Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10611959.2019.1674095
I. Zhushchikhovskaya, Yuri G. Nikitin
This article analyzes the remains of a pottery kiln excavated at the Chernyatino 2 site in the Primor’e District on the southern mainland of the Russian Far East adjacent to the Korean Peninsula and northeastern China. The kiln’s remains have been assigned to the Krounovskaia culture of the Paleometal period and preliminarily dated to the early 1st millennium CE. The kiln is characterized by: 1) a subrectangular floor plan excavated into the soil and slightly sloped; 2) fuel and firing sections located at different levels and separated by a low step; 3) small size; 4) a tunnel-like clay dome on a stick frame. Many damaged dome fragments were found near the subrectangular kiln excavation. Based on the results of pottery sample examination, in particular scanning electron microscope [SEM] analysis, the firing temperatures in the kiln were 750–900° С. The kiln is the earliest structure for firing pottery so far recorded in the southern Russian Far East. Such kilns were invented on the Korean Peninsula in the 3rd–4th centuries CE.
{"title":"The Oldest Ceramics Kiln in the Russian Far East","authors":"I. Zhushchikhovskaya, Yuri G. Nikitin","doi":"10.1080/10611959.2019.1674095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2019.1674095","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the remains of a pottery kiln excavated at the Chernyatino 2 site in the Primor’e District on the southern mainland of the Russian Far East adjacent to the Korean Peninsula and northeastern China. The kiln’s remains have been assigned to the Krounovskaia culture of the Paleometal period and preliminarily dated to the early 1st millennium CE. The kiln is characterized by: 1) a subrectangular floor plan excavated into the soil and slightly sloped; 2) fuel and firing sections located at different levels and separated by a low step; 3) small size; 4) a tunnel-like clay dome on a stick frame. Many damaged dome fragments were found near the subrectangular kiln excavation. Based on the results of pottery sample examination, in particular scanning electron microscope [SEM] analysis, the firing temperatures in the kiln were 750–900° С. The kiln is the earliest structure for firing pottery so far recorded in the southern Russian Far East. Such kilns were invented on the Korean Peninsula in the 3rd–4th centuries CE.","PeriodicalId":35495,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611959.2019.1674095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46556395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10611959.2019.1691903
M. Balzer
{"title":"Editor’s Introduction","authors":"M. Balzer","doi":"10.1080/10611959.2019.1691903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2019.1691903","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35495,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611959.2019.1691903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46908574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10611959.2019.1674083
V. V. Gasilin, S. V. Gorbunov
The article compares data using archeo-zoological methods with ethnographic data for the first time. Brown bear and domestic dog bone mounds reveal rituals of the indigenous population of the Far East. Bear and dog bones uncovered on the central west coast of Sakhalin in front of a small grotto at the mouth of the Agnevo River establish the existence of a Nivkh sacred site. The disposal of the bones has permitted identification of the sacred site as belonging to the Ksyusvongun kin group. Traces on the bones have underscored distinctive kin group rites, distinguishing them from other Sakhalin Nivkh groups, and have indicated the possible influence of Amur Nivkh and island Ainu.
{"title":"Bear and Dog Remains From an Agnevo River Sacred Site (Central Sakhalin)","authors":"V. V. Gasilin, S. V. Gorbunov","doi":"10.1080/10611959.2019.1674083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2019.1674083","url":null,"abstract":"The article compares data using archeo-zoological methods with ethnographic data for the first time. Brown bear and domestic dog bone mounds reveal rituals of the indigenous population of the Far East. Bear and dog bones uncovered on the central west coast of Sakhalin in front of a small grotto at the mouth of the Agnevo River establish the existence of a Nivkh sacred site. The disposal of the bones has permitted identification of the sacred site as belonging to the Ksyusvongun kin group. Traces on the bones have underscored distinctive kin group rites, distinguishing them from other Sakhalin Nivkh groups, and have indicated the possible influence of Amur Nivkh and island Ainu.","PeriodicalId":35495,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611959.2019.1674083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48831116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10611959.2019.1674086
G. Korol
Examined in the article are medieval small-form toreutics [decorated nonferrous metal objects] from the territory of Mongolia, the south of the Russian Far East, and Tibet. Tibetan amulets (including medieval ones) have decoration comparable to that of belt adornments from the Kyrgyz Khaganate from the ninth through tenth centuries (Saian-Altai), the period of its dominance in Central Asia. On the basis of a critical and historical comparative analysis of the material, several levels of possible cultural influence in Central Asia and on contiguous territories have been identified.
