Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.7451/cbe.2021.63.2.13
G. Thomas, A. Simundsson, D. Mann, Simone Balocco
As agricultural machinery moves into the digital era, significant developments in available technology will likely make autonomous farm vehicles more feasible, affordable, and desirable. One of the challenges of effective autonomous vehicle control specific to agriculture is the ability of the vehicle to interpret and adapt to constantly changing conditions. Auditory information is a primary indicator of changing conditions to an in-cab operator, particularly in situations such as detecting mechanical overload in a combine. This paper explores the potential for auditory information to be used in autonomous vehicle control. The sound was recorded at a sampling rate of 48 kHz near the straw chopper of a combine for three different operating modes during the same harvest day. Samples from each clip were segmented and analyzed to extract 31 audio features. Six different feature selection methods ranked the importance of each of the 31 features to identify the features that lead to accurate classification with a minimal number of calculations. These six rankings were assessed by Fagin’s algorithm to yield two features (both mel-frequency cepstral coefficients). Twenty-five distinct machine learning classification methods were evaluated using these two features. Three of these classification methods reached 100% accuracy, and 9 classifiers exceeded an individual success rate of more than 99% using those same features. These feature extraction and classification steps took less than 1 s, assuring that such a classification system could be implemented in real-time.
{"title":"Classification of auditory signals from a combine harvester based on Mel-frequency Cepstral coefficients and machine learning.","authors":"G. Thomas, A. Simundsson, D. Mann, Simone Balocco","doi":"10.7451/cbe.2021.63.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2021.63.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"As agricultural machinery moves into the digital era, significant developments in available technology will likely make autonomous farm vehicles more feasible, affordable, and desirable. One of the challenges of effective autonomous vehicle control specific to agriculture is the ability of the vehicle to interpret and adapt to constantly changing conditions. Auditory information is a primary indicator of changing conditions to an in-cab operator, particularly in situations such as detecting mechanical overload in a combine. This paper explores the potential for auditory information to be used in autonomous vehicle control. The sound was recorded at a sampling rate of 48 kHz near the straw chopper of a combine for three different operating modes during the same harvest day. Samples from each clip were segmented and analyzed to extract 31 audio features. Six different feature selection methods ranked the importance of each of the 31 features to identify the features that lead to accurate classification with a minimal number of calculations. These six rankings were assessed by Fagin’s algorithm to yield two features (both mel-frequency cepstral coefficients). Twenty-five distinct machine learning classification methods were evaluated using these two features. Three of these classification methods reached 100% accuracy, and 9 classifiers exceeded an individual success rate of more than 99% using those same features. These feature extraction and classification steps took less than 1 s, assuring that such a classification system could be implemented in real-time.","PeriodicalId":34955,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48803022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leanne Ejack, J. Whalen, Julie Major, Barry R. Husk
Commercial growers who wish to apply biochar to their field crops will need to use conventional agricultural machinery to amend large field areas. Biochar produced by fast pyrolysis of hardwood was applied at a target rate of 5.6 t ha-1 to a single swath (10 m x 100 m) in an agricultural field in Quebec, Canada, using a commercial lime spreader. Windborne losses of up to 30% biochar occurred during handling, transportation, and application. We recommend covering and moistening the biochar before spreading, avoiding surface application on windy days, or mixing it with other materials (e.g., compost, manure) to reduce biochar loss. The biochar-amended swath and an adjacent equally sized swath that received no biochar were harrowed. The entire field was seeded with soybean in the first season, followed by an oat-forage mixture in the second season, and forage in the third season. Soybean and oat yields increased by up to 20% with biochar. In the third season, forage in the biochar-amended swath had greater nutrient concentration and higher projected milk production when used as feed for dairy cattle, based on near-infrared spectroscopy analysis. The variable cost of applying biochar was an estimated CA$2,285 ha-1, indicating the need for a complete cost-benefit analysis of farm-scale biochar applications.
