We present the design and implementation of FlashPatch, a system which exploits the ubiquity of USB drives---normally a vector for virus transmission---to facilitate the distribution of software updates. Our system spreads software updates to offline machines by having the updates "piggy-back" on the existing circulation of USB flash drives. We discuss the techncial and ethical issues involved in the deployment of such a system and we describe the results of preliminary field testing in rural Ghana.
{"title":"FlashPatch: spreading software updates over flash drives in under-connected regions","authors":"Henry Corrigan-Gibbs, Jay Chen","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537067","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design and implementation of FlashPatch, a system which exploits the ubiquity of USB drives---normally a vector for virus transmission---to facilitate the distribution of software updates. Our system spreads software updates to offline machines by having the updates \"piggy-back\" on the existing circulation of USB flash drives. We discuss the techncial and ethical issues involved in the deployment of such a system and we describe the results of preliminary field testing in rural Ghana.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128874226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Koradia, Goutham Mannava, Aravindh Raman, Gaurav Aggarwal, V. Ribeiro, Aaditeshwar Seth, S. Ardon, A. Mahanti, Sipat Triukose
Cellular penetration in India has grown tremendously in recent years and provides an opportunity to bridge the digital divide. However, there is little understanding of the state of cellular data connectivity in India. In this paper, we present first impressions on cellular data network performance in India. We present a measurement framework designed specifically for remote deployments and intermittent connectivity. Using this framework we evaluate three GSM based and one CDMA based cellular service providers through active measurements conducted at five rural, one semi-urban, and one urban locations. Through analysis of about 450 hours of measurement data collected over a 3-month period, we present the throughput and latency performance of cellular service providers and provide insights into the architecture of the service provider networks. Our analysis reveals aspects in cellular network design that interfere with standard protocols such as TCP, and suggests ways to improve performance.
{"title":"First impressions on the state of cellular data connectivity in India","authors":"Z. Koradia, Goutham Mannava, Aravindh Raman, Gaurav Aggarwal, V. Ribeiro, Aaditeshwar Seth, S. Ardon, A. Mahanti, Sipat Triukose","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537064","url":null,"abstract":"Cellular penetration in India has grown tremendously in recent years and provides an opportunity to bridge the digital divide. However, there is little understanding of the state of cellular data connectivity in India. In this paper, we present first impressions on cellular data network performance in India. We present a measurement framework designed specifically for remote deployments and intermittent connectivity. Using this framework we evaluate three GSM based and one CDMA based cellular service providers through active measurements conducted at five rural, one semi-urban, and one urban locations. Through analysis of about 450 hours of measurement data collected over a 3-month period, we present the throughput and latency performance of cellular service providers and provide insights into the architecture of the service provider networks. Our analysis reveals aspects in cellular network design that interfere with standard protocols such as TCP, and suggests ways to improve performance.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131930162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we evaluate various ways in which users can indicate their location while using an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) service. Using an IVR survey, 71 low-income users of a live IVR service in India conveyed their location in three different ways: a postal code, a fixed line area code, and a free response. In each configuration, users spoke their location and a human transcribed the result, thereby eliminating any dependence on DTMF input proficiency or speech recognition accuracy. The analysis of survey responses suggests that people are aware and capable of representing their location with a postal code and fixed line area code. However, using the free response data as ground truth, there was higher accuracy using fixed-line area codes (72% answered correctly) versus postal codes (55% answered correctly). Since area codes are more coarse grained than postal codes in India, this result implies a tradeoff between granularity and success rate in collecting location data over IVR.
