Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.34
D. Lau, Brazil Embrapa Trigo, T. B. Mar, C. D. Santos, E. Engel, P. R. Pereira, Brazil Embrapa Florestas
A tri-trophic network of domesticated grasses (host), various aphids (vector) and barley yellow dwarf virus (pathogen) species has been spread by humans from Eurasia to the rest of the world. Understanding how climate, natural and agricultural landscapes challenge pathogens, vectors, and their natural enemies and shape their dynamics is the key to managing this pathosystem. This chapter provides an overview of this complex system and its evolution. The chapter includes a case study of biological control of aphids causing wheat BYDV in Brazil. The current challenge is to create tools that integrate knowledge of this complex pathosystem and facilitate monitoring and decision making for rational management to reduce the burden of disease.
{"title":"Advances in understanding the biology and epidemiology of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)","authors":"D. Lau, Brazil Embrapa Trigo, T. B. Mar, C. D. Santos, E. Engel, P. R. Pereira, Brazil Embrapa Florestas","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.34","url":null,"abstract":"A tri-trophic network of domesticated grasses (host), various aphids (vector) and barley yellow dwarf virus (pathogen) species has been spread by humans from Eurasia to the rest of the world. Understanding how climate, natural and agricultural landscapes challenge pathogens, vectors, and their natural enemies and shape their dynamics is the key to managing this pathosystem. This chapter provides an overview of this complex system and its evolution. The chapter includes a case study of biological control of aphids causing wheat BYDV in Brazil. The current challenge is to create tools that integrate knowledge of this complex pathosystem and facilitate monitoring and decision making for rational management to reduce the burden of disease.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123017061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.32
Karl Effertz, Shaun J. Clare, S. Harkins, R. Brueggeman
An economically important disease of barley that causes significant yield and quality losses is net blotch caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora teres. To reduce the impact of net blotch the research community is engaging in basic and applied research to enhance genetic resistances, as it is the most economic and sustainable management strategy. Durable resistance against P. teres will be a major achievement towards the goal of developing widely adapted barley varieties that have high yields and quality across dynamic environments. This chapter focuses on a thorough review of the latest knowledge of both host resistance/susceptibility and pathogen virulence/avirulence in this important pathosystem, and the implications this knowledge will have on deploying sustainable resistances to this destructive pathogen of barley.
{"title":"Understanding plant–pathogen interactions in net blotch infection of cereals","authors":"Karl Effertz, Shaun J. Clare, S. Harkins, R. Brueggeman","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.32","url":null,"abstract":"An economically important disease of barley that causes significant yield and quality losses is net blotch caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora teres. To reduce the impact of net blotch the research community is engaging in basic and applied research to enhance genetic resistances, as it is the most economic and sustainable management strategy. Durable resistance against P. teres will be a major achievement towards the goal of developing widely adapted barley varieties that have high yields and quality across dynamic environments. This chapter focuses on a thorough review of the latest knowledge of both host resistance/susceptibility and pathogen virulence/avirulence in this important pathosystem, and the implications this knowledge will have on deploying sustainable resistances to this destructive pathogen of barley.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128119563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.19
R. Aboukhaddour, C. Canada, M. Hafez, S. Strelkov, M. Fernandez
Necrotrophic plant pathogens pose an important threat to crop production, and many fungi in the Pleosporales have caused the sudden emergence of major epidemics on cereal crops. Tan spot of wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is one example, and since its emergence in the 1970s, scientists have explored its virulence and interactions with the host. In this chapter, our aim is to provide a comprehensive review of the most significant landmarks in tan spot research over the past 50 years from a plant pathology perspective.
{"title":"Tan spot disease under the lenses of plant pathologists","authors":"R. Aboukhaddour, C. Canada, M. Hafez, S. Strelkov, M. Fernandez","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.19","url":null,"abstract":"Necrotrophic plant pathogens pose an important threat to crop production, and many fungi in the Pleosporales have caused the sudden emergence of major epidemics on cereal crops. Tan spot of wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is one example, and since its emergence in the 1970s, scientists have explored its virulence and interactions with the host. In this chapter, our aim is to provide a comprehensive review of the most significant landmarks in tan spot research over the past 50 years from a plant pathology perspective.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115573715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.02
Vanessa Bueno-Sancho, C. Lewis, D. Saunders
Rust fungi (order: Pucciniales) constitute the largest group of plant parasitic fungi and include many species of agricultural importance. This includes the three wheat rust fungi (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina) that have posed a threat to crop production throughout history. This chapter provides an overview of the wheat rust pathogen lifecycle that has been critical to the design of effective disease management strategies and discusses recent integration of basic biological knowledge and genomic-led tools within an epidemiological framework. Furthermore, we include a case study on the “field pathogenomics” technique, illustrating the value of genomic-based tools in disease surveillance activities. Bringing together advances in understanding basic pathogen biology, developments in modelling for disease forecasting and identification, alongside genomic-led advances in surveillance and resistance gene cloning, holds great promise for curtailing the threat of these notorious pathogens.
