D. Mathew, Amit Samarth, Zeena Johar, Aaditeshwar Seth
It is often hard to get trained doctors as primary healthcare providers in rural India. In an emergent tiered model, clinicians trained in basic health practices are deployed at rural clinics, and instructed to follow structured clinical protocols. Medical records are maintained electronically and a regular medical audit is performed on the records by skilled doctors to ensure that the clinicians stationed in rural clinics provide high quality delivery of care. Manual audit of the medical records is however non-scalable and prone to error. We describe the development of Jury, a highly configurable and extensible framework for automation of clinical audit of electronic medical records (EMRs). Socio-economic complexities and paradigmatic differences between public health research and computer science throw up interesting challenges that were tackled on the way to arriving at a solution. A pilot implementation was done for the hypertension protocol. Our field partner ICTPH has evinced interest in integrating Jury into their regular workflow.
{"title":"Jury: an automation framework for protocolised primary healthcare delivery","authors":"D. Mathew, Amit Samarth, Zeena Johar, Aaditeshwar Seth","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537059","url":null,"abstract":"It is often hard to get trained doctors as primary healthcare providers in rural India. In an emergent tiered model, clinicians trained in basic health practices are deployed at rural clinics, and instructed to follow structured clinical protocols. Medical records are maintained electronically and a regular medical audit is performed on the records by skilled doctors to ensure that the clinicians stationed in rural clinics provide high quality delivery of care. Manual audit of the medical records is however non-scalable and prone to error. We describe the development of Jury, a highly configurable and extensible framework for automation of clinical audit of electronic medical records (EMRs). Socio-economic complexities and paradigmatic differences between public health research and computer science throw up interesting challenges that were tackled on the way to arriving at a solution. A pilot implementation was done for the hypertension protocol. Our field partner ICTPH has evinced interest in integrating Jury into their regular workflow.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123166080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While ethnic segregation plays an important role in determining the development trajectories of many countries, empirical measures of the dynamics of segregation remain rudimentary. In this paper, we develop a new computational framework to model and measure fine-grained patterns of segregation from novel sources of large-scale digital data. This framework improves upon prior work by providing a method for decomposing segregation into two types that previous work has been unable to separate: social segregation, as observed in interactions between people, and spatial segregation, as determined by the co-presence of individuals in physical locations. Our primary contribution is thus to develop a set of computational and quantitative methods that can be used to study segregation using generic spatial network data. A secondary contribution is to discuss in detail the strengths, weaknesses, and implications of this approach for studying segregation in developing countries, where ethnic divisions are common but data on segregation is often plagued by issues of bias and error. Finally, to demonstrate how this framework can be used in practice, and to illustrate the differences between social and spatial segregation, we run a series of diagnostic tests using data from a single city in a large developing country in South Asia. The case study we develop is based on anonymized data from a mobile phone network, but the framework can generalize easily to a broad class of spatial network data from sources such as Twitter, social media, and networked sensors.
{"title":"Social and spatial ethnic segregation: a framework for analyzing segregation with large-scale spatial network data","authors":"J. Blumenstock, Lauren Fratamico","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537061","url":null,"abstract":"While ethnic segregation plays an important role in determining the development trajectories of many countries, empirical measures of the dynamics of segregation remain rudimentary. In this paper, we develop a new computational framework to model and measure fine-grained patterns of segregation from novel sources of large-scale digital data. This framework improves upon prior work by providing a method for decomposing segregation into two types that previous work has been unable to separate: social segregation, as observed in interactions between people, and spatial segregation, as determined by the co-presence of individuals in physical locations. Our primary contribution is thus to develop a set of computational and quantitative methods that can be used to study segregation using generic spatial network data. A secondary contribution is to discuss in detail the strengths, weaknesses, and implications of this approach for studying segregation in developing countries, where ethnic divisions are common but data on segregation is often plagued by issues of bias and error. Finally, to demonstrate how this framework can be used in practice, and to illustrate the differences between social and spatial segregation, we run a series of diagnostic tests using data from a single city in a large developing country in South Asia. The case study we develop is based on anonymized data from a mobile phone network, but the framework can generalize easily to a broad class of spatial network data from sources such as Twitter, social media, and networked sensors.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115399609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this publication, the authors describe KrishiEkta, an integrated knowledge distribution system for Indian Agriculture. KrishiEkta addresses the inadequate access of important information to various stakeholders in Indian agriculture. Access of rich internet platforms is not available to various farmers in small rural parts of the country. KrishiEkta system collects information from multiple sources through the internet on different categories falling under the theme of Agriculture. It then organizes this data into categorical models. This information with categorical information is the prepared for distribution in four different formats: SMS, tweet, Facebook post and digests e-mail. SMS are the preferred medium of information distribution among small farmers. Whereas many educated stakeholders use e-mails and social networking services. Summarized information with relevant links and identifiers per format are finally distributed to the subscribed users through the Distribution Engine.
