Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576954
Patryk Pyt, P. Jankowski-Mihułowicz, M. Wȩglarski
The introduction of automatic production monitoring systems is a manifestation of the fourth industrial revolution. Some such systems use beacons - active transmitters that send a radio signal, allowing for the recognition of a given electronically marked object. Most beacons are battery powered, but there are devices that obtain energy from other sources, such as solar cells or a radio signal sent by a network of transmitters. This text presents the concepts of using heat losses to obtain energy for beacons placed on industrial objects, the temperature of which is higher than the ambient temperature. The voltage at the output of the Peltier module operating as a thermoelectric generator was measured at different values of the resistive load. This allowed to determine the current efficiency of this type of cell and to predict the conditions under which it can operate. The current consumed by the beacon during operation was also measured to determine the energy requirement of the device. The formulas are given for the minimum amount of energy that must be obtained from the thermoelectric generator for one operation cycle of beacon. This will allow the construction of a maintenance-free electronic active tag.
{"title":"Beacons powered by peltier modules, using heat loss from industrial objects","authors":"Patryk Pyt, P. Jankowski-Mihułowicz, M. Wȩglarski","doi":"10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576954","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of automatic production monitoring systems is a manifestation of the fourth industrial revolution. Some such systems use beacons - active transmitters that send a radio signal, allowing for the recognition of a given electronically marked object. Most beacons are battery powered, but there are devices that obtain energy from other sources, such as solar cells or a radio signal sent by a network of transmitters. This text presents the concepts of using heat losses to obtain energy for beacons placed on industrial objects, the temperature of which is higher than the ambient temperature. The voltage at the output of the Peltier module operating as a thermoelectric generator was measured at different values of the resistive load. This allowed to determine the current efficiency of this type of cell and to predict the conditions under which it can operate. The current consumed by the beacon during operation was also measured to determine the energy requirement of the device. The formulas are given for the minimum amount of energy that must be obtained from the thermoelectric generator for one operation cycle of beacon. This will allow the construction of a maintenance-free electronic active tag.","PeriodicalId":356488,"journal":{"name":"2021 Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128661054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576838
Dawid Kalandyk
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) from a far foggy dream and cartoon Action, are becoming more and more real nowadays. Realizing this dream can have many benefits both in terms of improvement of the traffic flow as well as reduction of pollution and greenhouse gases. Researchers are continuously developing existing technologies and creating new solutions to achieve stable and safe control algorithms for AVs. Encouraged by their work, the author wanted to make his own contribution to build a better transportation system and taking care of the environment. This paper is a first step - a summary of currently published ideas on the application of reinforcement learning algorithms to the problem of AVs. The paper breaks down the tasks to their nature and level of difficulty, also shows various models of the environment, actions and reinforcement signals outlined at just under 50 papers. Additionally, the number of potential development areas has been highlighted.
{"title":"Reinforcement learning in car control: A brief survey","authors":"Dawid Kalandyk","doi":"10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576838","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) from a far foggy dream and cartoon Action, are becoming more and more real nowadays. Realizing this dream can have many benefits both in terms of improvement of the traffic flow as well as reduction of pollution and greenhouse gases. Researchers are continuously developing existing technologies and creating new solutions to achieve stable and safe control algorithms for AVs. Encouraged by their work, the author wanted to make his own contribution to build a better transportation system and taking care of the environment. This paper is a first step - a summary of currently published ideas on the application of reinforcement learning algorithms to the problem of AVs. The paper breaks down the tasks to their nature and level of difficulty, also shows various models of the environment, actions and reinforcement signals outlined at just under 50 papers. Additionally, the number of potential development areas has been highlighted.","PeriodicalId":356488,"journal":{"name":"2021 Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE)","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128162179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9577036
L. Beňa, M. Nowak, M. Kusiński
The main problem in this work was to analyze the influence of photovoltaic systems on low voltage grids. For the purpose of the study, a model of a low voltage distribution network was proposed and created. It consisted of a model medium to low voltage transformer, lines, PV installation and loads. The basic working conditions of the system have been assumed – like typical DPF and real power in loads. A simulation study of these states was then performed. The influence of the installation on the voltage value was proved and the way of improving network parameters in case of single-phase installations was suggested.