希望将生物炭应用于田间作物的商业种植者将需要使用传统的农业机械来改良大面积的田地。硬木快速热解产生的生物炭以5.6 t hm -1的目标速率施用于加拿大魁北克省的一块农田(10 m x 100 m)，使用商用石灰播撒机。在处理、运输和应用过程中，高达30%的生物炭随风流失。我们建议在喷洒前覆盖并湿润生物炭，避免在刮风天表面施用，或将其与其他材料(如堆肥，粪肥)混合以减少生物炭的损失。经过生物炭处理的狭长地带和相邻同等大小的没有经过生物炭处理的狭长地带进行了耙耕。第一季全田播种大豆，第二季播种燕麦-饲料混合，第三季播种饲料。使用生物炭，大豆和燕麦的产量提高了20%。近红外光谱分析显示，第三季生物炭改良带的饲料作为奶牛饲料具有更高的营养浓度和更高的预计产奶量。应用生物炭的可变成本估计为2,285加元/公顷，这表明需要对农场规模的生物炭应用进行完整的成本效益分析。
{"title":"Biochar application on commercial field crops using farm-scale equipmen","authors":"Leanne Ejack, J. Whalen, Julie Major, Barry R. Husk","doi":"10.7451/cbe.2021.63.6.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2021.63.6.1","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial growers who wish to apply biochar to their field crops will need to use conventional agricultural machinery to amend large field areas. Biochar produced by fast pyrolysis of hardwood was applied at a target rate of 5.6 t ha-1 to a single swath (10 m x 100 m) in an agricultural field in Quebec, Canada, using a commercial lime spreader. Windborne losses of up to 30% biochar occurred during handling, transportation, and application. We recommend covering and moistening the biochar before spreading, avoiding surface application on windy days, or mixing it with other materials (e.g., compost, manure) to reduce biochar loss. The biochar-amended swath and an adjacent equally sized swath that received no biochar were harrowed. The entire field was seeded with soybean in the first season, followed by an oat-forage mixture in the second season, and forage in the third season. Soybean and oat yields increased by up to 20% with biochar. In the third season, forage in the biochar-amended swath had greater nutrient concentration and higher projected milk production when used as feed for dairy cattle, based on near-infrared spectroscopy analysis. The variable cost of applying biochar was an estimated CA$2,285 ha-1, indicating the need for a complete cost-benefit analysis of farm-scale biochar applications.","PeriodicalId":34955,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44830170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.7451/cbe.2021.63.2.23
Peng Li, Naiqian Zhang, L. Wagner, Fred Fox, D. Oard, H. Lagae, MIngqiang Han
Surface microtopography is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of the surface. Soil microtopography is a major factor influencing soil erosion by water and wind. Surface microtopography can be accurately described using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). In this study, a vehicle-based laser system was developed to generate high-resolution DEM data. The system consisted of five major components: a laser line scanner, a gyroscope sensor, a real-time kinematic GPS, a frame-rail mechanism, and a data acquisition and control unit. A series of experiments were conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the performance of the components. The result of distance measurements indicated that the system gave the most consistent distance measurement on a white paper. Static gyroscope sensor accuracy tests showed that angle measurement errors observed in combined pitch/roll rotations were larger than in single rotations. Within ±30º of single rotations, the measurement errors for pitch and roll angles were within 0.8º and 0.4º, respectively. The tests of the angular displacement on the linear rail showed that it slightly tilted towards the laser line scanner when it moved along the rail.
{"title":"A Vehicle-Based Laser System for High-Resolution DEM Development – Performance Evaluation of System Components.","authors":"Peng Li, Naiqian Zhang, L. Wagner, Fred Fox, D. Oard, H. Lagae, MIngqiang Han","doi":"10.7451/cbe.2021.63.2.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2021.63.2.23","url":null,"abstract":"Surface microtopography is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of the surface. Soil microtopography is a major factor influencing soil erosion by water and wind. Surface microtopography can be accurately described using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). In this study, a vehicle-based laser system was developed to generate high-resolution DEM data. The system consisted of five major components: a laser line scanner, a gyroscope sensor, a real-time kinematic GPS, a frame-rail mechanism, and a data acquisition and control unit. A series of experiments were conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the performance of the components. The result of distance measurements indicated that the system gave the most consistent distance measurement on a white paper. Static gyroscope sensor accuracy tests showed that angle measurement errors observed in combined pitch/roll rotations were larger than in single rotations. Within ±30º of single rotations, the measurement errors for pitch and roll angles were within 0.8º and 0.4º, respectively. The tests of the angular displacement on the linear rail showed that it slightly tilted towards the laser line scanner when it moved along the rail.","PeriodicalId":34955,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47310314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Maheswaran, M. Krishnapillai, D. Churchill, L. Galagedera
Most agricultural soils in Western Newfoundland are acidic and need lime to raise soil pH to be productive. Corner Brook Pulp and Paper Ltd produces a substantial amount of fly-ash, disposed of at a local landfill. This study was conducted to assess the potential for using fly-ash as a liming material for agricultural soil (pH 5.5) in Western Newfoundland. Heavy metal concentration in the soil and fly-ash were analysed and compared with soil and compost guidelines. As per quality guidelines, only part of the lime requirement can be substituted by fly-ash. The percentage may vary depending on initial soil pH and the desired pH for the crop to be grown. The total lime requirement can be met when fly-ash is applied combined with other soil amendments low in trace element concentration.
