Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0016
T. Lavi
This chapter reviews theoretical and clinical issues related to living under continuous traumatic stress (CTS) due to exposure to political violence. Through an analysis of CTS experienced by the residents of the southwestern area of Israel, the chapter presents an approach to therapeutic interventions for children and families that advocates the adaptation of extant therapies to the CTS situation. An illustrative case study is presented, and the effect of external threat on the therapeutic relationship between therapist and client is discussed. The chapter concludes with recommendations for therapy with children who are exposed to CTS and suggestions for future research for assessing interventions of the kind described in this chapter.
{"title":"Therapeutic Interventions with Israeli Children Exposed to Continuous Traumatic Stress of Political Violence","authors":"T. Lavi","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews theoretical and clinical issues related to living under continuous traumatic stress (CTS) due to exposure to political violence. Through an analysis of CTS experienced by the residents of the southwestern area of Israel, the chapter presents an approach to therapeutic interventions for children and families that advocates the adaptation of extant therapies to the CTS situation. An illustrative case study is presented, and the effect of external threat on the therapeutic relationship between therapist and client is discussed. The chapter concludes with recommendations for therapy with children who are exposed to CTS and suggestions for future research for assessing interventions of the kind described in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":350570,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Political Violence and Children","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116881714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0004
Sami H. Miaari, Amit Loewenthal
In violent political conflicts, the ways in which victims both are affected by and adapt to the harsh circumstances to which they are subjected vary. Academic literature suggests differences in the ways that men, women, and children react to political violence. The research covering the socioeconomic effects of conflict is considerable, but there has not yet been a systematic review that reveals the big picture. This chapter provides such an overview by exploring the differences in vulnerabilities of different members of the household exposed to political violence, and the main mechanisms through which violent conflicts affect them. Existing literature is reviewed on the effects of violent political conflicts on families, men, women, and children in the fields of earnings, employment, education, and child labor. Strong evidence is found that exposure to political violence has a significant negative effect on human capital and labor market outcomes but that it affects men, women, and children differently.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of the Socioeconomic Effects of Exposure to Political Violence","authors":"Sami H. Miaari, Amit Loewenthal","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"In violent political conflicts, the ways in which victims both are affected by and adapt to the harsh circumstances to which they are subjected vary. Academic literature suggests differences in the ways that men, women, and children react to political violence. The research covering the socioeconomic effects of conflict is considerable, but there has not yet been a systematic review that reveals the big picture. This chapter provides such an overview by exploring the differences in vulnerabilities of different members of the household exposed to political violence, and the main mechanisms through which violent conflicts affect them. Existing literature is reviewed on the effects of violent political conflicts on families, men, women, and children in the fields of earnings, employment, education, and child labor. Strong evidence is found that exposure to political violence has a significant negative effect on human capital and labor market outcomes but that it affects men, women, and children differently.","PeriodicalId":350570,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Political Violence and Children","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134573604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0015
A. Gewirtz, Hayley A. Rahl‐Brigman, Kate L. Senich
A key factor associated with children’s resilience in the face of adversity is access to an effective parent or caregiver. Decades of research have shown that parenting practices are malleable and that improvements in parenting predict improvements in children’s development. However, the application of parenting interventions to the population of children and families affected by war and political violence is relatively new. This chapter briefly reviews the theoretical and conceptual rationale for parenting interventions in the context of political violence and war and provides data from passive and intervention studies to demonstrate the potential for parenting interventions to strengthen children’s resilience following political adversity. The chapter reviews observational parenting studies, parenting interventions for war and political violence that are based on the parenting interventions known as Generation PMTO (the Parent Management Training–Oregon model), as well as data from feasibility and randomized controlled trials.
