Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9780691195469-002
{"title":"Chapter One. From Protestant to Reformed","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9780691195469-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691195469-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":356470,"journal":{"name":"The Puritans","volume":"319 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129908765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9780691195469-010
{"title":"Chapter Nine. Change and Continuity:Theology and Social Practice, c. 1640–1660","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9780691195469-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691195469-010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":356470,"journal":{"name":"The Puritans","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121894509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1 VISION of American public schools into three levels, each of which con sisted of a number of grades, was neither an accident nor a decision suddenly arrived at and -quickly implemented. In colonial schools, periodic reclassification of pupils on the basis of achievement did not exist. The scheme of promotions from one grade to the next was a devel opment probably resulting from increasein the numbers of pupils and consequent increasing complexity, during the early and middle nineteenth century. Before the twentieth century began, the practice had become set into the familiar and still popular pattern of eight elementary and four secondary grades. As the nineteenth century came to a close, the eight-four plan had been accepted and implemented all over the country. However, criticisms of it, of its curriculum and its products, which have never been absent from American life, began to increase among administrators and professors in colleges and universities. Consequently investigations, studies, sur veys and conferences were organized by school people to search for the weak nesses in the public schools. The "Re organization Movement" got under way. Specific complaints and suggestions for changes that were made, dealt with duplication in content in the elementary grades; poor preparation evidenced by college freshmen; large drop-out in grades 7, 8 and 9; inadequate training of teach ers for grades 7 and 8; recognition of the early adolescent's need for extracurricular activities (something other than aca demic textbook learnings); growing pres sures to add practical and fine arts; and the increasing need for new buildings resulting from the rapid increase in en rollments. A potent force dictating change was the new knowledge of and insight into the nature of adolescence which pointed to the desirability of beginning secondary schooling at an age earlier than 14. In 1892 a group later to be known as The Committee of Ten, was appointed by the National Council of Education for the specific purpose of studying the sev eral subject matter areas included in the public school curriculum. Its report, one of the most significant in American edu cation, recommended introduction of science, algebra, geometry and foreign language in grades below 9, or, the reallotment of grades into six-year ele mentary and six-year secondary schools. In 1893 the Department of School Superintendence of the NEA, appointed the Committee of Fifteen to inquire spe cifically into the problems of reorganiza tion of the school system. Their survey
{"title":"A Movement Emerges","authors":"Gertrude Noar, A. M. Emerges","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh8qx1q.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8qx1q.5","url":null,"abstract":"1 VISION of American public schools into three levels, each of which con sisted of a number of grades, was neither an accident nor a decision suddenly arrived at and -quickly implemented. In colonial schools, periodic reclassification of pupils on the basis of achievement did not exist. The scheme of promotions from one grade to the next was a devel opment probably resulting from increasein the numbers of pupils and consequent increasing complexity, during the early and middle nineteenth century. Before the twentieth century began, the practice had become set into the familiar and still popular pattern of eight elementary and four secondary grades. As the nineteenth century came to a close, the eight-four plan had been accepted and implemented all over the country. However, criticisms of it, of its curriculum and its products, which have never been absent from American life, began to increase among administrators and professors in colleges and universities. Consequently investigations, studies, sur veys and conferences were organized by school people to search for the weak nesses in the public schools. The \"Re organization Movement\" got under way. Specific complaints and suggestions for changes that were made, dealt with duplication in content in the elementary grades; poor preparation evidenced by college freshmen; large drop-out in grades 7, 8 and 9; inadequate training of teach ers for grades 7 and 8; recognition of the early adolescent's need for extracurricular activities (something other than aca demic textbook learnings); growing pres sures to add practical and fine arts; and the increasing need for new buildings resulting from the rapid increase in en rollments. A potent force dictating change was the new knowledge of and insight into the nature of adolescence which pointed to the desirability of beginning secondary schooling at an age earlier than 14. In 1892 a group later to be known as The Committee of Ten, was appointed by the National Council of Education for the specific purpose of studying the sev eral subject matter areas included in the public school curriculum. Its report, one of the most significant in American edu cation, recommended introduction of science, algebra, geometry and foreign language in grades below 9, or, the reallotment of grades into six-year ele mentary and six-year secondary schools. In 1893 the Department of School Superintendence of the NEA, appointed the Committee of Fifteen to inquire spe cifically into the problems of reorganiza tion of the school system. Their survey","PeriodicalId":356470,"journal":{"name":"The Puritans","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128261223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-12DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691151397.003.0008
D. D. Hall
This chapter studies how, in the aftermath of his failure to subdue the Scottish insurgency by military means, Charles I authorized the election of two new parliaments. Its policies were so at odds with Charles I's understanding of monarchy and the true church that the outcome was civil war in England between supporters of the king and supporters of Parliament. Explaining this sequence of events tests every historian of 1630s and 1640s Britain. The puzzles are many. In the context of this book, the most significant of these is the relationship between civil politics and the politics of religion. Intertwined throughout the history of the English and Scottish reformations, their relationship tightened in the practice and rhetoric of Charles I and the party he favored, here known as the Laudians. Like his immediate predecessors, the young king took for granted that opposition to his version of true religion was equivalent to challenging his authority as king. At once, the religious and the political become inseparable. Before 1640, the political and the religious in Scotland had also become intertwined, but in a quite different manner. There, it was being argued that a monarch's policies were corrupting a perfect church. And there a unique event in British history unfolded.
