Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0035
The diagnosis and management of renal tumours in children is discussed along with how staging influence management and the side effects of the therapeutic strategies involved.
讨论了儿童肾肿瘤的诊断和管理，以及分期如何影响管理和涉及的治疗策略的副作用。
{"title":"Renal tumours","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"The diagnosis and management of renal tumours in children is discussed along with how staging influence management and the side effects of the therapeutic strategies involved.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128800590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0026
Integration of conventional morphology and cytogenetics with newer techniques interrogating the genome-wide genetic landscape has gen-erated a detailed insight into the process of leukaemogenesis, as well as the biology of common and rarer leukaemia subtypes in childhood. This has improved diagnosis and classification, risk stratification, out-comes and has provided additional drug targets. Comparative genetic analyses between diagnosis and relapse have established that most relapses are derived from leukaemic clones present at initial diagnosis. Gene mutations acquired at relapse are associated with drug resistance which may explain the occurrence of relapse and lead to future treat-ment adaptations.
{"title":"Biology of childhood leukaemia","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Integration of conventional morphology and cytogenetics with newer techniques interrogating the genome-wide genetic landscape has gen-erated a detailed insight into the process of leukaemogenesis, as well as the biology of common and rarer leukaemia subtypes in childhood. This has improved diagnosis and classification, risk stratification, out-comes and has provided additional drug targets. Comparative genetic analyses between diagnosis and relapse have established that most relapses are derived from leukaemic clones present at initial diagnosis. Gene mutations acquired at relapse are associated with drug resistance which may explain the occurrence of relapse and lead to future treat-ment adaptations.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117088052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0039
The diagnosis and treatment of liver children in tumours are described including how staging alters treatment. The basis and philosophy of treatment in both Europe and North America and the outcome of treatment is discussed.
诊断和治疗肝儿童肿瘤描述包括分期如何改变治疗。讨论了欧洲和北美治疗的基础和理念以及治疗的结果。
{"title":"Liver tumours","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0039","url":null,"abstract":"The diagnosis and treatment of liver children in tumours are described including how staging alters treatment. The basis and philosophy of treatment in both Europe and North America and the outcome of treatment is discussed.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115737091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.06
S. Bailey, R. Skinner
Excessive bleeding or bruising is relatively common in children. It may display relatively benign behaviour and have no identifiable cause, or it may be the presenting feature of serious illness. This chapter describes how a relevant history and physical examination followed by appropriate investigation can lead to diagnosis of the cause of excessive bleeding or bruising.
{"title":"The bleeding or bruising child","authors":"S. Bailey, R. Skinner","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.06","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive bleeding or bruising is relatively common in children. It may display relatively benign behaviour and have no identifiable cause, or it may be the presenting feature of serious illness. This chapter describes how a relevant history and physical examination followed by appropriate investigation can lead to diagnosis of the cause of excessive bleeding or bruising.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116982277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0016
L. W. Axmaker
A clinical trial is a research study involving human subjects, designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new diagnostic strategies, or (more commonly) new drugs or treatment approaches. This chapter covers the rationale and background to each of the three phases.
{"title":"Clinical trials","authors":"L. W. Axmaker","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"A clinical trial is a research study involving human subjects, designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new diagnostic strategies, or (more commonly) new drugs or treatment approaches. This chapter covers the rationale and background to each of the three phases.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114255107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199299676.003.05
S. Bailey, R. Skinner
Children and young people with brain tumours present with a variety of symptoms, and should be treated in specialist institutions. The multidisciplinary team approach should be used. The chapter covers treatment algorithms for the investigation and diagnosis of pineal, suprasellar, and atypical tumours; posterior fossa tumours, brain stem and visual pathway tumours, and supratentorial tumours.