{"title":"Promoting Resilience in Children Exposed to War and Political Violence by Strengthening Parenting","authors":"A. Gewirtz, Hayley A. Rahl‐Brigman, Kate L. Senich","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"A key factor associated with children’s resilience in the face of adversity is access to an effective parent or caregiver. Decades of research have shown that parenting practices are malleable and that improvements in parenting predict improvements in children’s development. However, the application of parenting interventions to the population of children and families affected by war and political violence is relatively new. This chapter briefly reviews the theoretical and conceptual rationale for parenting interventions in the context of political violence and war and provides data from passive and intervention studies to demonstrate the potential for parenting interventions to strengthen children’s resilience following political adversity. The chapter reviews observational parenting studies, parenting interventions for war and political violence that are based on the parenting interventions known as Generation PMTO (the Parent Management Training–Oregon model), as well as data from feasibility and randomized controlled trials.","PeriodicalId":350570,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Political Violence and Children","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117333349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0017
F. Capone
Recruiting children under the age of 15 years and using them to actively participate in hostilities is forbidden under international law and amounts to an international crime. Nonetheless, parties continue to enlist and conscript children, putting their lives in danger by exploiting them, very often not only for military purposes. After outlining the legal foundations of the prohibition on recruiting and using children, this chapter aims at providing an overview of the tools and strategies, including the UN architecture on children and armed conflict, designed and implemented to thwart the phenomenon of child soldiering. The chapter offers some critical reflections on the necessity to implement effective child-friendly post-conflict and peace-building efforts, in particular disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration processes. In fact, those efforts are still predominantly concerned with adult male fighters and, in most instances, they are unable to adequately address the specific needs of children formerly associated with armed forces or armed non-state actors, including groups labeled as terrorist.
{"title":"Children, Not Soldiers","authors":"F. Capone","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Recruiting children under the age of 15 years and using them to actively participate in hostilities is forbidden under international law and amounts to an international crime. Nonetheless, parties continue to enlist and conscript children, putting their lives in danger by exploiting them, very often not only for military purposes. After outlining the legal foundations of the prohibition on recruiting and using children, this chapter aims at providing an overview of the tools and strategies, including the UN architecture on children and armed conflict, designed and implemented to thwart the phenomenon of child soldiering. The chapter offers some critical reflections on the necessity to implement effective child-friendly post-conflict and peace-building efforts, in particular disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration processes. In fact, those efforts are still predominantly concerned with adult male fighters and, in most instances, they are unable to adequately address the specific needs of children formerly associated with armed forces or armed non-state actors, including groups labeled as terrorist.","PeriodicalId":350570,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Political Violence and Children","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117344971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0006
E. Dubow, Lynnel C. Goodman, P. Boxer, Erika Y. Niwa, L. Huesmann, S. Landau, S. D. Gvirsman, Khalil Shikaki, Cathy Smith
Political violence and armed conflict are a worldwide problem that exposes families to extreme acts of violence, disrupts community and family economic conditions, compromises family functioning and parenting behaviors, and has deleterious effects on children’s development. In this chapter, we describe two overarching, complementary theoretical frameworks that can explain how exposure to political violence affects family functioning: Bronfenbrenner’s model of hierarchically nested ecological ecosystems and a related model within developmental psychology, the family stress model. Using data from our Palestinian-Israeli exposure to violence study, a prospective study of 1,501 Palestinian and Israeli families, we examine a mediational model showing that the family’s exposure to ethnic-political violence predicts negative family functioning (parental depressive symptoms and marital aggression), which in turn predicts subsequent harsh physical punishment toward one’s children.
{"title":"Effects of Political Violence Exposure on the Family and Parenting Environment","authors":"E. Dubow, Lynnel C. Goodman, P. Boxer, Erika Y. Niwa, L. Huesmann, S. Landau, S. D. Gvirsman, Khalil Shikaki, Cathy Smith","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Political violence and armed conflict are a worldwide problem that exposes families to extreme acts of violence, disrupts community and family economic conditions, compromises family functioning and parenting behaviors, and has deleterious effects on children’s development. In this chapter, we describe two overarching, complementary theoretical frameworks that can explain how exposure to political violence affects family functioning: Bronfenbrenner’s model of hierarchically nested ecological ecosystems and a related model within developmental psychology, the family stress model. Using data from our Palestinian-Israeli exposure to violence study, a prospective study of 1,501 Palestinian and Israeli families, we examine a mediational model showing that the family’s exposure to ethnic-political violence predicts negative family functioning (parental depressive symptoms and marital aggression), which in turn predicts subsequent harsh physical punishment toward one’s children.","PeriodicalId":350570,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Political Violence and Children","volume":"546 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115636024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0012
Sophie Brickman, Meir Fox, R. Pat-Horenczyk
Continuous distress affects developing children in numerous ways and is especially consequential for children’s self-regulation abilities. During critical periods of brain development, children are especially vulnerable to the effects of trauma and violence. Exposure to trauma, including political violence, can drastically disrupt a child’s capacity for three domains of self-regulation that are crucial to healthy functioning: sensory regulation, executive functioning, and emotion regulation. Children’s self-regulation capacities are further influenced by parental regulation, which is reflected in relational emotion regulation and, at times, the subsequent manifestation of relational post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter summarizes the effects of trauma and exposure to political violence on these domains of regulation and the influence of parental co-regulation in times of continual exposure to trauma and political violence. The chapter concludes with two examples of interventions aimed at enhancing regulation capacities in children facing prolonged exposure to political violence in Israel.
