Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.17951/bc.2023.8.237-249
Joanna Rosłon-Żmuda
The purpose of the article is to show that the world of politics is inextricably linked with the economic sphere, and that political decisions have a huge impact on the economic environment regardless of whether they are made in peacetime or during ongoing conflicts. The current armed conflict in Ukraine shows vividly how the pursuit of Russia’s strategic goals, which are contrary to the principles and norms of international law and threaten world peace, unites Western countries in making decisions aimed at forcing Russia to revise its actions. These decisions have an economic dimension to the greatest extent, because economic sanctions in the absence of military engagement are the only tool in the hands of the West. Sanctions as a means of exerting pressure change the conditions under which the economies of both the sanctioned and the imposing entities operate. The severity of sanctions depends largely on their size and duration. In addition, sanctions automatically trigger so-called market effects that can be felt universally in the global market economy. The following research methods were used in the study: analysis of the Polish-language literature, descriptive method, statistical method.
{"title":"Military Conflict in Ukraine and Its Economic Impact","authors":"Joanna Rosłon-Żmuda","doi":"10.17951/bc.2023.8.237-249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/bc.2023.8.237-249","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to show that the world of politics is inextricably linked with the economic sphere, and that political decisions have a huge impact on the economic environment regardless of whether they are made in peacetime or during ongoing conflicts. The current armed conflict in Ukraine shows vividly how the pursuit of Russia’s strategic goals, which are contrary to the principles and norms of international law and threaten world peace, unites Western countries in making decisions aimed at forcing Russia to revise its actions. These decisions have an economic dimension to the greatest extent, because economic sanctions in the absence of military engagement are the only tool in the hands of the West. Sanctions as a means of exerting pressure change the conditions under which the economies of both the sanctioned and the imposing entities operate. The severity of sanctions depends largely on their size and duration. In addition, sanctions automatically trigger so-called market effects that can be felt universally in the global market economy. The following research methods were used in the study: analysis of the Polish-language literature, descriptive method, statistical method.","PeriodicalId":355641,"journal":{"name":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis","volume":"27 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138604206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.17951/bc.2023.8.185-202
Lucyna Rajca
The aim of this paper is to examine the changes introduced to Hungarian and Polish local government under the influence of the concept of local governance, and to assess to what extent this concept has been implemented in both countries. The basic research method is comparative study. The results of the analyzes indicate that neither Poland nor Hungary has managed to fully implement this concept, but in our country it has been implemented to a greater extent than in Hungary.
{"title":"Local Governance in Poland and Hungary from a Comparative Perspective","authors":"Lucyna Rajca","doi":"10.17951/bc.2023.8.185-202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/bc.2023.8.185-202","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to examine the changes introduced to Hungarian and Polish local government under the influence of the concept of local governance, and to assess to what extent this concept has been implemented in both countries. The basic research method is comparative study. The results of the analyzes indicate that neither Poland nor Hungary has managed to fully implement this concept, but in our country it has been implemented to a greater extent than in Hungary.","PeriodicalId":355641,"journal":{"name":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis","volume":"49 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138602347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.17951/bc.2023.8.91-106
Jerzy Sielski
The paper reconstructs the doctrine of Jarosław Kaczyński and Donald Tusk. The main research methods are constructivism, the comparative and factorial methods. The main distinguishing features of the concept of political doctrine are the strategic goal, the hidden goal and the means to achieve these goals. In conclusion, the author tries to highlight the differences in the approach to the doctrine of both politicians.
