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Integrated Reporting in UK Higher Education Institutions 英国高等教育机构的综合报告
Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1108/SAMPJ-03-2018-0093
Mahalaximi Adhikariparajul, A. Hassan, Mary Fletcher, Ahmed A. Elamer
PurposeThis paper aims to examine trends in the content of reporting within 135 UK higher education institutions (HEIs). It explores the extent to which integrated reporting (IR) content elements, reflecting integrated thinking, are disclosed voluntarily and whether HEI-specific features influence the resulting disclosures.Design/methodology/approachExisting IR guidelines given by the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) and the adoption of content analysis have provided the opportunity to examine the trend and extent of IR content elements associated in HEI corporate reports. The evidence was obtained from 405 UK HEI annual reports covering the period 2014-2016.FindingsThe results indicate a significant increase in the number of IR content elements embedded in HEI annual reports. The HEI-specific characteristics examined, such as the establishment of HEI (before or after 1992), adoption of IR framework and size of HEI, are all significantly and positively associated with IR content elements disclosure. This paper argues that institutional theory, isomorphism and isopraxism are relevant for explaining the changes in the contents of HEI annual reports. The findings also suggest that universities are beginning to adopt an integrated thinking approach to the reporting of their activities.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on IR content elements only and could be extended to include the fundamental concepts and basic principles of the IR framework. There are other factors that have a potentially crucial influence on HEI core activities (such as teaching and learning research and internationalisation) which have been omitted from this study.Practical implicationsThe findings will allow policymakers to evaluate the extent to which integrated thinking is taking place and influencing the UK HEI sector in the selection and presentation of information. A further implication of the findings is that an appropriate a sector-wide enforcement and compliance body, for instance, the British Universities Finance Directors Group (BUFDG), may consider developing voluntary IR guidance in a clear, consistent, concise and comparable format. Also, it may pursue regulatory support for this guidance. In doing so, it may monitor the compliance and disclosure levels of appropriate IR requirements. Within such a framework, IR could be used to assist HEIs to make more sustainable choices and allow stakeholders to better understand aspects of HEI performance.Social implicationsThe research has implications for society within and beyond the unique UK HEI sector. Universities are places of advanced thinking and can lead the way for other sectors by demonstrating the potential of integrated thinking to create a cohesive wide-ranging discourse and create engagement among stakeholder groups. Specifically, IR builds on the strong points of accounting, for instance, robust quantitative evidence collecting, relevance, reliability, ma
本文旨在研究135所英国高等教育机构(HEIs)报告内容的趋势。它探讨了反映综合思维的综合报告(IR)内容要素在多大程度上是自愿披露的,以及hei特有的特征是否会影响最终的披露。设计/方法/方法国际综合报告委员会(IIRC)提供的现有IR指引和内容分析的采用,提供了机会来检查高等教育企业报告中相关IR内容要素的趋势和程度。证据来自2014-2016年期间的405份英国高等教育机构年度报告。研究结果表明,高等教育年度报告中嵌入的IR内容元素数量显著增加。所研究的高等教育特定特征,如高等教育的建立(1992年之前或之后)、高等教育框架的采用和高等教育的规模,都与高等教育内容元素披露显著正相关。本文认为制度理论、同构理论和等同主义理论可以解释高等学校年报内容的变化。研究结果还表明,大学开始采用一种综合思考的方法来报告他们的活动。研究局限/启示本研究仅以红外内容元素为基础,并可扩展至包括红外框架的基本概念和基本原则。还有其他因素对高等教育学院的核心活动(如教学和学习研究以及国际化)有潜在的关键影响,这些因素在本研究中被省略了。实际意义:研究结果将使决策者能够评估综合思维在多大程度上正在发生,并影响英国高等教育部门在信息选择和呈现方面的影响。调查结果的进一步含义是,一个适当的全部门执法和合规机构,例如英国大学财务总监小组(BUFDG),可以考虑以清晰、一致、简洁和可比较的格式制定自愿的IR指导。此外,它可能会为这一指导方针寻求监管方面的支持。在此过程中,它可以监控适当的IR要求的遵从性和披露水平。在这样一个框架内,IR可以用来帮助高等教育机构做出更可持续的选择,并让利益相关者更好地了解高等教育机构的表现。社会影响这项研究对英国高等教育行业内外的社会都有影响。大学是先进思想的场所,可以通过展示综合思维的潜力来引领其他部门,从而创造一种有凝聚力的广泛话语,并在利益相关者群体之间创造参与。具体来说,IR建立在会计学的优点之上,例如,强有力的定量证据收集、相关性、可靠性、重要性、可比性和可靠性,将可持续发展话语解释为高等教育组织决策者合乎逻辑的“语言”。因此,IR可以更好地了解开发资本(金融、智力、人力、制造、社会和自然)的财务价值,并提供一个多方面的方法来重新评估高等教育在各个部门的组织绩效,从而支持综合思维的发展。原创性/价值这是首个探索高等教育特点并将其与英国高等教育披露的自愿IR内容元素水平联系起来的研究。
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引用次数: 57
On the Misleading Reporting of Regression Coefficients 论回归系数的误导性报告
Pub Date : 2019-01-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3311730
Stephen J. Brown
Accounting journals regularly include articles where regression coefficients are estimated and reported. However, the level of accuracy with which the estimated coefficients are reported is often not consistent within a single paper. Furthermore, in almost all cases, the level of accuracy claimed for the estimated coefficients, by re porting to so many significant figures, is far in excess of the level of accuracy that is plausible given the reported t-statistics and hence the implied standard errors of the estimated coefficients.
