Bulletin of The Department of Geology最新文献

{"title":"Lithologic and morphometric characteristics of the Chure River Basin, Central Nepal","authors":"N. Tamrakar, Dharmendra Khakurel","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7416","url":null,"abstract":"The Chure River Basin (CRB) is a small basin (width 5.75 km, length 9.74 km, perimeter 32.35 km and area 35.23 km2) with three sub-watersheds, and is crossed by the Tribhuvan Highway that may be threatened by riverine and allied processes. The geology and morphometry of the basin were studied to search for status of the basin development andriver dynamism. The Chure River is a sixth order river fed by rainstorm, and has length ratio of 2.79, indicating nearly three times the average length of its fifth order segment, showing notable competency. The mean bifurcation ratio of the Chure River is 3.20, showing immature nature of the CRB. Drainage texture (DT) varies from moderate (0.64–0.96) to very fine (0–0.32). The Chure River is sinuous (K =1.18). The relative relief (RR) is moderately low (15–30) to moderately high (120–240) and dissection index (DI) is moderate (0.2–0.3) to high (0.3–0.4). The CRB carries varied lithology; gravelly to coarse sandy and medium sandy and muddy, from the north to the south extension of the basin. Fine to very fine DT found in large areas because of loosely consolidated and soft lithology. Even where rocks are stiff, the presence of discontinuity has perhaps influenced the DT. Very fine to fine DT coupled with elongate nature of the basin (as indicated by low value of form factor, 0.37) is vulnerable to greater competency of the river during high rainfall. RR slope and DI are found to be high in the cliff- forming lithology (stiff and well cemented), and low in other areas. High dissection, high slopes and high relief show active and immature nature of the CRB, indicating susceptibility of further incision of the Siwalik Hills and aggravation of erosion and slope movements by the immature rivers in the CRB. Presence of knick points along the river profile reflects affinity of the river to incision. The sinuosity, radius of curvature, and bifurcation ratio, all indicate immaturity of the basin. The hypsometric analysis indicates inverse relationship between the elevation and the cumulative %area, showing active erosional condition of the basin. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v15i0.7416 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 15, 2012, pp. 35-48","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131421442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basinal and planform characteristics of the Kodku and the Godavari Rivers, Kathmandu, Central Nepal","authors":"N. Tamrakar, R. Bajracharya","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7414","url":null,"abstract":"The rivers of the Kathmandu Basin are vulnerable to flash floods and disturbances caused by anthropogenic as well as climatic changes. Two southern tributaries of the Bagmati River: the Kodku and the Godavari Rivers, have been considered for their (i) watershed-scale geomorphic parameters such as relative relief, drainage texture and stream order, (ii) stretchscale planform parameters such as sinuosity (K), meander belt width (W blt ), meander wavelength (L m ) and radius of curvature (R c ), and (ii) longitudinal profiles and slopes. Both Kodku and the Godavari Rivers are elongate basins with wide ranges of the watershed-scale parameters. The Godavari River is longer, larger and more sinuous compared to the Kodku River. The development of the patterns of the fifth order main stem stretches of both rivers with respect to the stream slopes, and asymmetric patterns of the meander loops indicate anomalous growth of the river stretches. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v15i0.7414 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 15, 2012, pp. 15-22","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132685506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological setting and lithostratigraphy of Bandipur-Gondrang area of Lesser Himalaya, central Nepal","authors":"K. Paudyal, L. Adhikari, N. Maharjan, L. Paudel","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7417","url":null,"abstract":"Detailed geological mapping was carried out in the Bandipur-Gondrang area of Tanahun district to clarify the geological set up and stratigraphy of the area. Wherever possible, geological mapping is based on stratigraphic units proposed by Stocklin and Bhattarai (1977) in central Nepal and the present mapping is the west ward continuation from Mugling-Banspani area (Paudyal and Paudel, 2011). The study area comprises low grade metasedimentary rocks of Nawakot Complex. The rock succession of the area are divided into six formations as the Kunchha Formation, the Fagfog Quartzite, the Dandagaon Phyllite, the Nourpul Formation with four members, the Dhading Dolomite and the Benighat Slates in stratigraphic