{"title":"Cultural Influences in Central Asia and Contiguous Territories at the Turn of the First and Second Millennia C.E. (Based on the Materials of Small-Form Toreutics)","authors":"G. Korol","doi":"10.1080/10611959.2019.1674086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2019.1674086","url":null,"abstract":"Examined in the article are medieval small-form toreutics [decorated nonferrous metal objects] from the territory of Mongolia, the south of the Russian Far East, and Tibet. Tibetan amulets (including medieval ones) have decoration comparable to that of belt adornments from the Kyrgyz Khaganate from the ninth through tenth centuries (Saian-Altai), the period of its dominance in Central Asia. On the basis of a critical and historical comparative analysis of the material, several levels of possible cultural influence in Central Asia and on contiguous territories have been identified.","PeriodicalId":35495,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611959.2019.1674086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59600031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10611959.2018.1536637
Igor G. Semenov
Historical source analysis of the title “Khazar-Elteber” leads the author to conclude that the Khazars led the strongest ethnopolitical confederation in a Khanate derived from but not the same as the Western Turkic Khanate. Although the theory is acknowledged as controversial, Khazars were likely of an Ashina dynasty that consolidated political-administrative-military power after 651 Current Era.
{"title":"The Origin and Meaning of the Title “Khazar-Elteber”","authors":"Igor G. Semenov","doi":"10.1080/10611959.2018.1536637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2018.1536637","url":null,"abstract":"Historical source analysis of the title “Khazar-Elteber” leads the author to conclude that the Khazars led the strongest ethnopolitical confederation in a Khanate derived from but not the same as the Western Turkic Khanate. Although the theory is acknowledged as controversial, Khazars were likely of an Ashina dynasty that consolidated political-administrative-military power after 651 Current Era.","PeriodicalId":35495,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611959.2018.1536637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48360527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10611959.2018.1536636
D. Z. Khairetdinov
The Nizhnii Novgorod Mishar Tatars (the Nizhgars) are one of the specific groups of the Tatar people. Emerging not only, and not so much, based on religion, they represent a subethnos with its own ethnogenetic, linguistic, and cultural specifics. The Nizhgars differ from other Tatar subethnoses by a particular worldview, Mishar dialect, and rather strict marital endogamy, which continued until the 1960s. The origin of the Mishar Tatars is a controversial question that has not been resolved, due partly to sparse relevant research. Besides Turkified Madzhar-Ugrians (Mozhars), researchers have suggested Khazars, Kipchaks, and Burtas among their ancestors from the pre-Mongol period. The present article explores some of these hypotheses.
{"title":"Khazars, Kipchaks, Burtas: On the Ethnic Ancestors of the Nizhnii Novgorod Mishar Tatars","authors":"D. Z. Khairetdinov","doi":"10.1080/10611959.2018.1536636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2018.1536636","url":null,"abstract":"The Nizhnii Novgorod Mishar Tatars (the Nizhgars) are one of the specific groups of the Tatar people. Emerging not only, and not so much, based on religion, they represent a subethnos with its own ethnogenetic, linguistic, and cultural specifics. The Nizhgars differ from other Tatar subethnoses by a particular worldview, Mishar dialect, and rather strict marital endogamy, which continued until the 1960s. The origin of the Mishar Tatars is a controversial question that has not been resolved, due partly to sparse relevant research. Besides Turkified Madzhar-Ugrians (Mozhars), researchers have suggested Khazars, Kipchaks, and Burtas among their ancestors from the pre-Mongol period. The present article explores some of these hypotheses.","PeriodicalId":35495,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611959.2018.1536636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42700720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10611959.2018.1536634
S. Shchavelev
Early Rus’ chronicles include narratives of tribute extracted from Slavic tribes by the Khazar khanate. As long correctly noted in the historical literature, this practice ended with the rise of a geopolitical competitor in the form of Rus’. However, this issue has most often been covered by those specifically researching Rus’ pre-history, and not a more general political and social development of the Slavic communities [sociumy] themselves. In the latter context, the fact and the order of paying tribute to the Khazars is virtually the only—or at least the original and the key—characteristic revealed in the written sources. An examination of the phenomenon of tribute-paying among the Slavs in various regions can add more precision to some overly abstract interpretations of this practice.