{"title":"Political Doctrine of Jarosław Kaczyński and Donald Tusk","authors":"Jerzy Sielski","doi":"10.17951/bc.2023.8.91-106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/bc.2023.8.91-106","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reconstructs the doctrine of Jarosław Kaczyński and Donald Tusk. The main research methods are constructivism, the comparative and factorial methods. The main distinguishing features of the concept of political doctrine are the strategic goal, the hidden goal and the means to achieve these goals. In conclusion, the author tries to highlight the differences in the approach to the doctrine of both politicians.","PeriodicalId":355641,"journal":{"name":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138602887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.17951/bc.2023.8.73-89
Ewa Godlewska
The article indicates the following research problems: a) what is the significance of the Western Balkans for Austria and what was Austria’s position towards the plans for the EU enlargement to include the Balkan states, b) what was the public opinion’s attitude towards the above-mentioned plans and whether it had an impact on Austria’s actions at the EU level and c) were the attitudes presented consistent and uniform with respect to all candidate countries (or having the status of potential candidate countries)? The article assumes that this region is a priority for the Austrian government in terms of expanding European integration, and this approach remains unchanged and independent of internal and external factors. It was also hypothesized that Austria had an effective influence on the EU enlargement process.
{"title":"Austria’s Attitude Towards the Integration of the Western Balkans with the European Union","authors":"Ewa Godlewska","doi":"10.17951/bc.2023.8.73-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/bc.2023.8.73-89","url":null,"abstract":"The article indicates the following research problems: a) what is the significance of the Western Balkans for Austria and what was Austria’s position towards the plans for the EU enlargement to include the Balkan states, b) what was the public opinion’s attitude towards the above-mentioned plans and whether it had an impact on Austria’s actions at the EU level and c) were the attitudes presented consistent and uniform with respect to all candidate countries (or having the status of potential candidate countries)? The article assumes that this region is a priority for the Austrian government in terms of expanding European integration, and this approach remains unchanged and independent of internal and external factors. It was also hypothesized that Austria had an effective influence on the EU enlargement process.","PeriodicalId":355641,"journal":{"name":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.17951/bc.2023.8.163-184
Radosław Kubicki
The aim of the article was to examine the scope, forms, role and perception of the contemporary international impact of the historical event, which was the adoption of the Constitution of 3 May 1791. The conducted research allowed for a positive verification of the formulated hypothesis that the commemoration of the traditions of the May Constitution may constitute an important element of the Polish historical policy shaping the international image of Poland as a country that has made a significant contribution to the development of law in Europe and in the world. Answering the main research question, it was concluded that the tradition of the Third of May celebrations may constitute a common heritage and a platform for cooperation between the states whose territories were part of the First Republic, i.e. Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Latvia and alternatively Belarus. It was pointed out that annual celebrations connected with the Constitution take place primarily in Poland, the United States and recently also in Lithuania. It was also shown that the May Constitution is one of the best known fundamental laws in the world. The article is based on own research with the use of survey technique and scientific methods: historical, institutional-legal and statistical.
{"title":"Contemporary International Significance and Commemoration of the First European Constitution of 3 May 1791 – with Particular Focus on Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus and Latvia","authors":"Radosław Kubicki","doi":"10.17951/bc.2023.8.163-184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/bc.2023.8.163-184","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article was to examine the scope, forms, role and perception of the contemporary international impact of the historical event, which was the adoption of the Constitution of 3 May 1791. The conducted research allowed for a positive verification of the formulated hypothesis that the commemoration of the traditions of the May Constitution may constitute an important element of the Polish historical policy shaping the international image of Poland as a country that has made a significant contribution to the development of law in Europe and in the world. Answering the main research question, it was concluded that the tradition of the Third of May celebrations may constitute a common heritage and a platform for cooperation between the states whose territories were part of the First Republic, i.e. Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Latvia and alternatively Belarus. It was pointed out that annual celebrations connected with the Constitution take place primarily in Poland, the United States and recently also in Lithuania. It was also shown that the May Constitution is one of the best known fundamental laws in the world. The article is based on own research with the use of survey technique and scientific methods: historical, institutional-legal and statistical.","PeriodicalId":355641,"journal":{"name":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis","volume":"64 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138604978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.17951/bc.2023.8.49-72
S. Kubas
The article analyzes the problem of limiting the competences of the Hungarian legislative and judiciary at the expense of the increase in the significance of the executive after 2010. Although the Fundamental Law provides the rule of the separation of power, Viktor Orbán and his party, using their position in the parliament and government, limit the autonomy of the judiciary and legislative authorities. From the methodological perspective, the analysis is embedded in the neo institutional approach and derives from the concept of the mechanism of democracy regression proposed by Gerschewski. The main question posed in the article refers to the trajectory of limiting the autonomy of the judiciary and legislative power in Hungary after 2010.
