the community. Drawing on published findings as well as the New Economics Foundation’s own field research, it considers how systems in state institutions can be geared to build the confidence and capacity of citizens to collaborate constructively with public sector policy makers. The second part of the chapter examines collective control and state-citizen co-operation in relation to ‘the commons’: resources that are essential for human survival and flourishing. It shows how the ‘commoning’ movement will help to test the limits of both citizen and state control, as well as the potential of state-citizen cooperation.","PeriodicalId":345886,"journal":{"name":"Whose Government is it?","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123119681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0009
M. Barnes
Old age is an identity that many resists. It contributes to a sense of invisibility and, for some, it leaves them out of both time and place in the world. This chapter reviews examples of older people’s participation from England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Australia and Ireland. As well as ‘ageing activism’ within seniors’ forums and interest organisations, it explores participation in contexts not often regarded as ‘political’, such as within residential homes and in research projects. Such contexts can reflect the most immediate points of contact between older people and state services and policies that impact their lives. They can be a focus for transforming practices and ways in which public officials and service providers think about old age and old people. It is argued that ‘deliberating with care’ with older people not only offers transformative potential in relation to specific services and policies than can benefit us all as we grow older, but it can also counteract damaging inter-generational conflict, and enhance wellbeing and social justice.
{"title":"Old Age and Caring Democracy","authors":"M. Barnes","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Old age is an identity that many resists. It contributes to a sense of invisibility and, for some, it leaves them out of both time and place in the world. This chapter reviews examples of older people’s participation from England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Australia and Ireland. As well as ‘ageing activism’ within seniors’ forums and interest organisations, it explores participation in contexts not often regarded as ‘political’, such as within residential homes and in research projects. Such contexts can reflect the most immediate points of contact between older people and state services and policies that impact their lives. They can be a focus for transforming practices and ways in which public officials and service providers think about old age and old people. It is argued that ‘deliberating with care’ with older people not only offers transformative potential in relation to specific services and policies than can benefit us all as we grow older, but it can also counteract damaging inter-generational conflict, and enhance wellbeing and social justice.","PeriodicalId":345886,"journal":{"name":"Whose Government is it?","volume":"221 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134337840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529200980.003.0014
P. Conaty
Public-cooperative partnerships – cooperative organisations acting in collaboration with government bodies to involve communities and meet their needs – offer many opportunities to strengthen state-citizen cooperation. This chapter reflects on lessons from past examples of associative democracy and reviews the evidence from new innovations from different countries. In Northern Italy, multi-stakeholder co-operatives provide social care for the elderly, the disabled and marginalised groups, with workers, volunteers, and service users all given a real say. New social contracts in support of public-cooperative partnerships have been drawn up and backed with local authority by-laws in cities such as Ghent and Bologna. In the US, community land trusts have flourished in Vermont and other parts of the country. In Wales, politicians and communities have jointly developed new forms of democratic housing. These diverse examples demonstrate how public-cooperative partnerships can be more widely developed to expand the scope and depth of state-citizen cooperation.
{"title":"Developing Public‒Cooperative Partnerships","authors":"P. Conaty","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529200980.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529200980.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Public-cooperative partnerships – cooperative organisations acting in collaboration with government bodies to involve communities and meet their needs – offer many opportunities to strengthen state-citizen cooperation. This chapter reflects on lessons from past examples of associative democracy and reviews the evidence from new innovations from different countries. In Northern Italy, multi-stakeholder co-operatives provide social care for the elderly, the disabled and marginalised groups, with workers, volunteers, and service users all given a real say. New social contracts in support of public-cooperative partnerships have been drawn up and backed with local authority by-laws in cities such as Ghent and Bologna. In the US, community land trusts have flourished in Vermont and other parts of the country. In Wales, politicians and communities have jointly developed new forms of democratic housing. These diverse examples demonstrate how public-cooperative partnerships can be more widely developed to expand the scope and depth of state-citizen cooperation.","PeriodicalId":345886,"journal":{"name":"Whose Government is it?","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115512995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0008
Barry Quirk
This chapter, by one of the most experienced local authority chief executives in the UK, looks at how communities can be genuinely empowered through civic dialogues to improve their quality of life. It reviews the approach that supports community action by systematically discussing options with local people, involving them in setting priorities, and enabling them to take control of defined resources and specific public buildings as community assets. Lessons are drawn from initiatives and the experiences of diverse communities, that show that success is only possible with a more participatory and deliberative approach from central and local government. Criticisms are directed at the formulaic and passive arrangements that characterise many existing attempts at community empowerment. The chapter concludes by arguing that, notwithstanding economies of scale and the benefits of standardisation, the design and delivery of services can achieve much more through well-planned community engagement.
{"title":"Community Action and Civic Dialogue","authors":"Barry Quirk","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200980.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter, by one of the most experienced local authority chief executives in the UK, looks at how communities can be genuinely empowered through civic dialogues to improve their quality of life. It reviews the approach that supports community action by systematically discussing options with local people, involving them in setting priorities, and enabling them to take control of defined resources and specific public buildings as community assets. Lessons are drawn from initiatives and the experiences of diverse communities, that show that success is only possible with a more participatory and deliberative approach from central and local government. Criticisms are directed at the formulaic and passive arrangements that characterise many existing attempts at community empowerment. The chapter concludes by arguing that, notwithstanding economies of scale and the benefits of standardisation, the design and delivery of services can achieve much more through well-planned community engagement.","PeriodicalId":345886,"journal":{"name":"Whose Government is it?","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124812487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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