{"title":"Fly-ash from a pulp and paper mill: A potential liming material for agricultural soils in Western Newfoundland.","authors":"G. Maheswaran, M. Krishnapillai, D. Churchill, L. Galagedera","doi":"10.7451/cbe.2019.61.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2019.61.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Most agricultural soils in Western Newfoundland are acidic and need lime to raise soil pH to be productive. Corner Brook Pulp and Paper Ltd produces a substantial amount of fly-ash, disposed of at a local landfill. This study was conducted to assess the potential for using fly-ash as a liming material for agricultural soil (pH 5.5) in Western Newfoundland. Heavy metal concentration in the soil and fly-ash were analysed and compared with soil and compost guidelines. As per quality guidelines, only part of the lime requirement can be substituted by fly-ash. The percentage may vary depending on initial soil pH and the desired pH for the crop to be grown. The total lime requirement can be met when fly-ash is applied combined with other soil amendments low in trace element concentration.","PeriodicalId":34955,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48638482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-02DOI: 10.7451/CBE.2019.61.2.01
H. Landry
Field experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to investigate the levels of turbulence that developed in the wake of high-clearance agricultural sprayers. Ultrasonic anemometers were mounted behind the booms of two sprayers to measure local airflow for various treatments of travel speed, lateral location along the booms, longitudinal location behind the booms, and ambient wind conditions. The primary metric used in this investigation was the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). Significant differences were found in the TKE values for all the factors investigated. CFD modeling was performed to gain an understanding of the incremental contribution of various components of the sprayer to the TKE levels. Simulating the rotation of large agricultural tires indicated some level of turbulence in their wake suggesting they should not be ignored when assessing the wake of the sprayer. Simulation results also suggest that both the geometry of the sprayer and its travel speed influenced the airflow patterns. The investigation of the sprayer tractor with rotating tires revealed a large increase in TKE levels in the wake of the implement when increasing the travel speed from 2 to 8 m/s. The boom created an additional obstruction to the airflow and its own contribution to the levels of TKE, with localized impact where multiple members of the truss structure meet. This research established necessary baseline information and methodologies to support future efforts to better understand the impact of large sprayers operated at high speed.
{"title":"An investigation of airflow patterns created by high-clearance sprayers during field operations","authors":"H. Landry","doi":"10.7451/CBE.2019.61.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7451/CBE.2019.61.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"Field experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to investigate the levels of turbulence that developed in the wake of high-clearance agricultural sprayers. Ultrasonic anemometers were mounted behind the booms of two sprayers to measure local airflow for various treatments of travel speed, lateral location along the booms, longitudinal location behind the booms, and ambient wind conditions. The primary metric used in this investigation was the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). Significant differences were found in the TKE values for all the factors investigated. CFD modeling was performed to gain an understanding of the incremental contribution of various components of the sprayer to the TKE levels. Simulating the rotation of large agricultural tires indicated some level of turbulence in their wake suggesting they should not be ignored when assessing the wake of the sprayer. Simulation results also suggest that both the geometry of the sprayer and its travel speed influenced the airflow patterns. The investigation of the sprayer tractor with rotating tires revealed a large increase in TKE levels in the wake of the implement when increasing the travel speed from 2 to 8 m/s. The boom created an additional obstruction to the airflow and its own contribution to the levels of TKE, with localized impact where multiple members of the truss structure meet. This research established necessary baseline information and methodologies to support future efforts to better understand the impact of large sprayers operated at high speed.","PeriodicalId":34955,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41561594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.7451/CBE.2019.61.5.01
A. La, Qiang Zhang
A CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model was developed to simulate the movement of bioaerosols in mechanically-ventilated chambers and the results were validated with experiments. Liquid aerosols containing Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) were artificially generated in the chambers. Bioaerosol concentration was monitored with an optical particle counter until steady-state conditions were achieved (aerosols containing viruses are referred to as bioaerosols in this paper). Four treatments with two ventilation rates and two bioaerosol generation rates were tested. The standard k-ɛ turbulence model and a discrete phase model with unsteady tracking was used in an ANSYS Fluent CFD model to simulate the airflow and bioaerosol movement until steady-state was reached. A mesh refinement test was performed to select an optimal mesh size for simulations. The CFD simulations showed good agreement with the measured bioaerosol concentrations at steady-state with differences of 2% to 8%, normalized mean square error of 0.01 to 0.19, and fractional bias of 0.02 to 0.08. Simulations and validation during the transient phase could not be verified because of limited measurement locations.