{"title":"The Predominance of Hungarian Executive Power over the Legislative and Judiciary Authorities from the Perspective of Illiberal Democracy (2010–2021). A Neo-Institutional Approach","authors":"S. Kubas","doi":"10.17951/bc.2023.8.49-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/bc.2023.8.49-72","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the problem of limiting the competences of the Hungarian legislative and judiciary at the expense of the increase in the significance of the executive after 2010. Although the Fundamental Law provides the rule of the separation of power, Viktor Orbán and his party, using their position in the parliament and government, limit the autonomy of the judiciary and legislative authorities. From the methodological perspective, the analysis is embedded in the neo institutional approach and derives from the concept of the mechanism of democracy regression proposed by Gerschewski. The main question posed in the article refers to the trajectory of limiting the autonomy of the judiciary and legislative power in Hungary after 2010.","PeriodicalId":355641,"journal":{"name":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138604661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.17951/bc.2023.8.135-150
M. Podolak
The institution of the President of the Republic of Serbia was established under the 2006 constitution. Previous experience of the country was limited in terms of the structure of the executive power. In 1953, the office of President of Yugoslavia was introduced in the former Yugoslavia. From 1971, the function of the head of state was performed by the collective Presidium of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), consisting of representatives of individual republics and autonomous districts (i.e. Vojvodina and Kosovo). The presidium was headed by Tito, who was president for life. After his death in 1980, the function of the chairman of the Presidium was held by representatives of the republic on a rotating basis. The office of the President of the Republic of Serbia was introduced by the Basic Law of 1990 (still within the framework of the functioning of the Yugoslav federation). The provisions of the Constitution define the powers of the head of state, which are characteristic of parliamentary systems. The current president is also the president of a political party, which means that his prerogatives go far beyond the provisions provided for in the constitution.
{"title":"The Institution of the President in the Political System of the Republic of Serbia","authors":"M. Podolak","doi":"10.17951/bc.2023.8.135-150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/bc.2023.8.135-150","url":null,"abstract":"The institution of the President of the Republic of Serbia was established under the 2006 constitution. Previous experience of the country was limited in terms of the structure of the executive power. In 1953, the office of President of Yugoslavia was introduced in the former Yugoslavia. From 1971, the function of the head of state was performed by the collective Presidium of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), consisting of representatives of individual republics and autonomous districts (i.e. Vojvodina and Kosovo). The presidium was headed by Tito, who was president for life. After his death in 1980, the function of the chairman of the Presidium was held by representatives of the republic on a rotating basis. The office of the President of the Republic of Serbia was introduced by the Basic Law of 1990 (still within the framework of the functioning of the Yugoslav federation). The provisions of the Constitution define the powers of the head of state, which are characteristic of parliamentary systems. The current president is also the president of a political party, which means that his prerogatives go far beyond the provisions provided for in the constitution.","PeriodicalId":355641,"journal":{"name":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis","volume":"1 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138602053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.17951/bc.2023.8.29-47
Justyna Miecznikowska-Jerzak
The analysis developed in this paper addresses the changes that took place over the years in the Austrian election and parliamentary scene following the succession of changes in the election law. The paper discusses the amendments to the National Council Election Regulation that came into force in 1970, 1992, and 2007. Using qualitative and quantitative parameters, it shows the transformations the federal party system was subjected to, exploring the political consequences of the voting system change. The paper focuses on assessing the changes that occurred in the election and parliamentary scene after 2007, when 16-year-olds were granted voting rights and postal voting was introduced. The reflections presented in this paper aim to provide an insight into whether amending the National Council Election Regulation put a stop to the falling voter turnout, gauge what the election participation of the youngest electorate was, identify what political decisions teenage voters made and examine what changed in the Austrian party system.
