This paper introduces an unpublished cuneiform Akkadian (Late Babylonian) document on the clay tablet BM 35183 of the British Museum. This document is a part of an astronomical diary, and includes a long historical account. A part of it concerns Ardaya, “the general of Babylonia,” i.e. the commander of the army in Babylonia, and sheds new light on the collapse of Seleucid rule of Babylonia in the late 140s B.C. The new document reports that someone “abandoned” Ardaya, probably at a point between his defeat by the Elamite king Kamniskires I and the appointments of the new “general above the four generals” (governorgeneral of the Upper Satrapies of the Seleucids; however, the office’s jurisdiction seems to have been restricted to Babylonia under the Arsacids) and “the general of Babylonia” at the conquest of Babylonia by the Arsacids. Another part of the document increases our knowledge of the administration of Esagil in the late second century B.C. It mentions Bēllūmur with his title zazakku. A person Bēl-lūmur as the šatammu of Esagil is attested in two documents of the 120s and the 110s B.C. If he is the same person as Bēl-lūmur mentioned in the new document, it shows his past office in the late 140s B.C. and indicates that a person once served as the zazakku could become the šatammu.
{"title":"A New Attestation of Ardaya, the General of Babylonia under the Declining Seleucid Rule","authors":"Yasuyuki Mitsuma","doi":"10.5356/orient.53.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5356/orient.53.55","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces an unpublished cuneiform Akkadian (Late Babylonian) document on the clay tablet BM 35183 of the British Museum. This document is a part of an astronomical diary, and includes a long historical account. A part of it concerns Ardaya, “the general of Babylonia,” i.e. the commander of the army in Babylonia, and sheds new light on the collapse of Seleucid rule of Babylonia in the late 140s B.C. The new document reports that someone “abandoned” Ardaya, probably at a point between his defeat by the Elamite king Kamniskires I and the appointments of the new “general above the four generals” (governorgeneral of the Upper Satrapies of the Seleucids; however, the office’s jurisdiction seems to have been restricted to Babylonia under the Arsacids) and “the general of Babylonia” at the conquest of Babylonia by the Arsacids. Another part of the document increases our knowledge of the administration of Esagil in the late second century B.C. It mentions Bēllūmur with his title zazakku. A person Bēl-lūmur as the šatammu of Esagil is attested in two documents of the 120s and the 110s B.C. If he is the same person as Bēl-lūmur mentioned in the new document, it shows his past office in the late 140s B.C. and indicates that a person once served as the zazakku could become the šatammu.","PeriodicalId":35262,"journal":{"name":"Orient","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47577825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Mid-Fifteenth-Century Attestation of the Muhammad Shahi Ismaʿilis","authors":"Kazuo Morimoto","doi":"10.5356/orient.53.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5356/orient.53.95","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35262,"journal":{"name":"Orient","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44546251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to prove that the module system in the architectural design of Ancient Egypt was in use as early as the New Kingdom Period. I first extract the essence of the Egyptian module system evident in the elevation drawings of shrines on papyrus from the Late Period to the Greco-Roman Period, and I then extrapolate its use in works of earlier periods, mainly in depictions of shrines, furniture pieces and smaller wooden shrines, but also in a stone shrine from the time of Thutmose III. The result of this preliminary analysis shows that the use of the Egyptian module system can be traced to as early as the Eighteenth Dynasty and that more precise documentations for wooden and stone shrines known to us would be helpful to further clarify the principles of such design practice. The article later defines the characteristics of the Egyptian module system by comparing it to the Vitruvian module system, whose origin hitherto has been said to be Greek. The schematic diagrams of the Doric and Ionic systems clearly show the difference in methods of defining the dimensions of each component of a design. The Doric system represents a radial pattern, in which a single module defines the dimensions of most parts. This is identical to the module system of Ancient Egyptian shrines. The Ionic system, on the other hand, designates several dimensions as references, and as such, this system is to be regarded as multi-modular. In the historical development of the architectural styles, in order to create more elaborate system of design that would suit each culture’s architectural style and philosophy, the Doric system was perhaps based on the Egyptian system, and the Ionic system developed from the Doric.