{"title":"Advances in understanding the biology and epidemiology of rust diseases of cereals","authors":"Vanessa Bueno-Sancho, C. Lewis, D. Saunders","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.02","url":null,"abstract":"Rust fungi (order: Pucciniales) constitute the largest group of plant parasitic fungi and include many species of agricultural importance. This includes the three wheat rust fungi (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina) that have posed a threat to crop production throughout history. This chapter provides an overview of the wheat rust pathogen lifecycle that has been critical to the design of effective disease management strategies and discusses recent integration of basic biological knowledge and genomic-led tools within an epidemiological framework. Furthermore, we include a case study on the “field pathogenomics” technique, illustrating the value of genomic-based tools in disease surveillance activities. Bringing together advances in understanding basic pathogen biology, developments in modelling for disease forecasting and identification, alongside genomic-led advances in surveillance and resistance gene cloning, holds great promise for curtailing the threat of these notorious pathogens.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130008614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.06
S. Wegulo
Cereal grains contribute more than half of the global daily calorie intake. However, cereal crops are prone to attack by plant pathogens that cause devastating losses estimated in the billions of dollars, threatening global food and economic security. One of the diseases of small grain cereals that is of major economic importance is Fusarium head blight (FHB). It affects all small grain cereals, but major economic losses occur in wheat and barley production. FHB is caused mainly by Fusarium species in the Fusarium graminearum species complex, of which F. graminearum is the predominant causal agent. Understanding the epidemiology of F. graminearum is critical to the development of effective and sustainable FHB management strategies that will reduce or prevent losses. This chapter reviews recent advances in the epidemiology of F. graminearum in cereal crops.
{"title":"Advances in understanding the epidemiology of Fusarium in cereals","authors":"S. Wegulo","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.06","url":null,"abstract":"Cereal grains contribute more than half of the global daily calorie intake. However, cereal crops are prone to attack by plant pathogens that cause devastating losses estimated in the billions of dollars, threatening global food and economic security. One of the diseases of small grain cereals that is of major economic importance is Fusarium head blight (FHB). It affects all small grain cereals, but major economic losses occur in wheat and barley production. FHB is caused mainly by Fusarium species in the Fusarium graminearum species complex, of which F. graminearum is the predominant causal agent. Understanding the epidemiology of F. graminearum is critical to the development of effective and sustainable FHB management strategies that will reduce or prevent losses. This chapter reviews recent advances in the epidemiology of F. graminearum in cereal crops.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133496433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.28
N. Havis
Ramularia leaf spot is an emerging pathogen across barley growing regions of the world. It's rise from minor to major disease has been rapid over the last twenty years. The causal pathogen, Ramularia collo-cygni is poorly understood but it has been shown to have a complex life cycle and the ability to exist on many hosts in an endophytic state. The rate of development of fungicide resistance in the fungus is also extremely fast and many of the major single site fungicides are no longer effective in many countries. With multisite fungicides having their approval or reconsidered and no consistent varietal resistance available, control of the disease is increasing challenging. This chapter reviews the latest research into Ramularia biology and control and highlights the areas where recent advances have been made.
{"title":"Ramularia leaf spot in barley","authors":"N. Havis","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.28","url":null,"abstract":"Ramularia leaf spot is an emerging pathogen across barley growing regions of the world. It's rise from minor to major disease has been rapid over the last twenty years. The causal pathogen, Ramularia collo-cygni is poorly understood but it has been shown to have a complex life cycle and the ability to exist on many hosts in an endophytic state. The rate of development of fungicide resistance in the fungus is also extremely fast and many of the major single site fungicides are no longer effective in many countries. With multisite fungicides having their approval or reconsidered and no consistent varietal resistance available, control of the disease is increasing challenging. This chapter reviews the latest research into Ramularia biology and control and highlights the areas where recent advances have been made.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114551449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.12
H. Raman
Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is one of the most important foliar diseases of winter cereal crops. Recent advances are helping to understand the genetic basis and architecture of resistance to STB. To date, at least 22 genes for qualitative resistance and over 200 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for quantitative resistance have been identified in cereals. This knowledge is enabling cereal breeding programs to develop varieties with more durable resistance to STB. This chapter reviews recent research on genetic resistance loci and breeding strategies based on both conventional and biotechnology-based breeding approaches (molecular marker/genomic-assisted breeding, genetic transformation, and gene-editing) to achieve achieving durable resistance to STB infection and minimise grain yield losses.
