Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.40
S. Ben M’Barek, Seyed Mahmoud Tabib Ghaffary
This chapter reviews progress and challenges in breeding disease-resistant cereals in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It discusses challenges in ensuring durable resistance in the face of constantly-evolving pathogen threats. It includes case studies on progress in combatting rust diseases in Iran and combatting Septoria in North Africa.
{"title":"Key challenges in breeding durable disease-resistant cereals: North Africa and West Asia","authors":"S. Ben M’Barek, Seyed Mahmoud Tabib Ghaffary","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.40","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews progress and challenges in breeding disease-resistant cereals in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It discusses challenges in ensuring durable resistance in the face of constantly-evolving pathogen threats. It includes case studies on progress in combatting rust diseases in Iran and combatting Septoria in North Africa.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125612748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.39
James K. M. Brown
Breeding cereals in Northwest Europe for durable resistance has made an important contribution to control of almost all economically significant diseases and pests of wheat, barley and oats. Durable resistance to fungal diseases is largely polygenic and quantitative, with the important exception of mlo resistance to powdery mildew of spring barley. Resistance to powdery mildew of winter wheat, spring barley and spring oats, brown rust of winter barley and Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat has been especially effective and durable. Resistance to Barley yellow mosaic virus and orange wheat blossom midge has used single genes which have so far been durable. Plant breeders are increasingly producing varieties with high or moderate resistance to all the most important diseases, and have successfully combined durable resistance with other traits which are important to farmers and end-users, including high yield, marketable grain quality and desirable agronomic properties.
{"title":"Achievements in breeding cereals with durable disease resistance in Northwest Europe","authors":"James K. M. Brown","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.39","url":null,"abstract":"Breeding cereals in Northwest Europe for durable resistance has made an important contribution to control of almost all economically significant diseases and pests of wheat, barley and oats. Durable resistance to fungal diseases is largely polygenic and quantitative, with the important exception of mlo resistance to powdery mildew of spring barley. Resistance to powdery mildew of winter wheat, spring barley and spring oats, brown rust of winter barley and Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat has been especially effective and durable. Resistance to Barley yellow mosaic virus and orange wheat blossom midge has used single genes which have so far been durable. Plant breeders are increasingly producing varieties with high or moderate resistance to all the most important diseases, and have successfully combined durable resistance with other traits which are important to farmers and end-users, including high yield, marketable grain quality and desirable agronomic properties.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"479 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127325430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.08
G. Bai, Usa Usda-Ars
Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease in wheat worldwide. Wheat resistance to FHB is a complex with five types. Each type of resistance is controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with most having minor effects and being affected by environments. This chapter describes methodologies used for evaluating different types of resistance, consolidates the QTLs for type II and Type III resistance into 26 repeatable QTLs, discusses progresses made in genetics and breeding of wheat FHB resistance, and discusses possible new breeding strategies for FHB resistance improvement. The 26 repeatable QTL were located in ~100 Mb intervals based on IWGSC reference sequence map, which will be critical QTLs for functional marker development and for improvement of FHB resistance in breeding. Genomic selection (GS) together with marker-assisted selection (MAS) coupling with phenotypic selection will facilitate accumulation of multiple QTLs from different sources to create highly resistant cultivars.
{"title":"Advances in genetic improvement of durable resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat","authors":"G. Bai, Usa Usda-Ars","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.08","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease in wheat worldwide. Wheat resistance to FHB is a complex with five types. Each type of resistance is controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with most having minor effects and being affected by environments. This chapter describes methodologies used for evaluating different types of resistance, consolidates the QTLs for type II and Type III resistance into 26 repeatable QTLs, discusses progresses made in genetics and breeding of wheat FHB resistance, and discusses possible new breeding strategies for FHB resistance improvement. The 26 repeatable QTL were located in ~100 Mb intervals based on IWGSC reference sequence map, which will be critical QTLs for functional marker development and for improvement of FHB resistance in breeding. Genomic selection (GS) together with marker-assisted selection (MAS) coupling with phenotypic selection will facilitate accumulation of multiple QTLs from different sources to create highly resistant cultivars.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115986927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.01
S. Savary, L. Willocquet
Plant breeding for host plant resistance to pathogens brings together different disciplinary domains, especially genetics and plant pathology. The strategies underpinning plant breeding have therefore, logically, been influenced by a number of paradigms that have dominated the field of disease management. This chapter provides a brief overview of these paradigms, where the authors link the implications for plant breeding. In doing so, the authors try to follow an approximate (1) linear and (2) chronological order. Yet the authors are aware that, depending on the considered crop and region, (1) there might have been occasional jumps and step-backs leading to non-linear paths, and (2) the chronology of events may have much varied.