{"title":"Slavic Tribute to Khazaria: New Materials for Interpretation","authors":"S. Shchavelev","doi":"10.1080/10611959.2018.1536634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2018.1536634","url":null,"abstract":"Early Rus’ chronicles include narratives of tribute extracted from Slavic tribes by the Khazar khanate. As long correctly noted in the historical literature, this practice ended with the rise of a geopolitical competitor in the form of Rus’. However, this issue has most often been covered by those specifically researching Rus’ pre-history, and not a more general political and social development of the Slavic communities [sociumy] themselves. In the latter context, the fact and the order of paying tribute to the Khazars is virtually the only—or at least the original and the key—characteristic revealed in the written sources. An examination of the phenomenon of tribute-paying among the Slavs in various regions can add more precision to some overly abstract interpretations of this practice.","PeriodicalId":35495,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611959.2018.1536634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47955188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10611959.2018.1536635
Peter P. Tolochko
This article critiques the idea that the Judaic Khazars of the late 8 th - first half of the 9 th cc. founded Kiev. That hypothesis was formulated almost a century ago, but was never taken seriously. Wide-scale archaeological investigations in Kiev have since confirmed that the concept of Khazar foundations lost validity even from the point of view of historiography. However, this “original” idea was revived by N. Golb and O. Pritsak in their publication on Judaic Khazar documents of the 10 th century. Quite unexpectedly it was presented by these scholars as “widely spread”. Then М. Goldelman, following them, defined it similarly in his entry on the Khazars in “Brief Judaic Encyclopedia”. The authors mentioned have no new documents in their disposal suggesting the outdated supposition that Khazars founded Kiev. A Hebrew letter from Kiev, even if genuine, may be the only evidence of the existence in 10 th -century Kiev of a Judaic Khazars’ community. This in no way reveals when and by whom the town was founded. Philological considerations mention a Khazar vezir named Kuia, believed to have been the founder of Kiev, as well as a Khazar tribe called Kavars (Kopyrs), who are thought to have inhabited one of the Kiev’s districts. However, these are purely abstract and do not correspond to the archaeology and historical topography of Kiev. Thus, in the book by N. Gold and 0. Pritsak, the reader encounters a myth concerning the foundation of Kiev by the Judaic Khazars that has nothing in common with historical reality.
{"title":"The Myth of the Judeo-Khazar Founding of Kiev","authors":"Peter P. Tolochko","doi":"10.1080/10611959.2018.1536635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2018.1536635","url":null,"abstract":"This article critiques the idea that the Judaic Khazars of the late 8 th - first half of the 9 th cc. founded Kiev. That hypothesis was formulated almost a century ago, but was never taken seriously. Wide-scale archaeological investigations in Kiev have since confirmed that the concept of Khazar foundations lost validity even from the point of view of historiography. However, this “original” idea was revived by N. Golb and O. Pritsak in their publication on Judaic Khazar documents of the 10 th century. Quite unexpectedly it was presented by these scholars as “widely spread”. Then М. Goldelman, following them, defined it similarly in his entry on the Khazars in “Brief Judaic Encyclopedia”. The authors mentioned have no new documents in their disposal suggesting the outdated supposition that Khazars founded Kiev. A Hebrew letter from Kiev, even if genuine, may be the only evidence of the existence in 10 th -century Kiev of a Judaic Khazars’ community. This in no way reveals when and by whom the town was founded. Philological considerations mention a Khazar vezir named Kuia, believed to have been the founder of Kiev, as well as a Khazar tribe called Kavars (Kopyrs), who are thought to have inhabited one of the Kiev’s districts. However, these are purely abstract and do not correspond to the archaeology and historical topography of Kiev. Thus, in the book by N. Gold and 0. Pritsak, the reader encounters a myth concerning the foundation of Kiev by the Judaic Khazars that has nothing in common with historical reality.","PeriodicalId":35495,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611959.2018.1536635","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45856787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10611959.2018.1536633
I. Ravich, Valerii S. Flërov
Two bronze artefacts, a mirror fragment and a dish, were found in the territory of Khazaria, at the site of Right-bank Tsimliansk fortified settlement in a household pit, and near Bolshaia Orlovka settlement in a destroyed barrow mound. Right-bank Tsimliansk fortified settlement dates to the second half of the 9th century, while the burial from Bolshaia Orlovka falls within the 8th century. Chemical and technological investigation of the artefacts showed that both were made of bronze with 20-21% tin using hot forging. Similar technology for producing vessels, mirrors and other items emerged in the 6th-4th centuries В.С.E. in Eastern [“Oriental”] territories such as Central Asia, India, Iran, and south-eastern Asia. The methodology exists in some countries today. Rather than concluding that the finds represent evidence of regular trade contacts between Khazaria and the East, the authors consider that the artefacts are unique unrepresentative finds.
{"title":"High-Tin Forged Oriental Bronzes on the Territory of Khazaria","authors":"I. Ravich, Valerii S. Flërov","doi":"10.1080/10611959.2018.1536633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2018.1536633","url":null,"abstract":"Two bronze artefacts, a mirror fragment and a dish, were found in the territory of Khazaria, at the site of Right-bank Tsimliansk fortified settlement in a household pit, and near Bolshaia Orlovka settlement in a destroyed barrow mound. Right-bank Tsimliansk fortified settlement dates to the second half of the 9th century, while the burial from Bolshaia Orlovka falls within the 8th century. Chemical and technological investigation of the artefacts showed that both were made of bronze with 20-21% tin using hot forging. Similar technology for producing vessels, mirrors and other items emerged in the 6th-4th centuries В.С.E. in Eastern [“Oriental”] territories such as Central Asia, India, Iran, and south-eastern Asia. The methodology exists in some countries today. Rather than concluding that the finds represent evidence of regular trade contacts between Khazaria and the East, the authors consider that the artefacts are unique unrepresentative finds.","PeriodicalId":35495,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10611959.2018.1536633","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45331610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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