upwards. The former four formations belong to Upper Nawakot Group and the remaining one belongs to the Lower Nawakot Group of Nawakot Complex (Stocklin and Bhattarai, 1977). Based on lithology, the Nourpul Formation is divided into the Purebensi Quartzite, the Amdanda Phyllite, the Labdi Khola Member and the Bandipur Slate from bottom to top respectively. The Purebensi Quartzite is lithologically distinct in the field; the Labdi Khola Member is significant with copper and iron mineralization in the area, and the Bandipur Slate is also significant with roofing quality slate, however, the Amdanda Phyllite is mapped as an intervening member between significant lithologies. The rocks of the present study area consist of several sedimentary structures like mud cracks, ripple marks, graded bedding and cross and parallel laminations. A broad Ghumaune- Gondran Synclinorium is mapped in the area. In addition to this, several anticlines and synclines are also mapped in the study area. Jalbhanjyang Thrust has brought the older metasedimentary rocks of the Nawakot Complex over the younger rocks of the same Complex. Some corrections are recommended over the distribution of previously shown lithological units by Stocklin and Bhattarai (1977) around the Ghumaune-Bhut Khola section. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v15i0.7417 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 15, 2012, pp. 49-62","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114650374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geology and rockmass condition of Dhulikhel-Panchkhal area, Kavre District, Central Nepal Lesser Himalaya","authors":"Prem Nath Paudel, N. Tamrakar","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7412","url":null,"abstract":"A geological mapping was carried out and the rock mass characteristics of the Lesser Himalayan rocks distributed in the Dhulikhel-Panchkhal area (Kavre Distric) were studied along with their physical and mechanical properties. The lithological units distributed in the study area belong to the Benighat Slate of the Upper Nawakot Group and the Bhimphedi Group as separated by the Chak-Rosi Thrust. The lithological units strike NW-SE and dip southwards forming the eastern closure of part of the northern limb of the Mahabharat synclinorium. The area comprises mainly micaceous quartzite, psammitic schist, metasandstone and metasiltstone. Micaceous quartzite is a rock type of the Kalitar Formation, Chisapani quartzite and the Markhu Formation. The Markhu quartzite is slightly calcareous. Psammitic schist is a rock type of the Kulekhani Formation and the Markhu Formation. Metasandstone and metasiltstone are the rock types of the Tistung Formation. The rock masses consist mainly of three to four major joint sets including the joint parallel to foliation. The discontinuity characteristics indicate that the rocks are blocky in nature, and nearly smooth to rough surface with soft filling aperture. The rock mass is nearly fresh, indurated and stiff. The slopes are influenced by stable and unstable wedges, plane and toppling failures. The rock masses are classified into fair to good rock classes according to rock mass rating system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v15i0.7412 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 15, 2012, pp. 1–14","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122184203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and classification of the main stem Bagmati River, Central Nepal","authors":"P. Shrestha, N. Tamrakar","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7415","url":null,"abstract":"Rivers are significant geomorphic agents which can carry huge amounts of sediments and water from their catchments to depositional basins. Due course of flow they can bring various hazards such as flooding, inundation of flood plains, erosion of banks and trigger various slope movements. To understand nature and behavior of the Bagmati River, which is a perennial, storm and spring-fed, eight order river of central Nepal, the planiform morphological parameters of this river were analysed and river segments along the main stem stretches were classified into various stream-types, using topographic maps, aerial photographs, and satellite imageries. The Bagmati River is an 8th order perennial river. The Bagmati River basin comprises 39 sub-basins of 4th order and higher. The averages of meander wavelengths (L m ), meander belt width (W blt ), radius of curvature (R c ) and sinuosity (K) of the 7th order main stem Bagmati River are 598.27 m, 164.07 m, 252.35 m and 1.38, respectively. Similarly, the averages of L m , W blt , R c , and K of the 8th order main stem rivers are respectively, 496.77, 126.58 m, 286.13 m, and 1.55. All these parameters reflect fluctuating trends of variation along the downstream stretch. However, the portion of the 7th order river shows abrupt increase of Lm after the Bagmati River crosses the Main Boundary Thrust. The Rc also