{"title":"Self-Regulation Capacities in Children Exposed to Trauma and Political Violence","authors":"Sophie Brickman, Meir Fox, R. Pat-Horenczyk","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous distress affects developing children in numerous ways and is especially consequential for children’s self-regulation abilities. During critical periods of brain development, children are especially vulnerable to the effects of trauma and violence. Exposure to trauma, including political violence, can drastically disrupt a child’s capacity for three domains of self-regulation that are crucial to healthy functioning: sensory regulation, executive functioning, and emotion regulation. Children’s self-regulation capacities are further influenced by parental regulation, which is reflected in relational emotion regulation and, at times, the subsequent manifestation of relational post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter summarizes the effects of trauma and exposure to political violence on these domains of regulation and the influence of parental co-regulation in times of continual exposure to trauma and political violence. The chapter concludes with two examples of interventions aimed at enhancing regulation capacities in children facing prolonged exposure to political violence in Israel.","PeriodicalId":350570,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Political Violence and Children","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115243562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0010
M. Denov
Among the many fallouts arising from systematic wartime rape is the reality of children conceived from sexual violence. The scope of this population remains largely unknown, and research into how children born of wartime sexual violence and their mothers fare within their societies is only recently emerging. To date, little is known about the specific psychosocial consequences for these children. Drawing on the voices of the children themselves, this chapter traces the realities and perspectives of 60 children born in Lord’s Resistance Army captivity in northern Uganda. Born of war, these children are deeply affected by the social upheaval that brought about their conception. Privileging children’s voices, the chapter highlights their lives in the post-war context. Findings reveal the profound stigma and marginalization that these children endure, alongside struggles with issues of identity, belonging, and their perceived needs. The chapter also reveals participants’ use of resistance to counter negative perceptions of them by their families and communities.
{"title":"Children Born of War in Northern Uganda","authors":"M. Denov","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Among the many fallouts arising from systematic wartime rape is the reality of children conceived from sexual violence. The scope of this population remains largely unknown, and research into how children born of wartime sexual violence and their mothers fare within their societies is only recently emerging. To date, little is known about the specific psychosocial consequences for these children. Drawing on the voices of the children themselves, this chapter traces the realities and perspectives of 60 children born in Lord’s Resistance Army captivity in northern Uganda. Born of war, these children are deeply affected by the social upheaval that brought about their conception. Privileging children’s voices, the chapter highlights their lives in the post-war context. Findings reveal the profound stigma and marginalization that these children endure, alongside struggles with issues of identity, belonging, and their perceived needs. The chapter also reveals participants’ use of resistance to counter negative perceptions of them by their families and communities.","PeriodicalId":350570,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Political Violence and Children","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131345781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0019
Cécile Aptel, Saudamini Siegrist, Friedrich W. Affolter
This chapter examines the importance of transitional justice as a measure to provide remedy for children in cases of massive societal violence, such as armed conflicts, international crimes, or atrocities. It presents different transitional justice initiatives and how they have engaged children, briefly reviewing child-sensitive approaches to criminal accountability, truth-seeking initiatives, reparations programs, and institutional reforms. It recommends that children and young people be consulted and engaged when transitional justice mechanisms and processes are implemented, while protecting their best interests at all times. It highlights the importance of educational reform as a key institutional reform in furthering transitional justice. The chapter proposes that educational reform be positioned as a key instrument for transitional justice, as it plays an important role in children’s recovery, contributing to their cognitive and psychological development while concomitantly advancing social cohesion and long-term peacebuilding.