{"title":"Analysis of the Impact of Micro Photovoltaic Installations on the Voltage in the Low Voltage Distribution Network","authors":"L. Beňa, M. Nowak, M. Kusiński","doi":"10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9577036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9577036","url":null,"abstract":"The main problem in this work was to analyze the influence of photovoltaic systems on low voltage grids. For the purpose of the study, a model of a low voltage distribution network was proposed and created. It consisted of a model medium to low voltage transformer, lines, PV installation and loads. The basic working conditions of the system have been assumed – like typical DPF and real power in loads. A simulation study of these states was then performed. The influence of the installation on the voltage value was proved and the way of improving network parameters in case of single-phase installations was suggested.","PeriodicalId":356488,"journal":{"name":"2021 Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133063770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576980
V. Becirovic, S. Smaka, Amer Smajkic
Connecting a photovoltaic solar power plant (PVSP) to a radial low-voltage network can significantly influence the power quality. According to grid rules in our country, the PVSP with rated power of up to 150 kW can be connected to the low-voltage power distribution network. Common case is that the PVSP with rated power of approximately 100 kW is installed at the rooftop of a residential or commercial building and connected to one connection point. Usually, the owner tends to regulate PVSP to operate at unity power factor to maximize profit. However, when the power plant operates with unity power factor, voltages at the connection point and at the nearby buses are often increased. Also, a significant increase of power losses can occur. This paper describes the procedure for determining the maximum power of the PVSP operating with unity power factor while simultaneously meeting the following criteria: (1) the range of slow voltage variations must be within the limits defined by the EN 50160 standard; (2) after connecting the PVSP, the active power losses should be less or equal to active power losses calculated with the disconnected PVSP.
{"title":"Calculation of the rated power of a photovoltaic solar power plant to be connected to a low-voltage network","authors":"V. Becirovic, S. Smaka, Amer Smajkic","doi":"10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576980","url":null,"abstract":"Connecting a photovoltaic solar power plant (PVSP) to a radial low-voltage network can significantly influence the power quality. According to grid rules in our country, the PVSP with rated power of up to 150 kW can be connected to the low-voltage power distribution network. Common case is that the PVSP with rated power of approximately 100 kW is installed at the rooftop of a residential or commercial building and connected to one connection point. Usually, the owner tends to regulate PVSP to operate at unity power factor to maximize profit. However, when the power plant operates with unity power factor, voltages at the connection point and at the nearby buses are often increased. Also, a significant increase of power losses can occur. This paper describes the procedure for determining the maximum power of the PVSP operating with unity power factor while simultaneously meeting the following criteria: (1) the range of slow voltage variations must be within the limits defined by the EN 50160 standard; (2) after connecting the PVSP, the active power losses should be less or equal to active power losses calculated with the disconnected PVSP.","PeriodicalId":356488,"journal":{"name":"2021 Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE)","volume":"179 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133265490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576959
Krystyna Krzywdzińska
Photovoltaic systems are currently one of the most dynamically developing majors in technology. By observing the annual data on new installations arising in Poland, it can be seen that the tendency is doubling. Means the fact that the number of new installations almost doubles with each passing year. Can not be surprised by this phenomenon. Along with the development of technology, and the improvement of products semiconductor devices, their efficiency has increased compared to several years ago. As is generally known, greater efficiency will usually translate into better results obtained from the production of electricity. Additional impact on the popularization of systems PV definitely has a price that has dropped significantly in recent years. An important aspect worth mentioning is that the government helps with development through subsidies as part of the government program "My Electricity", which will have its third this year installment..