{"title":"Global patterns of cereal diseases and the impacts of breeding for host plant resistance","authors":"S. Savary, L. Willocquet","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.01","url":null,"abstract":"Plant breeding for host plant resistance to pathogens brings together different disciplinary domains, especially genetics and plant pathology. The strategies underpinning plant breeding have therefore, logically, been influenced by a number of paradigms that have dominated the field of disease management. This chapter provides a brief overview of these paradigms, where the authors link the implications for plant breeding. In doing so, the authors try to follow an approximate (1) linear and (2) chronological order. Yet the authors are aware that, depending on the considered crop and region, (1) there might have been occasional jumps and step-backs leading to non-linear paths, and (2) the chronology of events may have much varied.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134255714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.36
T. Will, F. Ordon, D. Perović
Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most widespread and damaging viral diseases of grasses and cereal crops worldwide. Due to an increasing risk of food losses e.g. in barley by Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) as a consequence of climate change, associated by a strong demand to decrease the use of chemical insecticides, breeding for BYDV resistance is of prime importance today. This chapter describes the negative impact of BYDV on barley on multiple levels (anatomy, physiology and agronomic traits). It also demonstrates the benefits of BYDV resistance regarding a reduction in yield losses but also a decreased spread of BYDV in the field due to effects on the tritrophic interaction of virus, vector and plant. Until now, several genes and QTL are known that mediate tolerance or resistance against BYDV, respectively. The combination of genomic tools and phenotyping is the basis for the identification of these genes and recent developments facilitate to enhance this process.
{"title":"Resistance breeding in barley against Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV): avoiding negative impacts on anatomy and physiology","authors":"T. Will, F. Ordon, D. Perović","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.36","url":null,"abstract":"Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most widespread and damaging viral diseases of grasses and cereal crops worldwide. Due to an increasing risk of food losses e.g. in barley by Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) as a consequence of climate change, associated by a strong demand to decrease the use of chemical insecticides, breeding for BYDV resistance is of prime importance today. This chapter describes the negative impact of BYDV on barley on multiple levels (anatomy, physiology and agronomic traits). It also demonstrates the benefits of BYDV resistance regarding a reduction in yield losses but also a decreased spread of BYDV in the field due to effects on the tritrophic interaction of virus, vector and plant. Until now, several genes and QTL are known that mediate tolerance or resistance against BYDV, respectively. The combination of genomic tools and phenotyping is the basis for the identification of these genes and recent developments facilitate to enhance this process.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126974486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.09
S. B. Goodwin, Usa Usda-Ars
This chapter reviews advances in understanding the epidemiology of Septoria tritici blotch in cereals.
本章综述了谷物中黑穗病流行病学的研究进展。
{"title":"Advances in understanding the epidemiology of Septoria tritici blotch in cereals","authors":"S. B. Goodwin, Usa Usda-Ars","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.09","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews advances in understanding the epidemiology of Septoria tritici blotch in cereals.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128219173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.10
Y. Petit-Houdenot, M. Lebrun, G. Scalliet
Zymoseptoria is a major fungal pathogen of wheat, responsible for the Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB) disease. Recently, STB has been the subject of intensive molecular studies. Notably, massive transcriptomic analyses have helped to explore this particular bi-phasic (asymptomatic/necrotrophic) infection process. Cytological analyses have also improved our understanding of the asymptomatic phase. These advances suggest that Zymoseptoria behaves as a hemi-biotrophic fungus, acting like an endophyte during its asymptomatic phase. STB is still difficult to control. The emergence of fungicide-resistant isolates has reduced the efficacy of many fungicides requiring the development of novel fungicides and methods to counteract/reduce fungicide resistance. Likewise, because Stb-resistant wheat cultivars have all been successively defeated by virulent isolates, there is a need to identify new resistance genes in wheat, and to develop better disease resistance management methods (pyramiding, mixture/alternation) to sustainably control this pathogen.
{"title":"Understanding plant-pathogen interactions in Septoria tritici blotch infection of cereals","authors":"Y. Petit-Houdenot, M. Lebrun, G. Scalliet","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.10","url":null,"abstract":"Zymoseptoria is a major fungal pathogen of wheat, responsible for the Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB) disease. Recently, STB has been the subject of intensive molecular studies. Notably, massive transcriptomic analyses have helped to explore this particular bi-phasic (asymptomatic/necrotrophic) infection process. Cytological analyses have also improved our understanding of the asymptomatic phase. These advances suggest that Zymoseptoria behaves as a hemi-biotrophic fungus, acting like an endophyte during its asymptomatic phase. STB is still difficult to control. The emergence of fungicide-resistant isolates has reduced the efficacy of many fungicides requiring the development of novel fungicides and methods to counteract/reduce fungicide resistance. Likewise, because Stb-resistant wheat cultivars have all been successively defeated by virulent isolates, there is a need to identify new resistance genes in wheat, and to develop better disease resistance management methods (pyramiding, mixture/alternation) to sustainably control this pathogen.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130057020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.23
V. Were, N. Talbot
There are important biological process involved in rice blast disease that are now well-studied during the early events in plant infection which include: the cell biology of appressorium formation, the biology of invasive growth and effector secretion, the two distinct mechanisms of effector secretion, the nature of the plant-pathogen interface, PAMP-triggered immunity modulation by secreted effectors and effector-triggered immunity and blast resistance. The devastating losses caused by the blast fungus have been documented in most grasses, but this chapter discusses the use of major resistance genes to rice blast and wheat blast disease as an emerging threat to global food security. This chapter also highlights an emerging approach to breed for durable resistance to plant pathogens using gene editing technologies with an example: CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis of dominant S-genes for disease control.