{"title":"Advances in breeding techniques for durable Septoria tritici blotch (STB) resistance in cereals","authors":"H. Raman","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.12","url":null,"abstract":"Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is one of the most important foliar diseases of winter cereal crops. Recent advances are helping to understand the genetic basis and architecture of resistance to STB. To date, at least 22 genes for qualitative resistance and over 200 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for quantitative resistance have been identified in cereals. This knowledge is enabling cereal breeding programs to develop varieties with more durable resistance to STB. This chapter reviews recent research on genetic resistance loci and breeding strategies based on both conventional and biotechnology-based breeding approaches (molecular marker/genomic-assisted breeding, genetic transformation, and gene-editing) to achieve achieving durable resistance to STB infection and minimise grain yield losses.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129587257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.31
Anke Martin, B. Poudel, B. A. Dahanayaka, M. McLean, L. Snyman, F. López-Ruiz, A. Resources, Australia Fisheries
Net blotches are the most widely distributed foliar diseases of barley worldwide, causing significant losses in grain yield. They occur as net form net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres and spot form net blotch caused by P. teres f. maculata. Both sexual and asexual reproduction play a role in the P. teres disease cycles leading to changes in genetic variation of populations. Breeding programs have to keep pace with pathogenic changes and ensure different sources of resistance are present in current barley cultivars. Knowledge of the genetic architecture and genes involved in virulence is thus vital to increase the durability of net blotch resistance in barley cultivars. This chapter explores the molecular biology, life-cycle and epidemiology of the net blotch fungi and discusses the key challenges we are facing in managing the net blotches using both fungicide resistance and breeding strategies to achieve durable disease resistance in barley.
{"title":"Advances in understanding the epidemiology, molecular biology and control of net blotch and the net blotch barley interaction","authors":"Anke Martin, B. Poudel, B. A. Dahanayaka, M. McLean, L. Snyman, F. López-Ruiz, A. Resources, Australia Fisheries","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.31","url":null,"abstract":"Net blotches are the most widely distributed foliar diseases of barley worldwide, causing significant losses in grain yield. They occur as net form net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres and spot form net blotch caused by P. teres f. maculata. Both sexual and asexual reproduction play a role in the P. teres disease cycles leading to changes in genetic variation of populations. Breeding programs have to keep pace with pathogenic changes and ensure different sources of resistance are present in current barley cultivars. Knowledge of the genetic architecture and genes involved in virulence is thus vital to increase the durability of net blotch resistance in barley cultivars. This chapter explores the molecular biology, life-cycle and epidemiology of the net blotch fungi and discusses the key challenges we are facing in managing the net blotches using both fungicide resistance and breeding strategies to achieve durable disease resistance in barley.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128005980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.14
Gayan K. Kariyawasam, T. Friesen
This chapter discusses understanding the plant-pathogen interaction associated with septorium nodorum blotch of wheat. It begins by reviewing the necrotrophic effector-host sensitivity gene interactions in the wheat-P. nodorum system. It then reviews the genetic relationship between NE-sensitivity gene interactions and the importance of these interactions in the field. Additional QTL associated with susceptibility/resistance to P. nodorum is also discussed, followed by a section on the impact of genome sequencing in characterizing NE-sensitivity gene interactions.
{"title":"Understanding the plant-pathogen interaction associated with Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat","authors":"Gayan K. Kariyawasam, T. Friesen","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses understanding the plant-pathogen interaction associated with septorium nodorum blotch of wheat. It begins by reviewing the necrotrophic effector-host sensitivity gene interactions in the wheat-P. nodorum system. It then reviews the genetic relationship between NE-sensitivity gene interactions and the importance of these interactions in the field. Additional QTL associated with susceptibility/resistance to P. nodorum is also discussed, followed by a section on the impact of genome sequencing in characterizing NE-sensitivity gene interactions.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131486484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.18
R. Chand, Sudhir Navathe, Sandeep Sharma
This chapter reviews advances in breeding techniques for durable resistance to spot blotch in cereals. It starts by highlighting the spread, economic importance and the disease cycle of spot blotch. The chapter then goes on to examine the diversity of the pathogen and physiological specialization. This is then followed by a discussion on the identification of resistance sources, as well as the histological, biochemical and morphological components of resistance. The chapter also reviews molecular approaches for resistance breeding, specifically focusing on quantitative trait loci (QTL and genome-wide association mapping (GWAS) studies. Resistance genes and their possible deployment are also discussed, along with a section on low molecular weight toxins and their possible role in pathogenicity. The chapter also examines necrotrophic effector triggered susceptibility and associated genes and breeding for spot blotch resistance in wheat. Breeding for spot blotch resistance in barley is also discussed, before concluding with a discussion on farmers participatory research in the release of spot blotch resistant varieties.
{"title":"Advances in breeding techniques for durable resistance to spot blotch in cereals","authors":"R. Chand, Sudhir Navathe, Sandeep Sharma","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.18","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews advances in breeding techniques for durable resistance to spot blotch in cereals. It starts by highlighting the spread, economic importance and the disease cycle of spot blotch. The chapter then goes on to examine the diversity of the pathogen and physiological specialization. This is then followed by a discussion on the identification of resistance sources, as well as the histological, biochemical and morphological components of resistance. The chapter also reviews molecular approaches for resistance breeding, specifically focusing on quantitative trait loci (QTL and genome-wide association mapping (GWAS) studies. Resistance genes and their possible deployment are also discussed, along with a section on low molecular weight toxins and their possible role in pathogenicity. The chapter also examines necrotrophic effector triggered susceptibility and associated genes and breeding for spot blotch resistance in wheat. Breeding for spot blotch resistance in barley is also discussed, before concluding with a discussion on farmers participatory research in the release of spot blotch resistant varieties.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132695462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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