{"title":"Electoral System Changes in Austria – an Assessment of the Political Consequences","authors":"Justyna Miecznikowska-Jerzak","doi":"10.17951/bc.2023.8.29-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/bc.2023.8.29-47","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis developed in this paper addresses the changes that took place over the years in the Austrian election and parliamentary scene following the succession of changes in the election law. The paper discusses the amendments to the National Council Election Regulation that came into force in 1970, 1992, and 2007. Using qualitative and quantitative parameters, it shows the transformations the federal party system was subjected to, exploring the political consequences of the voting system change. The paper focuses on assessing the changes that occurred in the election and parliamentary scene after 2007, when 16-year-olds were granted voting rights and postal voting was introduced. The reflections presented in this paper aim to provide an insight into whether amending the National Council Election Regulation put a stop to the falling voter turnout, gauge what the election participation of the youngest electorate was, identify what political decisions teenage voters made and examine what changed in the Austrian party system.","PeriodicalId":355641,"journal":{"name":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138602103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a result of the first free and democratic elections in Hungary, in May 1990, József Antall formed a government, whose foreign goal was the restoration of the sovereignty of Hungary and the support and representation of the Euro-Atlantic integration and of the Hungarians across the border. In the Hungarian-Czechoslovak bilateral relations, the new Hungarian government’s aim was to expand the political relations in both federal and republican levels. It was Hungary’s interest that serious legacies, such as the issue of the Bős-Nagymaros Dam system, should not hold back the general advance, therefore, a solution appropriate for both parties had to be found. The paper presents the Hungarian-Czechoslovak relations from the Hungarian perspective in the years 1990–1992.
{"title":"The Hungarian-Czechoslovak Relations from the Hungarian Perspective (1990–1992)","authors":"János Sáringer","doi":"10.17951/bc.2023.8.7-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/bc.2023.8.7-28","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the first free and democratic elections in Hungary, in May 1990, József Antall formed a government, whose foreign goal was the restoration of the sovereignty of Hungary and the support and representation of the Euro-Atlantic integration and of the Hungarians across the border. In the Hungarian-Czechoslovak bilateral relations, the new Hungarian government’s aim was to expand the political relations in both federal and republican levels. It was Hungary’s interest that serious legacies, such as the issue of the Bős-Nagymaros Dam system, should not hold back the general advance, therefore, a solution appropriate for both parties had to be found. The paper presents the Hungarian-Czechoslovak relations from the Hungarian perspective in the years 1990–1992.","PeriodicalId":355641,"journal":{"name":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis","volume":"76 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138604563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.17951/bc.2023.8.107-133
Natalia Maksymowicz-Mróz
The article presents the existing concepts of the ethnogenesis of the Podhale Highlanders, which seems interesting in the context of the current fashion among Highlanders for their Wallachian origin. Until now, in the literature on the subject, the view of the European origin has not been so strongly discussed. The methods adopted by the researcher include the analysis of historical studies of 19th-century researchers, as well as contemporary ethnographic materials. The material is supplemented by a pilot survey on awareness of the bonds of the Highlanders of Podhale with the inhabitants of the Carpathians.
{"title":"Carpathian Cultural Migration and Its Impact on the European Ethnogenesis of the Inhabitants of Podhale and the Tatra Mountains","authors":"Natalia Maksymowicz-Mróz","doi":"10.17951/bc.2023.8.107-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/bc.2023.8.107-133","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the existing concepts of the ethnogenesis of the Podhale Highlanders, which seems interesting in the context of the current fashion among Highlanders for their Wallachian origin. Until now, in the literature on the subject, the view of the European origin has not been so strongly discussed. The methods adopted by the researcher include the analysis of historical studies of 19th-century researchers, as well as contemporary ethnographic materials. The material is supplemented by a pilot survey on awareness of the bonds of the Highlanders of Podhale with the inhabitants of the Carpathians.","PeriodicalId":355641,"journal":{"name":"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138604808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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