{"title":"Energy efficiency analysis of BIPV systems","authors":"Krystyna Krzywdzińska","doi":"10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576959","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic systems are currently one of the most dynamically developing majors in technology. By observing the annual data on new installations arising in Poland, it can be seen that the tendency is doubling. Means the fact that the number of new installations almost doubles with each passing year. Can not be surprised by this phenomenon. Along with the development of technology, and the improvement of products semiconductor devices, their efficiency has increased compared to several years ago. As is generally known, greater efficiency will usually translate into better results obtained from the production of electricity. Additional impact on the popularization of systems PV definitely has a price that has dropped significantly in recent years. An important aspect worth mentioning is that the government helps with development through subsidies as part of the government program \"My Electricity\", which will have its third this year installment..","PeriodicalId":356488,"journal":{"name":"2021 Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133715711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576958
J. Fulneček, Ondřej Kabot, L. Prokop
This paper describes the issues of high voltage printed circuit boards (PCB) design in environments with lower air pressure and increased temperature. Such ambient conditions have significant impact on breakdown voltage, as it is described by Paschen’s curve. As this field was yet to be thoroughly investigated, there are major gaps in available literature. Pashen’s curve with temperature corrections, which describes relation between air pressure and breakdown voltage, can be used for clearance estimation only, because it considers a gas as dielectric. In the following paragraphs, overview of printed circuit boards is described with respect to minimization of partial discharge activity and electric breakdown occurrence.
{"title":"High Voltage PCBs in Low Pressure and High Temperature Environment","authors":"J. Fulneček, Ondřej Kabot, L. Prokop","doi":"10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576958","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the issues of high voltage printed circuit boards (PCB) design in environments with lower air pressure and increased temperature. Such ambient conditions have significant impact on breakdown voltage, as it is described by Paschen’s curve. As this field was yet to be thoroughly investigated, there are major gaps in available literature. Pashen’s curve with temperature corrections, which describes relation between air pressure and breakdown voltage, can be used for clearance estimation only, because it considers a gas as dielectric. In the following paragraphs, overview of printed circuit boards is described with respect to minimization of partial discharge activity and electric breakdown occurrence.","PeriodicalId":356488,"journal":{"name":"2021 Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129665416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576903
Meris Lihić, S. Lubura, D. Jokić
The goal of this article is to describe a power measuring system using the frequency-locked-loop (FLL). The FLLs have a wide variety of applications such as power converters, grid synchronization, sensorless flux estimation and control of motor drives. This nature of the FLL system allows for it to be a potentially perfect tool for power calculation. In this article, a new power calculation method has been presented. This method is based on FLL as part of phase locked loop (PLL) and has enhanced feature over classical methods for power calculation widely used in industry. The obtained results showcase the effectiveness of the proposed FLL power calculation method.
{"title":"Frequency locked loops in estimating active, reactive and apparent powers with DC offset elimination","authors":"Meris Lihić, S. Lubura, D. Jokić","doi":"10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576903","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this article is to describe a power measuring system using the frequency-locked-loop (FLL). The FLLs have a wide variety of applications such as power converters, grid synchronization, sensorless flux estimation and control of motor drives. This nature of the FLL system allows for it to be a potentially perfect tool for power calculation. In this article, a new power calculation method has been presented. This method is based on FLL as part of phase locked loop (PLL) and has enhanced feature over classical methods for power calculation widely used in industry. The obtained results showcase the effectiveness of the proposed FLL power calculation method.","PeriodicalId":356488,"journal":{"name":"2021 Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133538986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576913
M. Pies, J. Velická, R. Hájovský, Jakub Filipec
This paper deals with the description of the development and design of a sensor with wireless data transmission for detecting the movement of people. As part of the development of the sensor, the actual evaluation was performed at the microcontroller level, and a complete solution was executed for deployment in the field of the Internet of Things using IQRF wireless technology. The paper presents methods of digital data processing as well as the design of an IQRF communication module for the actual sensor module. Also included herein is a description of the SW application for visualization of data from the sensor for detecting the movement of persons.