{"title":"Experimental validation of CFD simulations of bioaerosol movement in a mechanically ventilated airspace","authors":"A. La, Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.7451/CBE.2019.61.5.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7451/CBE.2019.61.5.01","url":null,"abstract":"A CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model was developed to simulate the movement of bioaerosols in mechanically-ventilated chambers and the results were validated with experiments. Liquid aerosols containing Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) were artificially generated in the chambers. Bioaerosol concentration was monitored with an optical particle counter until steady-state conditions were achieved (aerosols containing viruses are referred to as bioaerosols in this paper). Four treatments with two ventilation rates and two bioaerosol generation rates were tested. The standard k-ɛ turbulence model and a discrete phase model with unsteady tracking was used in an ANSYS Fluent CFD model to simulate the airflow and bioaerosol movement until steady-state was reached. A mesh refinement test was performed to select an optimal mesh size for simulations. The CFD simulations showed good agreement with the measured bioaerosol concentrations at steady-state with differences of 2% to 8%, normalized mean square error of 0.01 to 0.19, and fractional bias of 0.02 to 0.08. Simulations and validation during the transient phase could not be verified because of limited measurement locations.","PeriodicalId":34955,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43966074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of seed germinability of mechanically-damaged soybeans using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging","authors":"C. Erkinbaev, J. Morrison, J. Paliwal","doi":"10.7451/cbe.2019.61.7.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2019.61.7.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34955,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45655477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-29DOI: 10.7451//CBE.2018.60.8.1
S. Sokhansanj, M. Ebadian, L. Townley-Smith, David Lee
The Agriculture and Agri-Food’s Biomass Inventory Mapping and Analysis Tool (BIMAT) provides internet-based GIS functionality to query and visualize biomass inventory data in Canada. The Integrated Biomass Supply Analysis and Logistics (IBSAL) model is a modularized simulation of biomass supply chain. In this study, IBSAL modules are assembled to simulate harvesting of straw, stover, and switchgrass yields. The operations in this study started from combining for grain crop residues and ended in stacking bales on the field side. The equation C=aR^b Y^c was fitted to the simulated data to estimate constants a, b, and c for cost in $/dry tonne, energy input in MJ/dry tonne, and carbon emissions in kg CO2/dry tonne. Variable R is the fraction of above ground biomass removed during harvest and Y is the yield defined as biomass above ground (dry tonne/ha). These functions are supplied to the BIMAT portal and developed specific values for costs, energy input, and emissions on the map. The farm gate cost cost for the stacked bales ranged from $20 per dry tonne for high yielding regions of southwest Edmonton and Ontario to $27 per dry tonne for the eastern Ottawa region, and $31 per dry tonne for low yielding regions of central Saskatchewan. The costs are validated with published custom rates. It is recommended that the next step is to integrate IBSAL and BIMAT codes so the logistics values are generated and shown automatically on the map.
{"title":"A simplified logistics model for integrating BIMAT and IBSAL to estimate harvest costs, energy input and emissions","authors":"S. Sokhansanj, M. Ebadian, L. Townley-Smith, David Lee","doi":"10.7451//CBE.2018.60.8.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7451//CBE.2018.60.8.1","url":null,"abstract":"The Agriculture and Agri-Food’s Biomass Inventory Mapping and Analysis Tool (BIMAT) provides internet-based GIS functionality to query and visualize biomass inventory data in Canada. The Integrated Biomass Supply Analysis and Logistics (IBSAL) model is a modularized simulation of biomass supply chain. In this study, IBSAL modules are assembled to simulate harvesting of straw, stover, and switchgrass yields. The operations in this study started from combining for grain crop residues and ended in stacking bales on the field side. The equation C=aR^b Y^c was fitted to the simulated data to estimate constants a, b, and c for cost in $/dry tonne, energy input in MJ/dry tonne, and carbon emissions in kg CO2/dry tonne. Variable R is the fraction of above ground biomass removed during harvest and Y is the yield defined as biomass above ground (dry tonne/ha). These functions are supplied to the BIMAT portal and developed specific values for costs, energy input, and emissions on the map. The farm gate cost cost for the stacked bales ranged from $20 per dry tonne for high yielding regions of southwest Edmonton and Ontario to $27 per dry tonne for the eastern Ottawa region, and $31 per dry tonne for low yielding regions of central Saskatchewan. The costs are validated with published custom rates. It is recommended that the next step is to integrate IBSAL and BIMAT codes so the logistics values are generated and shown automatically on the map.","PeriodicalId":34955,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42004109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For safe storage of canola seeds, the effect of different preharvest treatments on seed storability should be determined. Safe storage times of canola seeds (Bayer L233P) with the following five pre-harvest treatments were evaluated: swathed, Glyphosate application + straight cut, Heat and Glyphosate application + straight cut, Reglone application + straight cut, and natural ripening + straight cut. The preharvest treated seeds were stored at 20, 25, 30, or 35oC and 52, 63, 75, or 93% relative humidity (RH). The following parameters were measured to estimate the safe storage time: seed equilibrium moisture content (EMC), germination, fatty acid value (FAV), yellow seed count, and invisible mould. The measured EMCs were compared with the EMCs predicted by the equations recommended by the ASABE standard. Different pre-harvest treatments resulted in different desorption properties of canola. None of the ASABE equations was able to predict the measured EMCs correctly. Different pre-harvest treatments had different initial fungal infections. However, these differences did not affect the fungal infection, FAV, germination, and yellow seed counts, with some exceptions for swathed canola in the storage period. The yellow seed count decreased under safe storage conditions (lower than 75% RH and 25oC), but increased at 93% RH and 25oC except for the swathed canola. Therefore, canola seeds with different pre-harvest treatments had a similar storability at below 75% RH or below 30oC. However, the spoilage rates of canola with different pre-harvest treatments at storage conditions of high temperatures (≥30oC) and high RHs (≥75%) were different.