会计期刊定期包括回归系数估计和报告的文章。然而,在同一篇论文中,报告估计系数的准确度往往不一致。此外,在几乎所有情况下,由于报告了如此多的有效数字,估计系数所要求的精度水平远远超过了考虑到所报告的t统计量和估计系数的隐含标准误差而可能达到的精度水平。
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引用次数: 0
A Typology of Cost Accounting Practices Based on Activity-Based Costing - a Strategic Cost Management Approach 基于作业成本法的成本会计实践类型-一种战略成本管理方法
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.24191/APMAJ.V14I2.922
Grégory Wegmann
This article examines cost accounting methods containing one or more activity-based costing (ABC) like dimensions. The objective is to analyze cost accounting proposals with, in part, a philosophy reminiscent ABC. The research purposes are to analyze the strategic dimension of the methods described and to build a typology useful for managers. The discussion leads to a four-dimensional typology based on three strategic objectives assigned to the cost accounting systems. The foundation of the research is the Strategic Cost Management Theory from which emerges the ABC philosophy. The methodology applied is an academic and professional literature review. The typology designed shows common points and similarities of the methods observed and their strategic dimensions. Some of the methods studied are more or less useful for practitioners, according to the situation of their companies.
本文研究了包含一个或多个基于作业的成本核算(ABC)的成本核算方法。目的是分析成本会计建议,在某种程度上,让人想起ABC的哲学。研究的目的是分析所描述的方法的战略维度,并建立一个对管理者有用的类型。讨论导致了一个基于分配给成本会计系统的三个战略目标的四维类型。本研究的基础是战略成本管理理论,由此产生了ABC哲学。所采用的方法是学术和专业文献综述。设计的类型学显示了所观察到的方法及其战略维度的共同点和相似性。所研究的一些方法对从业者来说或多或少有用,这取决于他们公司的情况。
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引用次数: 4
Information Intermediary or De Facto Standard Setter?: Field Evidence on the Indirect and Direct Influence of Proxy Advisors 信息中介还是事实上的标准制定者?:代理顾问间接和直接影响的实地证据
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3325622
Christie Hayne, Marshall D. Vance
We examine whether proxy advisory firms (PAs) serve primarily an information intermediary role by providing research and voting recommendations to shareholders, or directly influence executive compensation by exerting pressure on firms to adopt preferred pay practices. Through a field study, we find that PAs are perceived as both information intermediaries and agenda setters and that these roles provide leverage to enable PAs to exercise significant influence over executive pay practices. Boards feel, and sometimes yield to, pressure to conform to PA “best” practices despite their own preferred compensation philosophies, even in the absence of overt PA scrutiny or negative shareholder votes. We also find that PAs are susceptible to conflicts of interest and generally use a “one-size-fits-all” approach to voting recommendations. Overall, however, PAs are viewed as improving compensation practices by increasing transparency and accountability and fostering dialogue between firms and their shareholders.
我们考察了代理咨询公司(PAs)是否主要通过向股东提供研究和投票建议来发挥信息中介作用,或者通过向公司施加压力以采用优先薪酬做法来直接影响高管薪酬。通过实地研究,我们发现个人助理被视为信息中介和议程制定者,这些角色提供了杠杆作用,使个人助理能够对高管薪酬实践施加重大影响。即使在没有公开的私人股本监督或股东投票反对的情况下,董事会也会感到(有时也会屈服于)遵守私人股本“最佳”做法的压力,尽管他们自己偏爱薪酬理念。我们还发现,pa容易受到利益冲突的影响,通常使用“一刀切”的方法来投票建议。然而,总的来说,PAs被视为通过增加透明度和问责制以及促进公司与其股东之间的对话来改善薪酬做法。
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引用次数: 20
Voluntary Disclosure in Light of Control Concerns 根据管制问题自愿披露
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3314678
Anil Arya, Ramachandran Ramanan
The centrality of private information in the design of accounting institutions has been explored via agency models that address control concerns as well as disclosure models that amplify valuation issues. Somewhat surprisingly, the joint analysis of control and valuation considerations, and their implication for firms’ voluntary disclosure practices have not received much attention. Our paper addresses this shortcoming. With embedded control and valuation concerns, the nature of the firm’s disclosure in the stock market is altered profoundly – disclosure is two-tailed or intermediate, but not single-tailed as is the norm in the disclosure literature bereft of control problems. The severity of the control problem is also altered in that disclosure changes managerial incentives to acquire and exploit private information.