{"title":"KrishiEkta: integrated knowledge and information distribution system for Indian agriculture","authors":"Rakshit Agrawal, Mridu Atray, S. Sundari","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537071","url":null,"abstract":"In this publication, the authors describe KrishiEkta, an integrated knowledge distribution system for Indian Agriculture. KrishiEkta addresses the inadequate access of important information to various stakeholders in Indian agriculture. Access of rich internet platforms is not available to various farmers in small rural parts of the country. KrishiEkta system collects information from multiple sources through the internet on different categories falling under the theme of Agriculture. It then organizes this data into categorical models. This information with categorical information is the prepared for distribution in four different formats: SMS, tweet, Facebook post and digests e-mail. SMS are the preferred medium of information distribution among small farmers. Whereas many educated stakeholders use e-mails and social networking services. Summarized information with relevant links and identifiers per format are finally distributed to the subscribed users through the Distribution Engine.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"333 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122848254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Little is known about how mid-range, or several km, distances affect multipoint-to-multipoint links when single radio nodes with omnidirectional antennas are used. In this poster, a real network with these characteristics is described and empirical results of its performance are presented. In particular, the effect of increasing the SlotTime value for optimizing the aggregated throughput has been analyzed. Results show the need to increase the SlotTime to considerably bigger values than those oberved for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint long-range links. With the new value of SlotTime, an increase of 115% in aggregated throughput was obtained over the standard Slottime value.
{"title":"Tuning a mid-range rural WiFi-based mesh network","authors":"Carlos Rey-Moreno, W. Tucker, F. Simó-Reigadas","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2541914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2541914","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about how mid-range, or several km, distances affect multipoint-to-multipoint links when single radio nodes with omnidirectional antennas are used. In this poster, a real network with these characteristics is described and empirical results of its performance are presented. In particular, the effect of increasing the SlotTime value for optimizing the aggregated throughput has been analyzed. Results show the need to increase the SlotTime to considerably bigger values than those oberved for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint long-range links. With the new value of SlotTime, an increase of 115% in aggregated throughput was obtained over the standard Slottime value.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126865130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We explore the limitations of existing caching mechanisms in slow networks and propose a new model of web caching designed for developing regions called interactive caching. Unlike conventional caching, interactive caching makes interacting with the cache the focus of web browsing when the connection is bad. Interactive caching achieves this by organizing the cache into topics for presentation to the user, optimizing for latency, and unaliasing cached content. In this paper we implement a prototypical version of interactive caching that includes: topic identification and presentation, a latency aware value function, DNS caching, and missing hyperlink suggestions. We evaluate our system based on a system implementation and web traces from multiple web cache deployments across different geographic locations in developing regions. We show how interactive caching can dramatically improve the user experience for slow connections by allowing users to explore the cache using trending topics that cover 60 - 80% of requests and reducing page load times by up to 72.86%.
{"title":"Interactive web caching for slow or intermittent networks","authors":"Jay Chen, L. Subramanian","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537057","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the limitations of existing caching mechanisms in slow networks and propose a new model of web caching designed for developing regions called interactive caching. Unlike conventional caching, interactive caching makes interacting with the cache the focus of web browsing when the connection is bad. Interactive caching achieves this by organizing the cache into topics for presentation to the user, optimizing for latency, and unaliasing cached content. In this paper we implement a prototypical version of interactive caching that includes: topic identification and presentation, a latency aware value function, DNS caching, and missing hyperlink suggestions. We evaluate our system based on a system implementation and web traces from multiple web cache deployments across different geographic locations in developing regions. We show how interactive caching can dramatically improve the user experience for slow connections by allowing users to explore the cache using trending topics that cover 60 - 80% of requests and reducing page load times by up to 72.86%.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134257679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael B. Motlhabi, W. Tucker, Mariam B. Parker, M. Glaser
The computing for development community knows how to build user interfaces using qualitative methods for text illiterate users, especially on mobile devices. However, little work has been done specifically targeting Deaf users in developing regions who cannot access voice or text. This paper describes a multi-disciplinary collaboration towards iterative development of a mobile communication tool to support a Deaf person in understanding usage directions for medication dispensed at a pharmacy. We are improving usability and correctness of the user interface. The tool translates medicine instruction given in English text to Sign Language videos, which are relayed to a Deaf user on a mobile phone. Communication between pharmacists and Deaf patients were studied to extract relevant exchanges between the two users. We incorporated the common elements of these dialogues to represent content in a verifiable manner to ensure that the mobile tool relays the correct information to the Deaf user. Instructions are made available for a Deaf patient in signed language videos on a mobile device. A pharmacy setup was created to conduct trials of the tool with groups of end users, in order to collect usability data with recorded participant observation, questionnaires and focus group discussions. Subsequently, pre-recorded sign language videos, stored on a phone's memory card, were tested for correctness. Results of these two activities are presented and discussed in this paper.
