Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.93700
J. Cueto-Escobedo, F. García-García, C. Maximino, J. Rodríguez-Landa
Behavioral pharmacology research has been a cornerstone in the understanding of the processes that underlie the behavior of living organisms as well as the biological basis of the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive disorders that affect humans. The findings in this area have helped to explore the potential therapeutic effects of several substances for the treatment of the mentioned disorders. The present chapter brings an extremely brief introduction to this vast area. First, we try to put in context behavioral pharmacology and its relevance and then show some brief examples of how this discipline has developed over the years. Second, we review the concept of a “research model” in preclinical behavioral pharmacology, given the importance of animal models and tests in this area, followed by a brief review of the recent advances using zebra fish as a valuable tool of research. Third, more specific examples are aborded, such as the findings on sleep disorders and those related to sexual hormones and menopause. several of on the of a characterized by three phases: adaptation, and exhaustion, can to are maintained. the stress has studied associated with the impairment of brain function in animals the a behavioral tool to explore the of antidepressant drugs in rats
{"title":"New Developments in Behavioral Pharmacology","authors":"J. Cueto-Escobedo, F. García-García, C. Maximino, J. Rodríguez-Landa","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.93700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.93700","url":null,"abstract":"Behavioral pharmacology research has been a cornerstone in the understanding of the processes that underlie the behavior of living organisms as well as the biological basis of the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive disorders that affect humans. The findings in this area have helped to explore the potential therapeutic effects of several substances for the treatment of the mentioned disorders. The present chapter brings an extremely brief introduction to this vast area. First, we try to put in context behavioral pharmacology and its relevance and then show some brief examples of how this discipline has developed over the years. Second, we review the concept of a “research model” in preclinical behavioral pharmacology, given the importance of animal models and tests in this area, followed by a brief review of the recent advances using zebra fish as a valuable tool of research. Third, more specific examples are aborded, such as the findings on sleep disorders and those related to sexual hormones and menopause. several of on the of a characterized by three phases: adaptation, and exhaustion, can to are maintained. the stress has studied associated with the impairment of brain function in animals the a behavioral tool to explore the of antidepressant drugs in rats","PeriodicalId":357035,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology - From Basic to Clinical Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126014826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-06DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91150
María Angélica Ocampo, César Guillermo Popoca, A. Sánchez, Catalina Casillas, R. Cicero
The great problem of addictions during the last five decades has been investigated through the behavioral analysis of social determinants involving multiple risk factors of initiation and maintenance of legal and illegal substances consumption, as well as the search of protective factors that allow preventing and achieving abstinence of drug abuse. Currently there is no solution and we are at the crossroads of lacking comprehensive attention, since there are treatments focused only on achieving abstinence and do not pay attention to the physical consequences of substance consumption, such as: infectious and non-communicable diseases. It is important to treat the addictions problem with a holistic approach, which facilitates access to effective medical services, based on scientific evidence, applied to adherence to treatment and adapted to patient diagnosis. With the aim of preventing or reducing the physical and mental damages that these substances can cause to the health of the users, allowing to achieve a better quality of life.
{"title":"Comprehensive Attention with a Harm Reduction Perspective for Psychoactive Substances Consumers in a Third Level Hospital","authors":"María Angélica Ocampo, César Guillermo Popoca, A. Sánchez, Catalina Casillas, R. Cicero","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91150","url":null,"abstract":"The great problem of addictions during the last five decades has been investigated through the behavioral analysis of social determinants involving multiple risk factors of initiation and maintenance of legal and illegal substances consumption, as well as the search of protective factors that allow preventing and achieving abstinence of drug abuse. Currently there is no solution and we are at the crossroads of lacking comprehensive attention, since there are treatments focused only on achieving abstinence and do not pay attention to the physical consequences of substance consumption, such as: infectious and non-communicable diseases. It is important to treat the addictions problem with a holistic approach, which facilitates access to effective medical services, based on scientific evidence, applied to adherence to treatment and adapted to patient diagnosis. With the aim of preventing or reducing the physical and mental damages that these substances can cause to the health of the users, allowing to achieve a better quality of life.","PeriodicalId":357035,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology - From Basic to Clinical Research","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130780854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-17DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91154
Minerva Hernández Lozano, Marcos Fernando Ocaña Sánchez, R. Rodríguez, Van Dan Castro Gerónimo, Libna Sulem Gallardo Beatriz, I. Torres, M. Lopez, Julio César González Ortiz, G. Rangel, Tania Monserrat Camacho Márquez
Generally, pain can be described as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with tissue damage. Chronic pain has become a public health problem because among 35 and 75% of the world population has shown the symptom. In particular, neuropathic pain has shown high comorbidity disorders such as anxiety and depression. Conventional therapies for treating pain include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and opioids, which usually cause some side effects such as gastritis, headache, liver and kidney toxicity, and drug dependence. Conventional pharmaceuticals also tend to be expensive, and they cannot be easily afforded in developing countries, which have led to the use of natural products as an alternative treatment. In this chapter, we reviewed the current research of natural products for pain treatment. We also describe preclinical studies that assess the effect of some natural products on pain therapy, phytochemistry research, toxicity, adverse effects, and biosecurity. We also describe how conventional pain is managed and the possible use of compounds obtained from vegetable species for pain treatment.