{"title":"How should users convey their location to an interactive voice response system?","authors":"Aditya Vashistha, W. Thies","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537078","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we evaluate various ways in which users can indicate their location while using an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) service. Using an IVR survey, 71 low-income users of a live IVR service in India conveyed their location in three different ways: a postal code, a fixed line area code, and a free response. In each configuration, users spoke their location and a human transcribed the result, thereby eliminating any dependence on DTMF input proficiency or speech recognition accuracy. The analysis of survey responses suggests that people are aware and capable of representing their location with a postal code and fixed line area code. However, using the free response data as ground truth, there was higher accuracy using fixed-line area codes (72% answered correctly) versus postal codes (55% answered correctly). Since area codes are more coarse grained than postal codes in India, this result implies a tradeoff between granularity and success rate in collecting location data over IVR.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131876653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information failures lead agricultural markets to exhibit substantial inefficiencies in developing countries such as Uganda. Trade links between buyers and sellers are created informally by word of mouth and rarely grow beyond established social circles. Various mobile systems have aimed to improve market efficiency, but have been hampered by poor availability of Internet-enabled devices, users' extreme cost sensitivity to network charges, and cultural expectations of face-to-face negotiation. Previous work in this area has thus focused on price advisory systems or classified advertisements, which we argue are not effective. We analyze past price data from the rural agricultural market in Uganda, gauging inefficiency by estimating opportunities for arbitrage by transporting commodities from one city to another and from warehousing nonperishable commodities to resell them later; in both cases, we find striking price imbalances. We describe a novel double auction mechanism that we have designed to be practical given the constraints of SMS-based communication, and argue that it provides market participants with appropriate incentives. We present the results of field trials of the system, which after six months registered more than a thousand farmers and traders across Uganda and received $1.0M USD in bids and $1.7M USD in asks.
{"title":"A mobile market for agricultural trade in Uganda","authors":"R. Ssekibuule, J. Quinn, Kevin Leyton-Brown","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537065","url":null,"abstract":"Information failures lead agricultural markets to exhibit substantial inefficiencies in developing countries such as Uganda. Trade links between buyers and sellers are created informally by word of mouth and rarely grow beyond established social circles. Various mobile systems have aimed to improve market efficiency, but have been hampered by poor availability of Internet-enabled devices, users' extreme cost sensitivity to network charges, and cultural expectations of face-to-face negotiation. Previous work in this area has thus focused on price advisory systems or classified advertisements, which we argue are not effective. We analyze past price data from the rural agricultural market in Uganda, gauging inefficiency by estimating opportunities for arbitrage by transporting commodities from one city to another and from warehousing nonperishable commodities to resell them later; in both cases, we find striking price imbalances. We describe a novel double auction mechanism that we have designed to be practical given the constraints of SMS-based communication, and argue that it provides market participants with appropriate incentives. We present the results of field trials of the system, which after six months registered more than a thousand farmers and traders across Uganda and received $1.0M USD in bids and $1.7M USD in asks.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123840095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We use our eyesight to acquire information about the environment in our daily life and so move safely from one place to another. The visually impaired do not have the same privilege. They need a companion or plan ahead how get there using other sources of information. Nowadays, the mobile phone are a useful and practical source of information, however visually impaired in many development countries have difficulties with mobile phones that are inappropriate for them. We start to develop a solution to bring information about the environment and routes to visually impaired people. This solution is called Audioguide and aims to provide independence to its users during their locomotion.
{"title":"Visually impaired navigation assistant for emerging market using tactile floor, feature phone and audio descriptions","authors":"Emiliano Firmino, Mauro Teófilo","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537072","url":null,"abstract":"We use our eyesight to acquire information about the environment in our daily life and so move safely from one place to another. The visually impaired do not have the same privilege. They need a companion or plan ahead how get there using other sources of information. Nowadays, the mobile phone are a useful and practical source of information, however visually impaired in many development countries have difficulties with mobile phones that are inappropriate for them. We start to develop a solution to bring information about the environment and routes to visually impaired people. This solution is called Audioguide and aims to provide independence to its users during their locomotion.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121100651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haohan Wang, Agha Ali Raza, Yibin Lin, R. Rosenfeld
We studied the behavior of users of a simple telephone-based voice modification and forwarding system, which has operated in Pakistan for about a year, attracting 165,000 users who interacted with the system by telephone over 636,000 times and generated very rich interaction data. Trying to cluster the users based on their activity profile, we found that they form a continuum rather than truly distinct clusters. We did discover that, with experience, users respond faster to menus (using more barge-in) and make fewer mistakes and abortive attempts. Finally we studied how users' choice of activity evolved over time, and found that with experience users show an increasing interest in message sending, become more explorative of the system's capabilities, and better adapt themselves to its constraints. Many new users seem to arrive with some preexisting knowledge of Polly's functionality, presumably through some back-channel information from their friends. Long-term users engage in lengthier calls from the start, and take a more active interest in voice modification and forwarding features.