通过解决控制问题的代理模型以及放大估值问题的披露模型,探讨了会计机构设计中私人信息的中心地位。有些令人惊讶的是,对控制和估值考虑的联合分析,以及它们对公司自愿披露实践的影响,并没有受到太多关注。我们的论文解决了这个缺点。由于内部控制和估值问题,公司在股票市场上披露的性质发生了深刻的变化——披露是双尾或中间的,而不是像披露文献中没有控制问题的规范那样是单尾的。控制问题的严重性也有所改变,因为披露改变了管理层获取和利用私人信息的动机。
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引用次数: 2
Debt Maturity Structure and Liquidity Shocks 债务期限结构与流动性冲击
Pub Date : 2018-12-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3307398
Julian Kolm, C. Laux, G. Loranth
We analyze the role of a firm's debt maturity structure when refinancing its debt after a liquidity shock that reduces the firm's cash flow. Staggered debt diminishes the share of outstanding debt that a firm has to refinance at any given time, which should be most beneficial for highly levered firms. However, we show that for highly levered firms, a firm's ability to roll over its maturing debt hinges on its ability to prefinance its outstanding debt expiring in future periods. Prefinancing involves holding sufficient cash to repay the outstanding debt when it expires and eliminates the potential benefits of staggered debt. If agency problems prevent a firm from holding sufficient cash to implement this strategy, then staggered debt can reduce a firm's ability to withstand a negative cash flow shock.
我们分析了在流动性冲击减少企业现金流后,企业债务再融资时债务期限结构的作用。交错债务减少了公司在任何给定时间必须再融资的未偿债务份额,这对高杠杆公司应该是最有利的。然而,我们表明,对于高杠杆企业,企业对到期债务进行展期的能力取决于其对未来到期未偿债务进行预融资的能力。预融资包括持有足够的现金,以便在未偿债务到期时偿还,并消除交错债务的潜在好处。如果代理问题使企业无法持有足够的现金来实施这一战略,那么交错债务就会降低企业抵御负现金流冲击的能力。
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引用次数: 0
The Hidden Costs of Not Using Discretionary Controls 不使用自由裁量控制的隐性成本
Pub Date : 2018-12-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3308632
Jeremy Douthit, Jing L. Davis, Steven T. Schwartz, Richard A. Young
This study investigates the effect of a principal’s choice on the availability of discretionary controls, where discretionary controls are defined as those not supported by enforceable explicit contracts. In contrast to prior findings on explicit controls, we find that agent reciprocity is not significantly less when principals choose a discretionary control than when they are exogenously available. That is, we find no hidden costs of discretionary control. We tentatively attribute this finding to agents viewing discretionary controls as less intrusive than explicit controls. Interestingly, we find that agent reciprocity is less when principals choose to forgo discretionary controls than when the discretionary controls are not available. One explanation for this result is that agents perceive that principals who turn down the option to have discretionary controls available place less value on agents’ norm-adhering behavior than other principals. These findings support the often-used managerial practice of using discretionary controls.
本研究调查了委托人的选择对自由裁量控制的可用性的影响,其中自由裁量控制被定义为那些没有可执行的明确合同支持的控制。与先前关于显性控制的研究结果相反,我们发现,当委托人选择自由裁量控制时,代理人的互惠性并不比当委托人选择外源性控制时少得多。也就是说,我们没有发现自由裁量控制的隐性成本。我们暂时将这一发现归因于代理人认为自由裁量控制比明确控制更具侵入性。有趣的是,我们发现当委托人选择放弃自由裁量控制时,代理人的互惠性比自由裁量控制不可用时要低。对这一结果的一种解释是,代理人认为,拒绝自由裁量控制的委托人比其他委托人更不重视代理人遵守规范的行为。这些发现支持了经常使用的自由裁量控制的管理实践。
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引用次数: 0
Matching Premiums in the Executive Labor Market 高管劳动力市场的匹配保费
Pub Date : 2018-12-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3304705
Mary Ellen Carter, F. Franco, İrem Tuna
We study whether executives receive pay premiums for the uncertainty of their match with a new firm. Using changes in executive-firm matches from Execucomp, we document that executives receive significant attraction premiums when they move to new firms. These premiums vary with proxies that capture potential sources of uncertainty about the quality of the match, and are incremental to pay for managerial talent, generalist ability, industry turnover risk, and potential additional costs incurred by the new employer to attract the executive to the firm, such as payments for forfeited equity and relocation costs. Consistent with compensation for uncertainty of fit, we find that the premiums decrease with the executive's tenure at the new firm, as the uncertainty about the executive-firm match is resolved over time. Our findings raise the possibility that attraction premiums are an additional cost of executive turnover and may contribute to the overall rise in executive pay. JEL Classifications: J24; J33; M12; M52. Data Availability: Data are available from sources cited in the text.