{"title":"Pharmaceutical and Botanical Management of Pain Associated with Psychopathology: A Narrative Review","authors":"Minerva Hernández Lozano, Marcos Fernando Ocaña Sánchez, R. Rodríguez, Van Dan Castro Gerónimo, Libna Sulem Gallardo Beatriz, I. Torres, M. Lopez, Julio César González Ortiz, G. Rangel, Tania Monserrat Camacho Márquez","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91154","url":null,"abstract":"Generally, pain can be described as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with tissue damage. Chronic pain has become a public health problem because among 35 and 75% of the world population has shown the symptom. In particular, neuropathic pain has shown high comorbidity disorders such as anxiety and depression. Conventional therapies for treating pain include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and opioids, which usually cause some side effects such as gastritis, headache, liver and kidney toxicity, and drug dependence. Conventional pharmaceuticals also tend to be expensive, and they cannot be easily afforded in developing countries, which have led to the use of natural products as an alternative treatment. In this chapter, we reviewed the current research of natural products for pain treatment. We also describe preclinical studies that assess the effect of some natural products on pain therapy, phytochemistry research, toxicity, adverse effects, and biosecurity. We also describe how conventional pain is managed and the possible use of compounds obtained from vegetable species for pain treatment.","PeriodicalId":357035,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology - From Basic to Clinical Research","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126632342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-04DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90919
R. García-Ríos, A. Mora-Pérez, A. R. Ramos-Molina, César Soria-Fregozo
Depression and anxiety currently rank as the second and fifth most common causes worldwide of years lived with disability-a reality that has intensified the search for new treatments. There are many studies of herbal extracts and secondary metabolites from plants used in traditional medicine due to their antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. Clinical and preclinical studies about some of the mechanisms of action of metabolites like alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, and sterols, among others, have documented effects similar to those produced by clinically effective drugs. These metabolites have shown anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in various experimental models of anxiety by interacting with γ -aminobutyric acid subtype A receptors (GABA A -receptors) and by stimulating the serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems. These pharmacological effects can be attributed to plant metabolites that share structural similarities with monoamines, which allow them to bind to receptors. The objective of this chapter is to summarize the various mechanisms of action that have been identified in secondary metabolites with anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. Terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, and sterols can interact at different levels of the neurotransmission systems involved in the neurobiology of anxiety and depression, suggesting their potential for treating these mental illnesses. on MAO-B in the three
{"title":"Neuropharmacology of Secondary Metabolites from Plants with Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Properties","authors":"R. García-Ríos, A. Mora-Pérez, A. R. Ramos-Molina, César Soria-Fregozo","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90919","url":null,"abstract":"Depression and anxiety currently rank as the second and fifth most common causes worldwide of years lived with disability-a reality that has intensified the search for new treatments. There are many studies of herbal extracts and secondary metabolites from plants used in traditional medicine due to their antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. Clinical and preclinical studies about some of the mechanisms of action of metabolites like alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, and sterols, among others, have documented effects similar to those produced by clinically effective drugs. These metabolites have shown anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in various experimental models of anxiety by interacting with γ -aminobutyric acid subtype A receptors (GABA A -receptors) and by stimulating the serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems. These pharmacological effects can be attributed to plant metabolites that share structural similarities with monoamines, which allow them to bind to receptors. The objective of this chapter is to summarize the various mechanisms of action that have been identified in secondary metabolites with anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. Terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, and sterols can interact at different levels of the neurotransmission systems involved in the neurobiology of anxiety and depression, suggesting their potential for treating these mental illnesses. on MAO-B in the three","PeriodicalId":357035,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology - From Basic to Clinical Research","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124946563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-17DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90486
G. Guillén-Ruiz, B. Bernal-Morales, César Soria-Fregozo, E. V. Herrera-Huerta, Ana Karen Limón-Vázquez, M. Hernandez-Mixteco, Abraham Puga-Olguín
Anxiety is one of the most common psychopathologies in the general population that often begin early in life; however, research on this disorder during early developmental stages has been poorly explored compared to adults. A better understanding of the anxiety disorder through childhood is essential to develop more effective treatments. This chapter provides a general overview of the usefulness of animal models of childhood anxiety and its neurobiological bases to discuss how the studies on animals meet the several criteria of validity to discover pathophysiological mechanisms of human disorders and new treatments for these conditions. The research methodology for this chapter consisted in using a thesaurus system such as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms of the National Library of Medicine to find original articles in databases as PubMed or Web of Science about preclinical findings related to the neuropharmacology of anxiety before adulthood. The contribution of this chapter is to provide data from preclinical studies which are encouraged to a better comprehension of anxiety at young age.