{"title":"Improving usability and correctness of a mobile tool to help a deaf person with pharmaceutical instruction","authors":"Michael B. Motlhabi, W. Tucker, Mariam B. Parker, M. Glaser","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537063","url":null,"abstract":"The computing for development community knows how to build user interfaces using qualitative methods for text illiterate users, especially on mobile devices. However, little work has been done specifically targeting Deaf users in developing regions who cannot access voice or text. This paper describes a multi-disciplinary collaboration towards iterative development of a mobile communication tool to support a Deaf person in understanding usage directions for medication dispensed at a pharmacy. We are improving usability and correctness of the user interface. The tool translates medicine instruction given in English text to Sign Language videos, which are relayed to a Deaf user on a mobile phone. Communication between pharmacists and Deaf patients were studied to extract relevant exchanges between the two users. We incorporated the common elements of these dialogues to represent content in a verifiable manner to ensure that the mobile tool relays the correct information to the Deaf user. Instructions are made available for a Deaf patient in signed language videos on a mobile device. A pharmacy setup was created to conduct trials of the tool with groups of end users, in order to collect usability data with recorded participant observation, questionnaires and focus group discussions. Subsequently, pre-recorded sign language videos, stored on a phone's memory card, were tested for correctness. Results of these two activities are presented and discussed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128612096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Censorship of communications is a widespread and current practice in various countries with repressive governments in order to prevent or restrict speech; political speech in particular. In many cases state-run telecommunications agencies, including those providing Internet and phone service, actively filter content or disconnect users in defense of incumbents in the face of widespread criticism by citizens. In this paper I present the results of experiments with Blacknoise, a system that uses commodity low-cost mobile telephones equipped with cameras, and takes advantage of their low-fidelity, noisy sensors in order to enable embedding of arbitrary text payloads into the images they produce. These images can then be disseminated via MMS, Bluetooth, or posting on the Internet, without requiring a separate digital camera or computer to perform processing.
{"title":"Blacknoise: lightweight low-fi steganography in defense of free speech","authors":"Michael Paik","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537054","url":null,"abstract":"Censorship of communications is a widespread and current practice in various countries with repressive governments in order to prevent or restrict speech; political speech in particular. In many cases state-run telecommunications agencies, including those providing Internet and phone service, actively filter content or disconnect users in defense of incumbents in the face of widespread criticism by citizens.\u0000 In this paper I present the results of experiments with Blacknoise, a system that uses commodity low-cost mobile telephones equipped with cameras, and takes advantage of their low-fidelity, noisy sensors in order to enable embedding of arbitrary text payloads into the images they produce. These images can then be disseminated via MMS, Bluetooth, or posting on the Internet, without requiring a separate digital camera or computer to perform processing.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126040914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Chetty, S. Sundaresan, Sachit Muckaden, N. Feamster, Enrico Calandro
Broadband penetration is increasing in South Africa, particularly on mobile devices, but little is known about the performance of fixed or mobile broadband in the country. This lack of empirical data imposes significant limitations to innovation, because broadband performance metrics help users audit their connectivity costs and regulators to make informed decisions about policies and infrastructure investments. We present the results from a measurement study of both fixed and mobile broadband connections in South Africa. We use measurement software that we implemented on mobile phones and home routers and adapted to address challenges that are unique to the developing world. Our findings suggest that consumers in South Africa are not getting advertised speeds, that mobile broadband generally has higher throughput than fixed broadband, and that interconnection between ISPs (or lack thereof) plays a significant role in determining the reliability and performance that users ultimately receive. Often, high latencies to destinations introduce significant performance bottlenecks, suggesting that, in addition to investments in higher throughput links, effort should be devoted to improving interconnection between ISPs and locating content closer to users. Our study, along with our open source technical platform, embodies an archetypal method for monitoring broadband performance in developing countries.