{"title":"Behavior analysis of low-literate users of a viral speech-based telephone service","authors":"Haohan Wang, Agha Ali Raza, Yibin Lin, R. Rosenfeld","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537062","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the behavior of users of a simple telephone-based voice modification and forwarding system, which has operated in Pakistan for about a year, attracting 165,000 users who interacted with the system by telephone over 636,000 times and generated very rich interaction data. Trying to cluster the users based on their activity profile, we found that they form a continuum rather than truly distinct clusters. We did discover that, with experience, users respond faster to menus (using more barge-in) and make fewer mistakes and abortive attempts. Finally we studied how users' choice of activity evolved over time, and found that with experience users show an increasing interest in message sending, become more explorative of the system's capabilities, and better adapt themselves to its constraints. Many new users seem to arrive with some preexisting knowledge of Polly's functionality, presumably through some back-channel information from their friends. Long-term users engage in lengthier calls from the start, and take a more active interest in voice modification and forwarding features.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117068221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marie Josée Ufitamahoro, I. Venter, W. Tucker, Carlos Rey-Moreno
The principal objective of this paper is to describe the author's fieldwork and research in a remote rural area of South Africa, where a Village Telco is deployed to provide Voice over Internet Protocol on a wireless mesh network. The users' social environment was evaluated to understand trust issues associated with the adoption of the network. Qualitative measures such as contextual inquiry, participant observation, focus group and individual interviews were used during data collection. Focus group discussions were held with community members involved with the planning of ways in which to sustain the network. Involving the community gave them a sense of commitment and ownership of the network. To maintain the network, different solutions were proposed. One of these was a billing system for the use of the network. This will be designed to meet users' needs and should also be transparent so that the community will trust it. A prototype is being developed, with input from the community, using open source software to address their requirements.
{"title":"Unmasking community trust issues in rural field work","authors":"Marie Josée Ufitamahoro, I. Venter, W. Tucker, Carlos Rey-Moreno","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537075","url":null,"abstract":"The principal objective of this paper is to describe the author's fieldwork and research in a remote rural area of South Africa, where a Village Telco is deployed to provide Voice over Internet Protocol on a wireless mesh network. The users' social environment was evaluated to understand trust issues associated with the adoption of the network. Qualitative measures such as contextual inquiry, participant observation, focus group and individual interviews were used during data collection. Focus group discussions were held with community members involved with the planning of ways in which to sustain the network. Involving the community gave them a sense of commitment and ownership of the network. To maintain the network, different solutions were proposed. One of these was a billing system for the use of the network. This will be designed to meet users' needs and should also be transparent so that the community will trust it. A prototype is being developed, with input from the community, using open source software to address their requirements.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129371828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Stevens, Michalis Vitos, Julia Altenbuchner, Gillian Conquest, Jerome Lewis, M. Haklay
With this poster we announce the imminent release of Sapelli, a new mobile data collection and sharing platform designed with a particular focus on non-literate and illiterate users.