{"title":"Transitional Justice and Children","authors":"Cécile Aptel, Saudamini Siegrist, Friedrich W. Affolter","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the importance of transitional justice as a measure to provide remedy for children in cases of massive societal violence, such as armed conflicts, international crimes, or atrocities. It presents different transitional justice initiatives and how they have engaged children, briefly reviewing child-sensitive approaches to criminal accountability, truth-seeking initiatives, reparations programs, and institutional reforms. It recommends that children and young people be consulted and engaged when transitional justice mechanisms and processes are implemented, while protecting their best interests at all times. It highlights the importance of educational reform as a key institutional reform in furthering transitional justice. The chapter proposes that educational reform be positioned as a key instrument for transitional justice, as it plays an important role in children’s recovery, contributing to their cognitive and psychological development while concomitantly advancing social cohesion and long-term peacebuilding.","PeriodicalId":350570,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Political Violence and Children","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127757931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0011
Bree Akesson, Dena Badawi
Lebanon currently hosts approximately 1.5 million refugees from neighboring Syria. Within this context, Syrian families face high rates of poverty, burdensome governmental policies and regulations, a lack of affordable housing, food insecurity, family violence, and survival practices. Exacerbated by displacement, these vulnerabilities have a destabilizing effect on parents, who are struggling to meet their individual and families’ needs in a low-resource and inhospitable environment. This chapter explores how parents experience daily economic challenges that can significantly affect their ability to adequately care for their children. Data from Syrian refugee families revealed that parents’ feelings of parental adequacy were tied to their ability to provide for their children. Parents’ feelings of inadequacy contributed to an ongoing cycle of poverty for families. Increased stress on family members manifested in negative mental and physical health consequences or family members not being able to work, thereby pushing families further into economic precarity.
{"title":"“My Heart Feels Chained”","authors":"Bree Akesson, Dena Badawi","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Lebanon currently hosts approximately 1.5 million refugees from neighboring Syria. Within this context, Syrian families face high rates of poverty, burdensome governmental policies and regulations, a lack of affordable housing, food insecurity, family violence, and survival practices. Exacerbated by displacement, these vulnerabilities have a destabilizing effect on parents, who are struggling to meet their individual and families’ needs in a low-resource and inhospitable environment. This chapter explores how parents experience daily economic challenges that can significantly affect their ability to adequately care for their children. Data from Syrian refugee families revealed that parents’ feelings of parental adequacy were tied to their ability to provide for their children. Parents’ feelings of inadequacy contributed to an ongoing cycle of poverty for families. Increased stress on family members manifested in negative mental and physical health consequences or family members not being able to work, thereby pushing families further into economic precarity.","PeriodicalId":350570,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Political Violence and Children","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124278903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0008
Z. Solomon, G. Zerach, A. Siegel
This chapter reviews some of the findings of a multi-cohort longitudinal study spanning over three decades, focusing on the secondary post-traumatic stress symptoms among adult offspring of Israeli former prisoners of war (POWs) whose fathers were captured by the Egyptians and Syrians during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. The effects of captivity on the ex-POWs’ mental health and parenting as well as its consequential effects on their offspring are examined in the veterans (fathers), their wives (mothers), and their offspring. The chapter discusses offspring characteristics that may render them vulnerable or resilient: (1) gender; (2) the Big Five personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism; and (3) differentiation of self. Findings include the strong intergenerational effects of trauma, particularly on sons; very late–onset results of PTSD in the fathers; the possible mediating effects of parental PTSD; and the role of the offspring’s genetic and personality characteristics.
{"title":"Paying Attention to the Children","authors":"Z. Solomon, G. Zerach, A. Siegel","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews some of the findings of a multi-cohort longitudinal study spanning over three decades, focusing on the secondary post-traumatic stress symptoms among adult offspring of Israeli former prisoners of war (POWs) whose fathers were captured by the Egyptians and Syrians during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. The effects of captivity on the ex-POWs’ mental health and parenting as well as its consequential effects on their offspring are examined in the veterans (fathers), their wives (mothers), and their offspring. The chapter discusses offspring characteristics that may render them vulnerable or resilient: (1) gender; (2) the Big Five personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism; and (3) differentiation of self. Findings include the strong intergenerational effects of trauma, particularly on sons; very late–onset results of PTSD in the fathers; the possible mediating effects of parental PTSD; and the role of the offspring’s genetic and personality characteristics.","PeriodicalId":350570,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Political Violence and Children","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132102739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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