我们研究高管是否会因为与新公司匹配的不确定性而获得薪酬溢价。利用Execucomp中高管与公司匹配度的变化,我们发现,高管跳槽到新公司时,会获得显著的吸引力溢价。这些溢价因代理而异,这些代理捕获了匹配质量的潜在不确定性来源,并且对于管理人才,通才能力,行业人员流动风险以及新雇主为吸引高管到公司而产生的潜在额外成本(如没收股权和搬迁成本的支付)来说是增量的。与匹配不确定性补偿一致的是,我们发现,随着高管与公司匹配的不确定性随着时间的推移而解决,溢价随着高管在新公司的任期而减少。我们的研究结果提出了一种可能性,即吸引力溢价是高管离职的额外成本,可能有助于高管薪酬的整体上涨。JEL分类:J24;J33;M12;M52。数据可得性:数据可从文中引用的来源获得。
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引用次数: 22
The Effect of Internal Control by using COSO Framework on Revenue Toward Employee Performance: A Case Study in Public Hospital of South of Tangerang, Indonesia 基于COSO框架的内部控制对收入向员工绩效的影响——以印尼坦格朗南部公立医院为例
Pub Date : 2018-12-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3299235
S. Dhillon, Alfi Andri
The study aims to investigate the effect of internal control by using COSO Framework on Employee Performance in public hospital in South of Tangerang, Indonesia. The study use public hospital which owned by Indonesian local government as sample of the study In addition, twenty respondents are participated of the study which consists of accounting & finance staff, cashier, internal audit/control unit and head of finance department. There are five elements of COSO framework that implement in the business activities and the study finds only two element of COSO framework i.e., control activities and risk assessment have significant effect to employee performance in a public hospital in Indonesia while the others element such as, control environment, information and communication and monitoring have not significant effect to employee performance. It indicates that implementation of policies and rules regulations play significant role to enhance employee performance. in addition, it also indicates rewards and punishment as a tool to control the employee and lead to employee performance.
本研究旨在探讨内部控制运用COSO框架对印尼坦格朗南部公立医院员工绩效的影响。本研究以印尼地方政府所拥有的公立医院为研究样本,另外,本研究共选取了20名调查对象,研究内容包括:会计;财务人员,出纳,内审/控制单位和财务部门负责人。在业务活动中实施的COSO框架有五个要素,研究发现COSO框架中只有两个要素,即控制活动和风险评估对印度尼西亚公立医院的员工绩效有显著影响,而其他要素,如控制环境、信息和通信以及监测对员工绩效没有显著影响。这表明政策、规章制度的实施对员工绩效的提升有着重要的作用。此外,它还表明奖惩是一种控制员工并导致员工绩效的工具。
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引用次数: 2
Market Timing as an Explanation for the Short‐Lived Premium on Cross‐Listing 市场时机对交叉上市短期溢价的解释
Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1111/acfi.12310
Peter M. Clarkson, Stephen Gray, V. Ragunathan
This study provides further evidence on the cross‐listing valuation premium using a sample of Asian firms from 2000 to 2010. First, following Doidge et al. (2004), we document a premium, but it disappears when we incorporate firm fixed effects. Second, consistent with Gozzi et al. (2008), we find that the premium arises immediately preceding the cross‐listing year and disappears shortly thereafter. Of central interest, consistent with our proposition that the listing is strategically timed like an SEO, we document a similar pattern in operating performance, and increased financing activity in the listing year and the following 2 years.
本研究以2000年至2010年的亚洲公司为样本,为交叉上市估值溢价提供了进一步的证据。首先,根据Doidge et al.(2004),我们记录了溢价,但当我们纳入公司固定效应时,溢价就消失了。其次,与Gozzi等人(2008)的研究结果一致,我们发现溢价在交叉上市年份之前立即出现,之后不久就消失了。最重要的是,与我们的观点一致,即上市的战略时机就像SEO一样,我们记录了类似的经营业绩模式,以及上市年度和随后两年的融资活动增加。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Managerial Accounting eJournal
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