{"title":"Introducing Sapelli: a mobile data collection platform for non-literate users","authors":"M. Stevens, Michalis Vitos, Julia Altenbuchner, Gillian Conquest, Jerome Lewis, M. Haklay","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537069","url":null,"abstract":"With this poster we announce the imminent release of Sapelli, a new mobile data collection and sharing platform designed with a particular focus on non-literate and illiterate users.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133364610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public safety of citizens, as well as crime prevention and control, are issues of great concern to the government and public safety agencies. With the existence of crime databases in the society, data mining techniques are viable tools for crime situation recognition and control. However, most existing techniques often fall short to consider relatively new itemsets during the mining process. Our research focus is to create a flexible and effective, yet simple, solution to crime situation recognition. Building upon the Fp-Growth algorithm, we present CitiSafe as a tool, with data mining in the back-end and visualisation in the front-end. The tool can assist law enforcement agencies and public safety organisations to channelize their resources accordingly to achieve a focused and effective crime prevention strategy i.e decide patrol boundaries and plan patrol routes.
{"title":"Efficient frequent pattern knowledge for crime situation recognition in developing countries","authors":"Omowunmi E. Isafiade, A. Bagula","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537073","url":null,"abstract":"Public safety of citizens, as well as crime prevention and control, are issues of great concern to the government and public safety agencies. With the existence of crime databases in the society, data mining techniques are viable tools for crime situation recognition and control. However, most existing techniques often fall short to consider relatively new itemsets during the mining process. Our research focus is to create a flexible and effective, yet simple, solution to crime situation recognition. Building upon the Fp-Growth algorithm, we present CitiSafe as a tool, with data mining in the back-end and visualisation in the front-end. The tool can assist law enforcement agencies and public safety organisations to channelize their resources accordingly to achieve a focused and effective crime prevention strategy i.e decide patrol boundaries and plan patrol routes.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"11 19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134300249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitin Rakheja, Prerna Bhatia, V. Sevani, V. Ribeiro
We present ROSALNet, a low-cost TDM mesh network which is designed to opportunistically exploit TV white spaces (TVWS) to provide broadband Internet connectivity to remote rural areas. Exploiting TV white spaces for broadband connectivity can potentially bring down the cost of wireless networks to a more affordable level. ROSALNet is implemented on commodity hardware using the open-source OpenWrt operating system. A single mesh node currently costs US$330, which is significantly cheaper than competing TVWS commercial solutions. ROSALNet can opportunistically use spectrum by looking up a white space database and by performing spectrum sensing. Our experiments with ROSALNet on a university campus demonstrate the superior coverage possible with TVWS compared to 2.4GHz. ROSALNet modifies an existing TDM mesh implementation originally designed to use WiFi bands, called FRACTEL, thereby inheriting its attractive features of low-latency and low jitter. Results from a lab testbed consisting of 4 nodes show that ROSALNet can provide an aggregate throughput of 11Mbps, which is sufficient to support triple play services.
{"title":"ROSALNet: rural opportunistic spectrum aware low cost network","authors":"Nitin Rakheja, Prerna Bhatia, V. Sevani, V. Ribeiro","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537083","url":null,"abstract":"We present ROSALNet, a low-cost TDM mesh network which is designed to opportunistically exploit TV white spaces (TVWS) to provide broadband Internet connectivity to remote rural areas. Exploiting TV white spaces for broadband connectivity can potentially bring down the cost of wireless networks to a more affordable level.\u0000 ROSALNet is implemented on commodity hardware using the open-source OpenWrt operating system. A single mesh node currently costs US$330, which is significantly cheaper than competing TVWS commercial solutions. ROSALNet can opportunistically use spectrum by looking up a white space database and by performing spectrum sensing. Our experiments with ROSALNet on a university campus demonstrate the superior coverage possible with TVWS compared to 2.4GHz. ROSALNet modifies an existing TDM mesh implementation originally designed to use WiFi bands, called FRACTEL, thereby inheriting its attractive features of low-latency and low jitter. Results from a lab testbed consisting of 4 nodes show that ROSALNet can provide an aggregate throughput of 11Mbps, which is sufficient to support triple play services.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127362987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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