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Reason-based deference or ethnocentric inclusivity? Avery Kolers, Richard Rorty, and the motivational force of global solidarity 基于理性的尊重还是以种族为中心的包容?Avery Kolers、Richard Rorty和全球团结的动力
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2022.2138945
Lee Michael Shults
ABSTRACT This article uses what Patti Tamara Lenard refers to as the cosmopolitan problem of motivation to discuss the roles of loyalty in two philosophical accounts of global solidarity. Avery Kolers’ Kantian, deontological approach to solidarity as reason-based deference is contrasted with Richard Rorty's controversial, anti-Kantian description of solidarity as ethnocentric inclusivity generated through sentimental education. This article offers critical reflections on the work of these two influential thinkers and combines elements of their theories to contribute a limited but useful response to Lenard's concerns regarding loyalty and the motivation of global solidarity.
本文运用派蒂·塔玛拉·莱纳德所说的世界性动机问题,讨论了忠诚在两种全球团结的哲学解释中的作用。艾弗里·科尔斯将团结视为基于理性的服从的康德式义务论方法与理查德·罗蒂将团结视为通过情感教育产生的种族中心主义包容性的有争议的反康德式描述形成对比。本文对这两位有影响力的思想家的作品进行了批判性的反思,并结合了他们的理论元素,对Lenard关于忠诚和全球团结动机的担忧做出了有限但有用的回应。
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引用次数: 0
Human rights and ‘standard threats’: standard for whom? 人权和“标准威胁”:谁的标准?
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2023.2182341
Stacy J. Kosko
ABSTRACT Human rights instruments exist to respond to serious dangers that human beings routinely face, what Henry Shue terms ‘standard threats.’ According to Shue’s influential account of the structure of a moral right, these threats are ‘the targets of the social guarantees for the enjoyment of … a right.’ They are ‘common, or ordinary, and serious but remediable.’ Yet for individuals who struggle daily against serious, remediable threats that are common to their peer group, but do not routinely threaten mainstream society, this oversight has enormous implications for their security, subsistence, freedom, and dignity. This paper examines the three elements of Shue’s standard threat. It concludes by making the case that if we are to deploy this element of the structure of moral rights to justify social guarantees of protection, and to craft them in a way that takes proper account of human diversity, then we must ask: Standard for whom?
摘要人权文书的存在是为了应对人类经常面临的严重危险,Henry Shue称之为“标准威胁”根据舒对道德权利结构的有影响力的描述,这些威胁是“享受 … 一项权利它们是“普通的,或普通的,严肃但可以治愈的”然而,对于那些每天都在与同龄人常见的严重、可补救的威胁作斗争,但又不会经常威胁主流社会的人来说,这种监督对他们的安全、生存、自由和尊严有着巨大的影响。本文考察了舒标准威胁的三个要素。它的结论是,如果我们要利用道德权利结构的这一要素来证明保护的社会保障是合理的,并以适当考虑到人类多样性的方式来制定这些保障,那么我们必须问:为谁制定标准?
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引用次数: 0
Connecting relational wellbeing and participatory action research: reflections on ‘unlikely’ transformations among women caring for disabled children in South Africa 将关系幸福感与参与性行动研究联系起来:对南非照顾残疾儿童的妇女“不太可能”转变的思考
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2023.2186468
Elise J. van der Mark, T. Zuiderent-Jerak, C. Dedding, I. Conradie, J. Broerse
ABSTRACT Participatory action research (PAR) is a form of community-driven qualitative research which aims to collaboratively take action to improve participants’ lives. This is generally achieved through cognitive, reflexive learning cycles, whereby people ultimately enhance their wellbeing. This approach builds on two assumptions: (1) participants are able to reflect on and prioritize difficulties they face; (2) collective impetus and action are progressively achieved, ultimately leading to increased wellbeing. This article complicates these assumptions by analyzing a two-year PAR project with mothers of disabled children from a South African urban settlement. Participant observation notes, interviews, and a group discussion served as primary data. We found that mothers’ severe psychological stress and the strong intersectionality of their daily challenges hampered participation. Consequently, mothers considered the project ‘inactionable’. Yet, many women quickly started expressing important individual and collective wellbeing transformations. To understand these ‘unlikely’ transformations, a feminist relational account, in particular, that of relational wellbeing, proves essential. We reflect on the consequences of these findings for the dominant PAR methodology and operationalization, and propose to sensitize future PAR with marginalized women by employing relational wellbeing as an overarching ontological awareness.