焦虑是普通人群中最常见的精神病理学之一，通常在生命早期开始;然而，与成人相比，在早期发育阶段对这种疾病的研究很少。更好地了解儿童时期的焦虑症对于开发更有效的治疗方法至关重要。本章概述了儿童焦虑动物模型的有效性及其神经生物学基础，并讨论了动物研究如何满足发现人类疾病的病理生理机制和治疗这些疾病的新方法的有效性标准。本章的研究方法包括使用一个词库系统，如国家医学图书馆的医学主题标题(MeSH)术语，在PubMed或Web of Science等数据库中找到与成年前焦虑的神经药理学相关的临床前研究结果的原始文章。本章的贡献是提供临床前研究的数据，这些数据鼓励人们更好地理解年轻时期的焦虑。
{"title":"Neuropharmacology of Anxiety Disorders at Young Age: A Perspective from Preclinical Research","authors":"G. Guillén-Ruiz, B. Bernal-Morales, César Soria-Fregozo, E. V. Herrera-Huerta, Ana Karen Limón-Vázquez, M. Hernandez-Mixteco, Abraham Puga-Olguín","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90486","url":null,"abstract":"Anxiety is one of the most common psychopathologies in the general population that often begin early in life; however, research on this disorder during early developmental stages has been poorly explored compared to adults. A better understanding of the anxiety disorder through childhood is essential to develop more effective treatments. This chapter provides a general overview of the usefulness of animal models of childhood anxiety and its neurobiological bases to discuss how the studies on animals meet the several criteria of validity to discover pathophysiological mechanisms of human disorders and new treatments for these conditions. The research methodology for this chapter consisted in using a thesaurus system such as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms of the National Library of Medicine to find original articles in databases as PubMed or Web of Science about preclinical findings related to the neuropharmacology of anxiety before adulthood. The contribution of this chapter is to provide data from preclinical studies which are encouraged to a better comprehension of anxiety at young age.","PeriodicalId":357035,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology - From Basic to Clinical Research","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125848287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter is based in the compilation and analysis of different in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies, which explored the potential beneficial bioactiv-ity of supplementation with berries on some alterations in the central nervous system (CNS). The last section of the chapter describes the possible mechanisms of action of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and other compounds present in berries as well as their relationship with anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD) and their implication in the prevention of cognitive decline and senescence motor functions. Electronic databases as Springer, PubMed, Scopus, and Elsevier were used. Papers were selected by topic specially those related with berries, year of publication, and authors. The present chapter evidenced the potential health effect as neuroprotector of different berries and their bioactive compounds mainly flavonoids, polyphenols, and anthocyanins, on diseases such as anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In conclusion, for human nutrition berry fruit supplementation might be an excellent source of antioxidant and alternative for prevention and reduction of symptoms in diseases such as anxiety, depression, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s.
{"title":"Berry Supplementation and Their Beneficial Effects on Some Central Nervous System Disorders","authors":"Fernández-Demeneghi Rafael, Vargas-Moreno Isidro, Acosta-Mesa Héctor-Gabriel, P. Abraham, Campos-Uscanga Yolanda, Romo-González Tania, Guzmán-Gerónimo Rosa-Isela, Patraca-Camacho Lorena, Herrera-Meza Socorro","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90428","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is based in the compilation and analysis of different in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies, which explored the potential beneficial bioactiv-ity of supplementation with berries on some alterations in the central nervous system (CNS). The last section of the chapter describes the possible mechanisms of action of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and other compounds present in berries as well as their relationship with anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD) and their implication in the prevention of cognitive decline and senescence motor functions. Electronic databases as Springer, PubMed, Scopus, and Elsevier were used. Papers were selected by topic specially those related with berries, year of publication, and authors. The present chapter evidenced the potential health effect as neuroprotector of different berries and their bioactive compounds mainly flavonoids, polyphenols, and anthocyanins, on diseases such as anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In conclusion, for human nutrition berry fruit supplementation might be an excellent source of antioxidant and alternative for prevention and reduction of symptoms in diseases such as anxiety, depression, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s.","PeriodicalId":357035,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology - From Basic to Clinical Research","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127195054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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