{"title":"A New Sion? Reform, Rebellion, and Colonization c. 1625–1640","authors":"D. D. Hall","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691151397.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151397.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter studies how, in the aftermath of his failure to subdue the Scottish insurgency by military means, Charles I authorized the election of two new parliaments. Its policies were so at odds with Charles I's understanding of monarchy and the true church that the outcome was civil war in England between supporters of the king and supporters of Parliament. Explaining this sequence of events tests every historian of 1630s and 1640s Britain. The puzzles are many. In the context of this book, the most significant of these is the relationship between civil politics and the politics of religion. Intertwined throughout the history of the English and Scottish reformations, their relationship tightened in the practice and rhetoric of Charles I and the party he favored, here known as the Laudians. Like his immediate predecessors, the young king took for granted that opposition to his version of true religion was equivalent to challenging his authority as king. At once, the religious and the political become inseparable. Before 1640, the political and the religious in Scotland had also become intertwined, but in a quite different manner. There, it was being argued that a monarch's policies were corrupting a perfect church. And there a unique event in British history unfolded.","PeriodicalId":356470,"journal":{"name":"The Puritans","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127891076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-12DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691151397.003.0010
D. D. Hall
This chapter explains that by the mid-1640s, a Holy Spirit-centered understanding of conversion and assurance (nicknamed “Antinomianism”) had acquired a new group of advocates who hailed it as an alternative to the practical divinity. Orthodoxy had constantly spawned renegades and outliers who tested its boundaries. Now, however, originality was becoming more widespread and controversy more intense in response to a mixture of political and intellectual circumstances that included the collapse of censorship. How the practical divinity was being assailed and defended are topics that lead to the Antinomians of mid-century, the Westminster Confession, and the reasoning of ministers such as Samuel Rutherford on behalf of orthodoxy. The chapter then revisits the Antinomian controversy that roiled mid-1630s Massachusetts. Here, too, debate was prompted by criticism of the practical divinity. The chapter also describes change and continuity in institutional and cultural practices in the orthodox colonies in New England.
{"title":"Change and Continuity","authors":"D. D. Hall","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691151397.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151397.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains that by the mid-1640s, a Holy Spirit-centered understanding of conversion and assurance (nicknamed “Antinomianism”) had acquired a new group of advocates who hailed it as an alternative to the practical divinity. Orthodoxy had constantly spawned renegades and outliers who tested its boundaries. Now, however, originality was becoming more widespread and controversy more intense in response to a mixture of political and intellectual circumstances that included the collapse of censorship. How the practical divinity was being assailed and defended are topics that lead to the Antinomians of mid-century, the Westminster Confession, and the reasoning of ministers such as Samuel Rutherford on behalf of orthodoxy. The chapter then revisits the Antinomian controversy that roiled mid-1630s Massachusetts. Here, too, debate was prompted by criticism of the practical divinity. The chapter also describes change and continuity in institutional and cultural practices in the orthodox colonies in New England.","PeriodicalId":356470,"journal":{"name":"The Puritans","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115173499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter explores the early decades of the seventeenth century, when James VI of Scotland became James I of England and controversy about worship and the structure of the state church erupted anew in Scotland. When James I succeeded Elizabeth I in 1603 and added England, Wales, and Ireland to his native Scotland, the hopeful and the admiring outnumbered the detractors, for the godly knew that in 1592 he had endorsed presbyterianism in Scotland and, more recently, had disparaged Catholicism and Dutch Arminianism. Their hopes aroused, a small group of English activists initiated a petition the king received as he made his way to London. The “Millenary Petition,” so named because of the assertion it was endorsed by a thousand ministers, complained of pluralism and nonresidency, singled out bishops as pluralists although otherwise saying nothing about episcopacy, and called for higher standards in admitting men to the work of ministry. The Millenary Petition signaled the persistence of Puritan sympathies in England despite the damage done to the movement in the 1590s. The chapter also considers “Dutch Puritanism,” a convenient shorthand for the more radical or safety-seeking laypeople and ministers who went to the Netherlands as early as the 1580s.