摘要参与性行动研究(标准杆数)是一种社区驱动的定性研究形式,旨在共同采取行动改善参与者的生活。这通常是通过认知的、反射性的学习周期来实现的,通过这些周期,人们最终会提高自己的幸福感。这种方法建立在两个假设之上:(1)参与者能够反思他们所面临的困难并确定其优先级;(2) 集体动力和行动逐步实现,最终导致福祉的增加。这篇文章通过分析一个为期两年的标准杆数项目,使这些假设变得复杂,该项目涉及来自南非城市定居点的残疾儿童的母亲。参与者观察笔记、访谈和小组讨论作为主要数据。我们发现,母亲们严重的心理压力和日常挑战的强烈交叉性阻碍了她们的参与。因此,母亲们认为该项目“不可行”。然而,许多女性很快就开始表达个人和集体幸福感的重要转变。为了理解这些“不太可能”的转变,女权主义的关系描述,特别是关系幸福的描述,被证明是必不可少的。我们反思了这些发现对标准杆数主流方法和操作的影响,并建议通过将关系幸福感作为一种总体本体论意识,来提高未来标准杆数对边缘化女性的敏感性。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 编辑
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2023.2195739
Lori Keleher, D. Gasper, Vandra Harris Agisilaou, C. Koggel, Eric Palmer, Thomas R. Wells
and research that increased wellbeing happens through participants being able to re fl ect on and prioritize di ffi culties they face in a process that then leads to acquiring and achieving impetus and action toward improving their lives and wellbeing. The authors challenge these assumptions by showing that their engagement with mothers of disabled children in this South African settlement exhibited improvements to wellbeing apart from the process of being able to re fl ect, prioritize, and then act. They argue that wellbeing was enhanced in and through relationships these mothers formed with other mothers of disabled children in the study. Van der Mark et al. argue that using the lens of relationships challenges accounts that focus on and measure indi-vidual achievements of wellbeing. Their account of relational wellbeing is better able to capture the background conditions of daily and intersecting challenges that these mothers face and how improvements to wellbeing can happen in and through relationships with those similarly and locally situated as they act together to change their lives and improve their wellbeing
研究表明,通过参与者能够反思和优先考虑他们在这个过程中面临的困难,从而获得并实现改善生活和幸福感的动力和行动,从而提高幸福感。作者对这些假设提出了质疑,他们表明,在这个南非定居点,他们与残疾儿童母亲的接触除了能够反思、优先考虑并采取行动之外,还表现出了幸福感的改善。他们认为,在研究中,这些母亲与其他残疾儿童母亲建立的关系增强了幸福感。范德马克等人认为,使用关系的视角对关注和衡量个人幸福成就的账户提出了挑战。他们对关系幸福感的描述能够更好地捕捉到这些母亲面临的日常和交叉挑战的背景条件,以及在她们共同行动改变生活和改善幸福感的过程中,如何通过与处境相似和当地的母亲的关系来改善幸福感
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引用次数: 0
Deparochializing global justice: against epistemic withdrawal, towards critical departure 去狭隘化全球正义:反对认知退缩,走向批判背离
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2022.2120526
Aejaz Ahmad Wani
ABSTRACT This article critiques the ‘withdrawal approach’ to deparochializing global justice and argues for an approach that views ‘departure’ from mainstream theorization as integral to truly critical engagement. It introduces Aakash Singh Rathore’s approach to deparochialization – purportedly founded on Amartya Sen’s The Idea of Justice – as an example of ‘withdrawal approach’ which advocates repudiation of the West-centric and ‘profession-oriented’ academic debate on global justice, and promotion of context-sensitive theories. I argue that Rathore’s ‘withdrawal approach’ springs from an inaccurate reading of Sen’s The Idea of Justice and hence overlooks the critical spirit of Sen’s engagement with the global heritage of ideas and 'critical departure’ from parochial theories. This article further explores three analytical forms of parochialism that dominant theories of global justice may suffer from: epistemic, conceptual and descriptive. Using the case of India’s superrich and their culpability in global poverty, I demonstrate the parochial construction of ‘duties’ in Thomas Pogge’s theory of global poverty. I argue that deparochializing global justice, involving critical engagement with existing theorization along conceptual and descriptive lines, can illuminate a new way forward in global justice research.