indicates slight increase in this region. The sinuosity reflects overall increase from the 7th to the 8th order rivers. This increase in sinuosity is attributed to the decrease in slope and competency of the river. There exists a moderate degree of correlation between K and W blt showing that the W blt of the Bagmati River tends to increase as the sinuosity increases. The stream segments of the Bagmati River fall on A-, B-, C-, G- and D-type rivers. All the segments of the Bagmati River, lying within the Kathmandu Valley and having substrate of the fluvio-lacustrine valley-fill sediments, fall on C-type stream because of low entrenchment and high width/depth ratio. Similarly, A-type streams are developed at segments which flow through the Tistung Formation of the granite terrain of the Lesser Himalaya most probably due to entrenched and gorged valley and high slope. Likewise, B- and G-type streams are developed in terrains of the Lesser Himalaya and the Sub-Himalaya. The B-type streams are moderately entrenched with sinuous to meandering and wide channels. The D-type stream segment which is a multi-thread channel is characteristically developed within the terrain of the Sub-Himalaya presumably due to the change in slope caused by thrusting, and greater input of sediments from the Siwaliks in relation to weak and loosely consolidated lithology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v15i0.7415 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 15, 2012, pp. 23-34","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126467749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrology and genesis of the Bhainskati iron ore deposit of Palpa District, western Nepal","authors":"S. Devkota, L. Paudel","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V15I0.7418","url":null,"abstract":"The Bhainskati Formation of the Tansen Group in the Palpa area is known for hematite iron ore deposit for long time. A prominent band of hematite of about 1-2 m thickness and extending >5 km was identified in the upper part of the Bhainskati Formation in the present study. The band is repeated three times in the area by folding and faulting. Petrographic study shows that it is oolitic ironstone of sedimentary origin. Main minerals in the band are hematite, goethite, quartz, calcite, siderite and albite. Hematite content varies considerably among samples and occurs mainly as oolite and cement. The Bhainskati ironstone with its ferrous mineral assemblage and well-rounded texture of the ooids suggests shallow marine environment (prodeltaic to estuarine) with reduced clastic input. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v15i0.7418 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 15, 2012, pp. 63-68","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122592120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction material assessment from quarry sites at Chaktan-Ghasa-Kaligandaki River area, western Nepal","authors":"Ujwal Raghubanshi, N. Tamrakar","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V14I0.5442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V14I0.5442","url":null,"abstract":"Construction material assessment is the crucial part of the hydroelectric power projects. The quality and quantity of the construction materialis the major concern when exploring construction material. Four quarry sites (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4) were identified and assessed for both quantityand quality. Distribution of rock quarry sites was taken for quantitative assessment of reserves. The rock samples were obtained from the sitesand were analysed for physical, mechanical and petrographic features. Rock types in quarry sites were schistose marble (in Q1), augen gneiss(in Q2), and banded gneisses (in Q3 and Q4). The analytical results showed that water absorption values were < 1% in all the samples, but wasthe highest in Q2 (0.92%). Contrarily, Q2 possessed the least specific gravity among the samples. Sodium sulphate soundness values rangedfrom 0.21 to 0.77, which was the highest in Q2. Samples Q1, Q3 and Q4 yielded Los Angeles Abrasion value below 45%, whereas Q2 gave57.5%. Similarly, Q2 also yielded the least value (1.82 MPa) of point-load strength index tested along the foliation. Augen gneiss (Q2) showedthe low abrasion resistance and soundness to freeze and thaw because of weak bonding between platy and other constituents of the rock , whereasschistose marble and banded gneisses yielded better resistance to abrasion and freeze and thaw, and possessed better strength perhaps due towell bonding among the mineralogical constituents due to the presence of appreciable amount of carbonate minerals. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v14i0.5442 Bulletin of the Department of Geology  Vol.14 2011, pp.77-82","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127191514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonaceous schists of the Main Central Thrust zone as a source of graphite: a case study from the Kali Gandaki valley, west Nepal","authors":"L. Paudel","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V14I0.5431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V14I0.5431","url":null,"abstract":"Petrological study and X-ray diffraction analysis were carried out to identify the content and quality of graphitic material inthe carbonaceous schist from the Main Central Thrust zone in the Kali Gandaki valley, west Nepal. The study shows that thecarbonaceous schists contain more than 15-30% graphite. They contain both amorphous and flake graphite with variable grainsize. As graphite is being mined commercially in rocks containing even <5% graphite worldwide, carbonaceous rocks of the MainCentral Thrust zone can be a potential sources of commercial graphite in Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v14i0.5431 Bulletin of the Department of Geology  Vol.14 2011, pp. 9-14","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"1963 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129803138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palynological assemblages from the Late Pleistocene sediments of the Patan Formation in Kathmandu Valley and their climatic implications","authors":"K. Paudayal","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V14I0.5440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V14I0.5440","url":null,"abstract":"Palynological investigation of ten samples obtained from a drill core belonging to the Late Pleistocene deposits of the PatanFormation in the Kathmandu Valley revealed 40 plant species belonging to 22 families. The gymnosperms are represented byAbies, Picea, Pinus spp. (P. roxburghii and P. wallichiana) and Tsuga sp. The angiosperm tree and shrubs are represented bygenera Quercus (Q. semecarpifolia, Q. lanata, Q. leucotricophora and Q. lamellosa and Q. glauca), Castanopsis, Alnus, Betula,Carpinus, Juglans, Myrica, Ulmus, Ilex, Strobilanthes, Elaeagnus and families Meliaceae, Oleaceae, Ericaceae, Poaceae,Compositae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Apiaceae, and Dipsacaceae. Similarly the wetland and aquatic plants arerepresented by Polygonun, Myriophyllum and Trapa. The presence of significant number of pteridophytes indicates humid anddamp environment at the periphery of the lake and surrounding forest floor. The pollen assemblage suggests that the PatanFormation was deposited under humid subtropical climate except at the middle part which indicates of warm temperate climaticcondition. The result obtained from the recent surface samples analysis and its comparison with fossil assemblages show thatmodern pollen spectra are not different with the fossil assemblages. This justifies that the fossil palynomorphs are local and itdenies the influence of exotic pollen. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v14i0.5440 Bulletin of the Department of Geology  Vol.14 2011, pp.59-66","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117014545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inverted metamorphic zonation in the hanging and foot walls of the Mahabharat Thrust, Kathmandu-Trishuli area, central Nepal","authors":"S. Thapaliya, L. Paudel","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V14I0.5439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V14I0.5439","url":null,"abstract":"Geological study was carried out along the Pasang Lahmu Highway from Kathmandu to Trishuli Bazaar covering both theLesser Himalayan autochthonous unit and the Kathmandu Nappe. The Lesser Himalayan rocks in the study area belong to theKunchha Formation, Benighat Slate and the Robang Formation of the Nawakot Complex. The Kathmandu Nappe (KathmanduComplex) comprises the Kalitar Formation, Gneiss Zone, Tistung Formation, Sopyang Formation and the Chandragiri Limestone.Petrographic study was carried out in the samples representing all the lithological units along the Pasang-Lahmu Highway.The study shows that the Kunchha Formation belongs to the biotite zone. The overlying units (Benighat Slate and RobangFormations) belong to the garnet zone. It is a clear evidence of inverted metamorphic zonation at the foot wall of the KathmanduNappe. The rocks of the Kathmandu Complex above the Mahabharat Thrust north of Kakani also show an inverse metamorphiczonation, i.e., the garnet zone is overlain by the sillimanite zone. However, in the southern part, the metamorphic zonation isnormal with biotite zone overlain by the chlorite zone. Although the inverted metamorphic zonation at the hanging wall of theMahabharat Thrust may be related to the high temperature contact metamorphism by pegmatite injection, the inverted metamorphismat the footwall needs an explanation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v14i0.5439 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 14, 2011 pp. 51–58","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116095315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}