{"title":"Initial diagnosis of brain tumours","authors":"S. Bailey, R. Skinner","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199299676.003.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199299676.003.05","url":null,"abstract":"Children and young people with brain tumours present with a variety of symptoms, and should be treated in specialist institutions. The multidisciplinary team approach should be used. The chapter covers treatment algorithms for the investigation and diagnosis of pineal, suprasellar, and atypical tumours; posterior fossa tumours, brain stem and visual pathway tumours, and supratentorial tumours.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122654490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0038
B. Plaat
The diagnosis, treatment and management of both rhabdomyosarcomas and other soft tissue sarcomas are discussed. These includes the value of genetic analysis of the tumours in the diagnosis of these tumours.
{"title":"Soft tissue sarcomas","authors":"B. Plaat","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0038","url":null,"abstract":"The diagnosis, treatment and management of both rhabdomyosarcomas and other soft tissue sarcomas are discussed. These includes the value of genetic analysis of the tumours in the diagnosis of these tumours.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":"6 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124692933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0022
There are two categories of inherited haemoglobin disorders due to globin chain gene abnormalities. Sickle cell disorders are due to structurally abnormal haemoglobin molecules whilst the thalassaemia syndromes are caused by impaired haemoglobin A or B chain synthesis. This chapter describes their clinical features, presentations, complications, assessment, laboratory diagnosis and management.
{"title":"Haemoglobinopathies","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"There are two categories of inherited haemoglobin disorders due to globin chain gene abnormalities. Sickle cell disorders are due to structurally abnormal haemoglobin molecules whilst the thalassaemia syndromes are caused by impaired haemoglobin A or B chain synthesis. This chapter describes their clinical features, presentations, complications, assessment, laboratory diagnosis and management.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124201332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.25
S. Bailey, R. Skinner
Cytopenias due to shortened peripheral blood cell survival caused by immune, mechanical, or constitutional damage to blood cells are considered in this chapter, as well as some causes of reduced production due to inflammation or haematinic deficiency. Cytopenias in children with malignant disease are due to replacement of healthy bone marrow by the underlying malignant dis-ease and/or reduced marrow production of haemopoietic cells as a result of the suppressive effects of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Primary bone marrow failure syndromes and hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia are rarer and are considered elsewhere (Bone marrow failure, Chapter 25)
{"title":"Other non-malignant causes of peripheral blood cytopenias","authors":"S. Bailey, R. Skinner","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.25","url":null,"abstract":"Cytopenias due to shortened peripheral blood cell survival caused by immune, mechanical, or constitutional damage to blood cells are considered in this chapter, as well as some causes of reduced production due to inflammation or haematinic deficiency.\u0000Cytopenias in children with malignant disease are due to replacement of healthy bone marrow by the underlying malignant dis-ease and/or reduced marrow production of haemopoietic cells as a result of the suppressive effects of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Primary bone marrow failure syndromes and hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia are rarer and are considered elsewhere (Bone marrow failure, Chapter 25)","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115188556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.03
S. Bailey, R. Skinner
Paediatric oncologists in low and middle income countries face many challenges including lack of infrastructure or funds (for treatment or social assistance), competing health priorities and the absence of multidisciplinary teams. Thus practitioners are forced to redefine some of the traditional goals that colleagues in high income settings take for granted, and tailor treatment according to available resources and infrastructure. There are a growing number of success stories and key factors are LMIC leadership with HIC support, building sustainable programmes based on regimens that are feasible and affordable and multidisciplinarity both within and across institutions.
{"title":"Paediatric oncology in the developing world","authors":"S. Bailey, R. Skinner","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.03","url":null,"abstract":"Paediatric oncologists in low and middle income countries face many challenges including lack of infrastructure or funds (for treatment or social assistance), competing health priorities and the absence of multidisciplinary teams. Thus practitioners are forced to redefine some of the traditional goals that colleagues in high income settings take for granted, and tailor treatment according to available resources and infrastructure. There are a growing number of success stories and key factors are LMIC leadership with HIC support, building sustainable programmes based on regimens that are feasible and affordable and multidisciplinarity both within and across institutions.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131217573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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