本文批评了将全球正义分离的“退出方法”,并提出了一种将“偏离”主流理论化视为真正批判性参与不可或缺的方法。它介绍了Aakash Singh Rathore的部门化方法——据称是基于Amartya Sen的《正义的理念》——作为“退缩方法”的一个例子,该方法主张否定以西方为中心和“以专业为导向”的全球正义学术辩论,并促进对语境敏感的理论。我认为,拉索尔的“撤退方法”源于对森的《正义理念》的不准确解读,因此忽视了森参与全球思想遗产的批判精神和对狭隘理论的“批判性背离”。本文进一步探讨了占主导地位的全球正义理论可能遭受的三种狭隘的分析形式:认识论、概念和描述。我以印度超级富豪及其在全球贫困中的罪责为例,论证了托马斯•波格全球贫困理论中“责任”的狭隘建构。我认为,全球正义的分离化,包括沿着概念和描述性的路线对现有理论的批判性参与,可以为全球正义研究指明一条新的前进道路。
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引用次数: 0
Telling a story in a deliberation: addressing epistemic injustice and the exclusion of indigenous groups in public decision-making 在审议中讲述一个故事:解决认识上的不公正和公共决策中对土著群体的排斥
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2022.2117232
Katarina Pitasse Fragoso
ABSTRACT Deliberative scholars have suggested that citizens should be able to exchange arguments in public forums. A key element in this exchange is the rational mode of communication, which means speaking through objective argumentation. However, some feminists argue that this mode of communication may create or intensify epistemic injustices. Furthermore, we should not assume that everyone is equally equipped to take part in deliberation. Certain groups, such as Indigenous peoples, for instance, who may not be versed in rational forms of argumentation, may not be listened to or involved sufficiently in the deliberative process. Therefore, it seems we need an alternative mode of communication, such as storytelling, which is a first-person or collective narrative. Given this, how should we pursue this goal? This article aims to answer this question by analysing a local conflict involving an Indigenous tribe and a neighbouring community in Brazil and exploring the underlying testimonial and hermeneutical injustices. I argue that storytelling has an important normative and institutional role in public deliberation and show that its applied version could overcome epistemic injustices and lead to better public policies.
深思熟虑的学者建议,公民应该能够在公共论坛上进行辩论。这种交流的一个关键因素是理性的沟通方式,即通过客观的论证说话。然而,一些女权主义者认为,这种交流模式可能会造成或加剧认识上的不公正。此外,我们不应认为每个人都有同等的能力参与审议。例如,某些群体,如土著人民,可能不精通理性的辩论形式,可能没有被倾听或充分参与审议过程。因此,我们似乎需要一种替代的交流模式,比如讲故事,这是第一人称或集体叙事。有鉴于此,我们应该如何实现这一目标?本文旨在通过分析巴西一个土著部落和邻近社区的地方冲突来回答这个问题,并探讨潜在的证明和解释不公正。我认为,讲故事在公共审议中具有重要的规范和制度作用,并表明其应用版本可以克服认识上的不公正,并导致更好的公共政策。
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引用次数: 0
Cooperative duties of efficiency and efficacy 合作的效率和效力
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2022.2135578
Niels de Haan
ABSTRACT I argue that agents can have duties to cooperate with one another if this increases their combined efficiency and/or efficacy in addressing ongoing collective moral problems. I call these duties cooperative duties of efficiency and efficacy. I focus particularly on collective agents and how agents ought to reason and act in the face of global moral problems. After setting out my account, I argue that a subset of cooperative duties of efficiency and efficacy of collective agents are duties of justice in virtue of the roles these agents have taken up.
我认为,如果在解决持续存在的集体道德问题时,个体有义务相互合作,以提高它们的综合效率和/或效力。我把这些责任称为效率和效力的合作责任。我特别关注集体代理人,以及代理人在面对全球道德问题时应该如何推理和行动。在阐述了我的观点之后,我认为集体行为者的效率和效力的合作义务的一个子集是正义的义务,因为这些行为者所扮演的角色。
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引用次数: 0
Humanitarian nations 人道主义国家
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2022.2110141
Elizabeth C. Hupfer
ABSTRACT Philosophical notions of humanitarianism – duties based in beneficence that apply to humanity generally – are largely focused on personal duty as opposed to official development assistance, or foreign aid, between nations. To rectify this gap in the literature, I argue that, from the point of view of donor nations, their humanitarian obligations are met when they have given enough of their fair share of resources, and from the point of view of recipient nations, they have received enough when they have reached a threshold of capabilities. I conclude that a future theory of humanitarian obligations ought to take into account the disparate, and often conflicting, interests of nations as benefactors or as recipients of aid.