{"title":"Measuring broadband performance in South Africa","authors":"M. Chetty, S. Sundaresan, Sachit Muckaden, N. Feamster, Enrico Calandro","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537053","url":null,"abstract":"Broadband penetration is increasing in South Africa, particularly on mobile devices, but little is known about the performance of fixed or mobile broadband in the country. This lack of empirical data imposes significant limitations to innovation, because broadband performance metrics help users audit their connectivity costs and regulators to make informed decisions about policies and infrastructure investments. We present the results from a measurement study of both fixed and mobile broadband connections in South Africa. We use measurement software that we implemented on mobile phones and home routers and adapted to address challenges that are unique to the developing world. Our findings suggest that consumers in South Africa are not getting advertised speeds, that mobile broadband generally has higher throughput than fixed broadband, and that interconnection between ISPs (or lack thereof) plays a significant role in determining the reliability and performance that users ultimately receive. Often, high latencies to destinations introduce significant performance bottlenecks, suggesting that, in addition to investments in higher throughput links, effort should be devoted to improving interconnection between ISPs and locating content closer to users. Our study, along with our open source technical platform, embodies an archetypal method for monitoring broadband performance in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126087876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Storage in mobile phones has become increasingly important with massive usage of smartphones in recent days. People access the file system of their smartphones to store or use files and folders via different file explorer applications. Although there are numerous file explorers available in the app stores, these lack a great deal of features the users frequently demand for easy access and manipulation of the file systems of their smartphones. We have conducted interviews among smartphone users to determine the most desired and claimed aspects for the file browser applications and try to evaluate some popular file browsers according to these features' presence in them. Finally we propose a design implication for a customized file explorer application based on users' preference.
{"title":"Design implication for a customized smartphone file explorer from user feedback","authors":"Sabirat Rubya, Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537079","url":null,"abstract":"Storage in mobile phones has become increasingly important with massive usage of smartphones in recent days. People access the file system of their smartphones to store or use files and folders via different file explorer applications. Although there are numerous file explorers available in the app stores, these lack a great deal of features the users frequently demand for easy access and manipulation of the file systems of their smartphones. We have conducted interviews among smartphone users to determine the most desired and claimed aspects for the file browser applications and try to evaluate some popular file browsers according to these features' presence in them. Finally we propose a design implication for a customized file explorer application based on users' preference.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"3000 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127461438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As usage of online social networks and social media continues to experience exponential growth, the amount of data being shared between users is increasing without bound. While this has revolutionized communication for many Internet users, users in rural or developing areas connected behind slow, congested gateways are falling increasingly behind the growing bandwidth requirements of the modern Internet. To address this problem, we present Kwaabana, a system to enable efficient sharing of content between users within a given region and to support reliable sharing of content between local village users and external users on the Internet. In this work, we describe the Kwaabana architecture and evaluate its performance in the rural village of Macha, Zambia. The results show that our localized file sharing service facilitates reliable sharing amongst rural users. Importantly, it also removes the cost barrier present for similar Internet-based services. We outline the process used by Kwaabana to achieve eventual database consistency and minimize impact on the Internet gateway link when synchronizing content between local and remote servers. In addition, we discuss some of the challenges specific to designing a solution for a remote community, and how we addressed those challenges.
{"title":"Kwaabana: file sharing for rural networks","authors":"D. Johnson, E. Belding-Royer, Consider Mudenda","doi":"10.1145/2537052.2537055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2537052.2537055","url":null,"abstract":"As usage of online social networks and social media continues to experience exponential growth, the amount of data being shared between users is increasing without bound. While this has revolutionized communication for many Internet users, users in rural or developing areas connected behind slow, congested gateways are falling increasingly behind the growing bandwidth requirements of the modern Internet. To address this problem, we present Kwaabana, a system to enable efficient sharing of content between users within a given region and to support reliable sharing of content between local village users and external users on the Internet. In this work, we describe the Kwaabana architecture and evaluate its performance in the rural village of Macha, Zambia. The results show that our localized file sharing service facilitates reliable sharing amongst rural users. Importantly, it also removes the cost barrier present for similar Internet-based services. We outline the process used by Kwaabana to achieve eventual database consistency and minimize impact on the Internet gateway link when synchronizing content between local and remote servers. In addition, we discuss some of the challenges specific to designing a solution for a remote community, and how we addressed those challenges.","PeriodicalId":348018,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV-4 '13","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114394031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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