{"title":"Motion detector with IR matrix sensor using IQRF Technology","authors":"M. Pies, J. Velická, R. Hájovský, Jakub Filipec","doi":"10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576913","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the description of the development and design of a sensor with wireless data transmission for detecting the movement of people. As part of the development of the sensor, the actual evaluation was performed at the microcontroller level, and a complete solution was executed for deployment in the field of the Internet of Things using IQRF wireless technology. The paper presents methods of digital data processing as well as the design of an IQRF communication module for the actual sensor module. Also included herein is a description of the SW application for visualization of data from the sensor for detecting the movement of persons.","PeriodicalId":356488,"journal":{"name":"2021 Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134239874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576933
M. Humer, C. Salzig, A. Wirsen
Due to the increasing number of electronic power converters connected to the electrical transmission grid based on the increasing number of renewable power systems it is necessary to take care of the interaction between the grid and the conventional power plants. Beside the well-known malfunctions which can occur to the conventional power plants especially to the turbo sets connected by the electrical generator to the grid, the danger of damages caused by the excitation of torsional vibrations is still increasing. Typical damages are cracks in shaft trains at the surface or cracks in the area of the couplings. Today the necessity of the monitoring of torsional vibrations still exists. The presentation will show a modern approach of monitoring and evaluating torsional vibrations of shaft trains of turbo sets. The boundary conditions and possibilities of different software tools will be shown in combination with the use of a magnetostrictive sensor, which is used for the torque measurement and the measurement of phase voltage und current.
{"title":"Torque monitoring systems for detection and evaluation of interactions between grid and generator","authors":"M. Humer, C. Salzig, A. Wirsen","doi":"10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9576933","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the increasing number of electronic power converters connected to the electrical transmission grid based on the increasing number of renewable power systems it is necessary to take care of the interaction between the grid and the conventional power plants. Beside the well-known malfunctions which can occur to the conventional power plants especially to the turbo sets connected by the electrical generator to the grid, the danger of damages caused by the excitation of torsional vibrations is still increasing. Typical damages are cracks in shaft trains at the surface or cracks in the area of the couplings. Today the necessity of the monitoring of torsional vibrations still exists. The presentation will show a modern approach of monitoring and evaluating torsional vibrations of shaft trains of turbo sets. The boundary conditions and possibilities of different software tools will be shown in combination with the use of a magnetostrictive sensor, which is used for the torque measurement and the measurement of phase voltage und current.","PeriodicalId":356488,"journal":{"name":"2021 Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE)","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134326480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9577028
Mariusz Delag, Karolina Beck, A. Różowicz, S. Różowicz, H. Wachta, Łukasz Szulc
The article presents the scope and methods of testing the EL Tri Color special warning lamp on the example of cooperation between the manufacturer F.H.U. Edward Łukasz Szulc and the Kielce University of Technology. Problems related in particular to the luminous parameters and methods of solving them have been presented. The result of the cooperation was a lamp design that conforms to the requirements of relevant Regulations and directives of the European Union. The lamp obtained the homologation and possibility of sale on European markets.
本文以制造商F.H.U. Edward Łukasz Szulc与Kielce工业大学合作为例，介绍了EL三色特殊警示灯的测试范围和方法。提出了与发光参数有关的问题及其求解方法。合作的结果是灯的设计符合欧盟相关法规和指令的要求。该灯获得了在欧洲市场销售的认证。
{"title":"Design and testing of an EL Tri Color combination lamp for emergency and technical vehicles","authors":"Mariusz Delag, Karolina Beck, A. Różowicz, S. Różowicz, H. Wachta, Łukasz Szulc","doi":"10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9577028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wzee54157.2021.9577028","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the scope and methods of testing the EL Tri Color special warning lamp on the example of cooperation between the manufacturer F.H.U. Edward Łukasz Szulc and the Kielce University of Technology. Problems related in particular to the luminous parameters and methods of solving them have been presented. The result of the cooperation was a lamp design that conforms to the requirements of relevant Regulations and directives of the European Union. The lamp obtained the homologation and possibility of sale on European markets.","PeriodicalId":356488,"journal":{"name":"2021 Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126235933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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