{"title":"Royal Policies, Local Alternatives","authors":"D. D. Hall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh8qx1q.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8qx1q.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the early decades of the seventeenth century, when James VI of Scotland became James I of England and controversy about worship and the structure of the state church erupted anew in Scotland. When James I succeeded Elizabeth I in 1603 and added England, Wales, and Ireland to his native Scotland, the hopeful and the admiring outnumbered the detractors, for the godly knew that in 1592 he had endorsed presbyterianism in Scotland and, more recently, had disparaged Catholicism and Dutch Arminianism. Their hopes aroused, a small group of English activists initiated a petition the king received as he made his way to London. The “Millenary Petition,” so named because of the assertion it was endorsed by a thousand ministers, complained of pluralism and nonresidency, singled out bishops as pluralists although otherwise saying nothing about episcopacy, and called for higher standards in admitting men to the work of ministry. The Millenary Petition signaled the persistence of Puritan sympathies in England despite the damage done to the movement in the 1590s. The chapter also considers “Dutch Puritanism,” a convenient shorthand for the more radical or safety-seeking laypeople and ministers who went to the Netherlands as early as the 1580s.","PeriodicalId":356470,"journal":{"name":"The Puritans","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128480943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are two conflic ting stero types of the Scotsman: the fierce clansman, kilted and loyal to his chief perpetuated by the story of Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Scottish Regiments; and the other stereotype, the dour hard working Scot thrifty and religious: proper, prudent, practical and Presbyterian. The stereotypes are difficult to reconcile. Like all stereotypes they have limited application in reality yet they are not without justification. I have known brothers who have fitted the two images and sometimes they conflict in the one person. The explanation of these two images lies partly in the great shift in the ideas, attitudes and behaviour of Scots that goes under the name of the Scottish Reformation and that did so much to mould the character of modem Scottish history: 'It transformed the lowland Scot from a fierce feudal vassal, ignorant of all save sword and plough, into the best educated peasant in Europe, often plunged into solitary meditation and as often roused to furious argument on points of logic and theology which few Englishmen had the mental gifts or training to understand. Times and the Church have changed, but the intellectual and moral vantage-ground won by the Scot in that hard school has not yet been lost'l.
{"title":"Reformation in Scotland","authors":"Neil Morrison","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh8qx1q.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8qx1q.6","url":null,"abstract":"There are two conflic ting stero types of the Scotsman: the fierce clansman, kilted and loyal to his chief perpetuated by the story of Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Scottish Regiments; and the other stereotype, the dour hard working Scot thrifty and religious: proper, prudent, practical and Presbyterian. The stereotypes are difficult to reconcile. Like all stereotypes they have limited application in reality yet they are not without justification. I have known brothers who have fitted the two images and sometimes they conflict in the one person. The explanation of these two images lies partly in the great shift in the ideas, attitudes and behaviour of Scots that goes under the name of the Scottish Reformation and that did so much to mould the character of modem Scottish history: 'It transformed the lowland Scot from a fierce feudal vassal, ignorant of all save sword and plough, into the best educated peasant in Europe, often plunged into solitary meditation and as often roused to furious argument on points of logic and theology which few Englishmen had the mental gifts or training to understand. Times and the Church have changed, but the intellectual and moral vantage-ground won by the Scot in that hard school has not yet been lost'l.","PeriodicalId":356470,"journal":{"name":"The Puritans","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131892018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-12DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691151397.003.0006
D. D. Hall
This chapter addresses the Puritan version of a “reformation of manners” or moral reform, situating it within a larger anxiety about “decline.” As those who signed the Covenant of 1596 surely knew, perceptions of “decline” had prompted fast days in Scotland ever since the 1560s. Several of these exercises in repentance and covenanting were means to the end of a firmer alliance between a Protestant state church and a monarchy (or civil state) susceptible to Catholic or more moderate tendencies. This was the purpose of the Negative, or King's, Confession of 1580/81, when the young James VI and most of the political class pledged never to allow “the usurped tyranny of the Roman Antichrist” to return to Scotland. John Knox had organized a similar event in 1565 at a moment when the political fortunes of Mary Stuart were on the mend. Knox had called on the General Assembly to institute a countrywide fast directed against “idolatry,” with the queen as its implied target. Responding to Knox's sense of crisis, this assembly endorsed a “reformation of manners” and “public fast” as the means of “avoiding of the plagues and scourges of God, which appeared to come upon the people for their sins and ingratitude.” Simultaneously, it urged the queen to suppress “the Mass” and other “such idolatry and Papistical ceremonies.”
{"title":"A Reformation of Manners","authors":"D. D. Hall","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691151397.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151397.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the Puritan version of a “reformation of manners” or moral reform, situating it within a larger anxiety about “decline.” As those who signed the Covenant of 1596 surely knew, perceptions of “decline” had prompted fast days in Scotland ever since the 1560s. Several of these exercises in repentance and covenanting were means to the end of a firmer alliance between a Protestant state church and a monarchy (or civil state) susceptible to Catholic or more moderate tendencies. This was the purpose of the Negative, or King's, Confession of 1580/81, when the young James VI and most of the political class pledged never to allow “the usurped tyranny of the Roman Antichrist” to return to Scotland. John Knox had organized a similar event in 1565 at a moment when the political fortunes of Mary Stuart were on the mend. Knox had called on the General Assembly to institute a countrywide fast directed against “idolatry,” with the queen as its implied target. Responding to Knox's sense of crisis, this assembly endorsed a “reformation of manners” and “public fast” as the means of “avoiding of the plagues and scourges of God, which appeared to come upon the people for their sins and ingratitude.” Simultaneously, it urged the queen to suppress “the Mass” and other “such idolatry and Papistical ceremonies.”","PeriodicalId":356470,"journal":{"name":"The Puritans","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134400871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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