人道主义的哲学概念——基于慈善的义务,普遍适用于人类——主要集中在个人责任上,而不是国家间的官方发展援助或外国援助。为了纠正文献中的这一差距,我认为,从捐助国的角度来看,当它们提供了足够的公平份额的资源时,它们的人道主义义务就得到了履行;从受援国的角度来看,当它们达到了能力的临界值时,它们就得到了足够的资源。我的结论是,未来的人道主义义务理论应该考虑到作为援助国或受援国的不同利益,而且往往是相互冲突的利益。
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引用次数: 1
Oceanic cosmopolitanism: the complexity of waiting for future climate refugees 海洋世界主义:等待未来气候难民的复杂性
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-08-10 DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2022.2105383
Odin Lysaker
ABSTRACT Waiting may feel like wasted time for people inhabiting small, low-lying, and extremely vulnerable island states as they await rising sea levels. Their homes may soon become uninhabitable due to climate change. The interplay between accelerating natural hazards, an increasing number of climate refugees, and the lack of adequate international refugee protection can prolong their waiting time. Therefore, I examine this experience within the complexity of the waiting framework consisting of existential, legal, and natural waiting. I explore the negative implications of climate refugees’ waiting and how such waiting may be prevented.
摘要对于居住在地势低洼、极度脆弱的小岛屿国家的人们来说,等待可能是在浪费时间,因为他们在等待海平面上升。由于气候变化,他们的家可能很快就无法居住。自然灾害的加剧、气候难民数量的增加以及缺乏足够的国际难民保护之间的相互作用可能会延长他们的等待时间。因此,我在由存在、法律和自然等待组成的等待框架的复杂性中审视这一经历。我探讨了气候难民等待的负面影响,以及如何防止这种等待。
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引用次数: 1
Capabilities for epistemic liberation: the case of hermeneutical insurrection of the Network of Community Researchers in Medellin, Colombia 认识解放的能力:哥伦比亚麦德林社区研究人员网络的解释学叛乱案例
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2022.2079707
Monique Leivas Vargas, A. B. Aristizábal, Lina María Zuluaga García
ABSTRACT Community leaders in Colombia have historically suffered processes of microaggressions and intimidation that threaten the free exercise of their voice in the processes of production of knowledge and in the participation of the planning of their territories. In this article, we explore the case study of the Network of Community Researchers (NCR), also known in Spanish as Red de Investigadores Comunitarios, promoted by the University of Antioquia, Colombia. The NCR is a commitment to the co-production of knowledge about human security from below between community researchers and academics. This article analyses the contribution of the NCR to the human security of Medellin and a specific collection of capabilities for epistemic liberation of community researchers: the capability to be recognised as a producer of valid knowledge, to do through communicative openness, to learn from collective knowledge and to transform through collective action. The expansion of these four capabilities evidence processes of resistance and hermeneutic insurrection of some community leaders and activists who participate in the NCR. The analysis shows the contribution of the NCR to facilitate and generate a safe space in which community researchers communicate knowledge and practices and share experiences, risks, struggles, fears and collective dreams of transformation.
哥伦比亚的社区领导人历来遭受微侵犯和恐吓,威胁到他们在知识生产过程和参与其领土规划过程中自由表达意见。在本文中,我们探讨了由哥伦比亚安蒂奥基亚大学推动的社区研究人员网络(NCR)的案例研究,该网络在西班牙语中也被称为社区调查人员网络。NCR致力于社区研究人员和学术界从底层共同生产有关人类安全的知识。本文分析了NCR对麦德林人类安全的贡献,以及社区研究人员知识解放的具体能力集合:被认可为有效知识的生产者的能力,通过交流开放,从集体知识中学习,并通过集体行动进行转变。这四种能力的扩展证明了参与NCR的一些社区领导人和活动家的抵抗和解释学叛乱过程。分析显示了NCR在促进和创造一个安全空间方面的贡献,在这个空间中,社区研究人员交流知识和实践,分享经验、风险、斗争、恐惧和集体的转型梦想。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of Global Ethics
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