{"title":"Investigating the biology of rice blast disease and prospects for durable resistance","authors":"V. Were, N. Talbot","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.23","url":null,"abstract":"There are important biological process involved in rice blast disease that are now well-studied during the early events in plant infection which include: the cell biology of appressorium formation, the biology of invasive growth and effector secretion, the two distinct mechanisms of effector secretion, the nature of the plant-pathogen interface, PAMP-triggered immunity modulation by secreted effectors and effector-triggered immunity and blast resistance. The devastating losses caused by the blast fungus have been documented in most grasses, but this chapter discusses the use of major resistance genes to rice blast and wheat blast disease as an emerging threat to global food security. This chapter also highlights an emerging approach to breed for durable resistance to plant pathogens using gene editing technologies with an example: CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis of dominant S-genes for disease control.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"509 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115892642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.33
J. Franckowiak, G. Platz
This chapter focuses on breeding barley for durable resistance to net and spot forms of net blotch. It starts by reviewing how Pyrenophora teres f. teres can cause net form net blotch. The chapter then goes on to examine the molecular markers that can be identified to provide resistances to net form net blotch. A section on the population dynamics of barley–P. teres f. teres interactions is also provided. The chapter also reviews how breeding crops with specific genes can help to create durable resistance to net form blotch. It moves on to discuss how Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. maculata can cause spot form net blotch and how identifying specific molecular markers can help provide resistance to this form of net blotch. The chapter concludes by highlighting the importance of combining durable resistance to both forms of net blotch.
{"title":"Breeding barley for durable resistance to net and spot forms of net blotch","authors":"J. Franckowiak, G. Platz","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.33","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on breeding barley for durable resistance to net and spot forms of net blotch. It starts by reviewing how Pyrenophora teres f. teres can cause net form net blotch. The chapter then goes on to examine the molecular markers that can be identified to provide resistances to net form net blotch. A section on the population dynamics of barley–P. teres f. teres interactions is also provided. The chapter also reviews how breeding crops with specific genes can help to create durable resistance to net form blotch. It moves on to discuss how Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. maculata can cause spot form net blotch and how identifying specific molecular markers can help provide resistance to this form of net blotch. The chapter concludes by highlighting the importance of combining durable resistance to both forms of net blotch.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121765654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0092.07
C. Kanja, Ana K. M. Wood, L. Baggaley, C. Walker, K. Hammond-Kosack
All cereal crop species are vulnerable to root, stem-base and floral diseases caused by various Fusarium species. Most problematic is Fusarium head blight because grains become contaminated with harmful mycotoxins. Currently Fusarium control using fungicides is only partially effective, whilst cultivars with acceptable resistance levels are scarce. This chapter reviews the recent advances in fundamental knowledge on the cell biology of interactions, the in planta production of trichothecene mycotoxins, Fusarium genomes/pan-genomes, newly discovered Fusarium virulence factors, small secreted effectors, plant defence components and resistance genes underlying major QTLs. These discoveries are discussed in the context of exploiting new intervention targets to achieve control through genetic modification, gene editing and HIGS. Finally, the chapter explores how to develop a more integrated approach that includes marker assisted selection in breeding programmes, removal of susceptibility loci and the inclusion of new approaches arising from plant defence, virulence and effector studies.
{"title":"Cereal-Fusarium interactions: Improved fundamental insights into Fusarium pathogenomics and cereal host resistance reveals new ways to achieve durable disease control","authors":"C. Kanja, Ana K. M. Wood, L. Baggaley, C. Walker, K. Hammond-Kosack","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0092.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.07","url":null,"abstract":"All cereal crop species are vulnerable to root, stem-base and floral diseases caused by various Fusarium species. Most problematic is Fusarium head blight because grains become contaminated with harmful mycotoxins. Currently Fusarium control using fungicides is only partially effective, whilst cultivars with acceptable resistance levels are scarce. This chapter reviews the recent advances in fundamental knowledge on the cell biology of interactions, the in planta production of trichothecene mycotoxins, Fusarium genomes/pan-genomes, newly discovered Fusarium virulence factors, small secreted effectors, plant defence components and resistance genes underlying major QTLs. These discoveries are discussed in the context of exploiting new intervention targets to achieve control through genetic modification, gene editing and HIGS. Finally, the chapter explores how to develop a more integrated approach that includes marker assisted selection in breeding programmes, removal of susceptibility loci and the inclusion of new approaches arising from plant defence, virulence and effector studies.","PeriodicalId":348317,"journal":{"name":"Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128715791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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