{"title":"The Use of the Module System in Ancient Egyptian Architecture","authors":"Y. Yasuoka","doi":"10.5356/orient.53.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5356/orient.53.35","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to prove that the module system in the architectural design of Ancient Egypt was in use as early as the New Kingdom Period. I first extract the essence of the Egyptian module system evident in the elevation drawings of shrines on papyrus from the Late Period to the Greco-Roman Period, and I then extrapolate its use in works of earlier periods, mainly in depictions of shrines, furniture pieces and smaller wooden shrines, but also in a stone shrine from the time of Thutmose III. The result of this preliminary analysis shows that the use of the Egyptian module system can be traced to as early as the Eighteenth Dynasty and that more precise documentations for wooden and stone shrines known to us would be helpful to further clarify the principles of such design practice. The article later defines the characteristics of the Egyptian module system by comparing it to the Vitruvian module system, whose origin hitherto has been said to be Greek. The schematic diagrams of the Doric and Ionic systems clearly show the difference in methods of defining the dimensions of each component of a design. The Doric system represents a radial pattern, in which a single module defines the dimensions of most parts. This is identical to the module system of Ancient Egyptian shrines. The Ionic system, on the other hand, designates several dimensions as references, and as such, this system is to be regarded as multi-modular. In the historical development of the architectural styles, in order to create more elaborate system of design that would suit each culture’s architectural style and philosophy, the Doric system was perhaps based on the Egyptian system, and the Ionic system developed from the Doric.","PeriodicalId":35262,"journal":{"name":"Orient","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48473161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the flaked flint and obsidian assemblages excavated in 1990 from Tell Kashkashok I, northeast Syria. Albeit a small collection selected from limited excavations, they represent one of the rare Halafian lithic assemblages that help define the lithic craft tradition of the Syrian Jazireh during this period. The analysis shows that the assemblages belong to the Late Halafian industry characterized by the common use of the following: imported raw materials, elaborate techniques for blank production including pressure debitage, snapped rectangular blades and crescent-shaped flake-blades with backed edges for sickle elements, bifacial knives made on tabular flint, and the rare manufacturing of burins. The literature survey reveals that these traits are recognized in the Early-Middle Halafian and the Late Pottery Neolithic industries of the Syrian Jazireh, suggesting that the Halafian lithic tradition of the region was established through indigenous cultural development. At the same time, the survey reveals that they do not occur in the neighboring regions as a package but in different combinations by regions. Future research into those regionally different patterns would provide a means to interpret the complex Halafian cultural dynamics from a perspective not examined in prior research that emphasized pottery analysis.
{"title":"The Late Halafian Lithic Industry of Tell Kashkashok I, the Upper Khabur, Syria","authors":"Y. Nishiaki","doi":"10.5356/orient.53.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5356/orient.53.1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the flaked flint and obsidian assemblages excavated in 1990 from Tell Kashkashok I, northeast Syria. Albeit a small collection selected from limited excavations, they represent one of the rare Halafian lithic assemblages that help define the lithic craft tradition of the Syrian Jazireh during this period. The analysis shows that the assemblages belong to the Late Halafian industry characterized by the common use of the following: imported raw materials, elaborate techniques for blank production including pressure debitage, snapped rectangular blades and crescent-shaped flake-blades with backed edges for sickle elements, bifacial knives made on tabular flint, and the rare manufacturing of burins. The literature survey reveals that these traits are recognized in the Early-Middle Halafian and the Late Pottery Neolithic industries of the Syrian Jazireh, suggesting that the Halafian lithic tradition of the region was established through indigenous cultural development. At the same time, the survey reveals that they do not occur in the neighboring regions as a package but in different combinations by regions. Future research into those regionally different patterns would provide a means to interpret the complex Halafian cultural dynamics from a perspective not examined in prior research that emphasized pottery analysis.","PeriodicalId":35262,"journal":{"name":"Orient","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46880231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the epigraphic sources from the late third millennium BC from the city of Ur in southern Mesopotamia in order to reconstruct the organization of the city’s centrally controlled storehouse e2-kisib3-ba, and to analyze the in- and outflow of products and commodities in this facility. It is argued that a better understanding of the administrative context of this institution as it is reflected in the textual documentation can help us reconstruct in more concrete terms the overall structure of the higher levels of the so called household economy of the third millennium Sumerian city-states.
{"title":"The Administration of Storage in Early Babylonia","authors":"Magnus Widell","doi":"10.5356/orient.53.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5356/orient.53.23","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the epigraphic sources from the late third millennium BC from the city of Ur in southern Mesopotamia in order to reconstruct the organization of the city’s centrally controlled storehouse e2-kisib3-ba, and to analyze the in- and outflow of products and commodities in this facility. It is argued that a better understanding of the administrative context of this institution as it is reflected in the textual documentation can help us reconstruct in more concrete terms the overall structure of the higher levels of the so called household economy of the third millennium Sumerian city-states.","PeriodicalId":35262,"journal":{"name":"Orient","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47844177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This short article offers a revised translation and interpretation of an Ur III tablet first published by Walther Sallaberger in 1993/94. The tablet records how Iddin-Erra, in all likelihood a fuller working in the city of Ur, is receiving takkμrum garments. The text specifies that the garments were requested from all the (surrounding) textile stacks and that they should be brought to the center of Ur. This suggests that textiles were stored temporarily outside the city, or in the outskirts of the city, before they were ordered to be transported into the city proper. The article argues that this handling of the textiles within the administration of the Ur is comparable to how different food products and agricultural produce were kept in temporary storage facilities outside the city before they were brought to the central facilities of the city.
{"title":"From All the Stacks to the Center of Ur","authors":"Magnus Widell","doi":"10.5356/ORIENT.45.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5356/ORIENT.45.177","url":null,"abstract":"This short article offers a revised translation and interpretation of an Ur III tablet first published by Walther Sallaberger in 1993/94. The tablet records how Iddin-Erra, in all likelihood a fuller working in the city of Ur, is receiving takkμrum garments. The text specifies that the garments were requested from all the (surrounding) textile stacks and that they should be brought to the center of Ur. This suggests that textiles were stored temporarily outside the city, or in the outskirts of the city, before they were ordered to be transported into the city proper. The article argues that this handling of the textiles within the administration of the Ur is comparable to how different food products and agricultural produce were kept in temporary storage facilities outside the city before they were brought to the central facilities of the city.","PeriodicalId":35262,"journal":{"name":"Orient","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70616602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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