{"title":"Effect of pre-harvest treatments on equilibrium moisture contents and safe storage of canola","authors":"F. Jian, M. Mamun, D. Jayas","doi":"10.7451/cbe.2019.61.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2019.61.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"For safe storage of canola seeds, the effect of different preharvest treatments on seed storability should be determined. Safe storage times of canola seeds (Bayer L233P) with the following five pre-harvest treatments were evaluated: swathed, Glyphosate application + straight cut, Heat and Glyphosate application + straight cut, Reglone application + straight cut, and natural ripening + straight cut. The preharvest treated seeds were stored at 20, 25, 30, or 35oC and 52, 63, 75, or 93% relative humidity (RH). The following parameters were measured to estimate the safe storage time: seed equilibrium moisture content (EMC), germination, fatty acid value (FAV), yellow seed count, and invisible mould. The measured EMCs were compared with the EMCs predicted by the equations recommended by the ASABE standard. Different pre-harvest treatments resulted in different desorption properties of canola. None of the ASABE equations was able to predict the measured EMCs correctly. Different pre-harvest treatments had different initial fungal infections. However, these differences did not affect the fungal infection, FAV, germination, and yellow seed counts, with some exceptions for swathed canola in the storage period. The yellow seed count decreased under safe storage conditions (lower than 75% RH and 25oC), but increased at 93% RH and 25oC except for the swathed canola. Therefore, canola seeds with different pre-harvest treatments had a similar storability at below 75% RH or below 30oC. However, the spoilage rates of canola with different pre-harvest treatments at storage conditions of high temperatures (≥30oC) and high RHs (≥75%) were different.","PeriodicalId":34955,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71337939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Particulate matter (PM) has been documented in an increasing number of research studies as having a known or suspected negative impact on human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3.1 million deaths were caused by ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 2010. While many Canadian studies focus on health impacts from PM2.5, there is a gap with respect to rural sourced PM2.5 and health impacts in these areas. This paper reviews the impact PM2.5 has on Canadians’ health, investigates where PM2.5 data is being gathered, and outlines the sources of PM2.5 reported. Secondary inorganic aerosols that are formed in and around animal production facilities due to the higher prevalence of ammonia gas is of particular interest. The conclusion drawn is that the reporting and gathering of rural sourced PM2.5 data is lacking, leading to a gap in the data used to determine the impacts on Canadian human health.
{"title":"A review of particulate matter emissions and impacts on human health: A focus on Canadian agricultural and rural emission sources","authors":"J. Spencer, B. V. Heyst","doi":"10.7451/CBE.2018.60.6.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7451/CBE.2018.60.6.9","url":null,"abstract":"Particulate matter (PM) has been documented in an increasing number of research studies as having a known or suspected negative impact on human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3.1 million deaths were caused by ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 2010. While many Canadian studies focus on health impacts from PM2.5, there is a gap with respect to rural sourced PM2.5 and health impacts in these areas. This paper reviews the impact PM2.5 has on Canadians’ health, investigates where PM2.5 data is being gathered, and outlines the sources of PM2.5 reported. Secondary inorganic aerosols that are formed in and around animal production facilities due to the higher prevalence of ammonia gas is of particular interest. The conclusion drawn is that the reporting and gathering of rural sourced PM2.5 data is lacking, leading to a gap in the data used to determine the impacts on Canadian human health.","PeriodicalId":34955,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43741369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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