Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26485//agl/2019/108/1
A. Bokwa
. Studies on local climate of Kraków conducted after the Second World War were based on observations and measu rements at regular meteorological stations and at short-term measurement points, as well as on mobile measurements and analyses of sodar and satellite data. The diversified landform and the land use/land cover are equally important factors contro lling the local climate of Kraków. The urban heat island should be studied as an element of the thermal structure of the city, in the meso-scale, including the impact of air temperature inversions and thermal asymmetry of the Vistula river valley in Kraków. Atmospheric precipitation is highly differentiated spatially due to the impact of relief. The annual totals are higher in the city than in the surrounding areas by about 80 mm; the number of days with precipitation is also greater but the latter is true only for daily totals below 5 mm. The location of Kraków in the Vistula river valley and the sheltering effect of the convex landforms to be found south, north and west of the city are the reason for poor natural horizontal and vertical ventilation, which in turn often generates air pollution concentrations above the acceptable levels. The mean annual wind speed in the city centre is 1.8 m s-1, and the frequency of atmospheric calm reaches 30%.
． 第二次世界大战后对Kraków的当地气候进行的研究是根据定期气象站和短期测量点的观测和测量，以及对雷达和卫星数据的流动测量和分析。多样的地貌和土地利用/土地覆被同样是控制Kraków当地气候的重要因素。城市热岛应作为城市热力结构的一个要素，在中尺度上进行研究，包括Kraków地区维斯瓦河流域的气温逆温和热力不对称的影响。由于地形的影响，大气降水在空间上具有高度分异。市区年降水总量比周边地区高约80毫米;降水日数也较多，但后者仅适用于日总降水量低于5毫米的情况。Kraków在维斯瓦河谷的位置，以及城市南、北、西的凸地形的遮蔽作用，是自然水平和垂直通风不良的原因，这反过来又经常产生超过可接受水平的空气污染浓度。市中心年平均风速为1.8 m s-1，大气平静频率达30%。
{"title":"Evolution of studies on local climate of Kraków","authors":"A. Bokwa","doi":"10.26485//agl/2019/108/1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26485//agl/2019/108/1","url":null,"abstract":". Studies on local climate of Kraków conducted after the Second World War were based on observations and measu rements at regular meteorological stations and at short-term measurement points, as well as on mobile measurements and analyses of sodar and satellite data. The diversified landform and the land use/land cover are equally important factors contro lling the local climate of Kraków. The urban heat island should be studied as an element of the thermal structure of the city, in the meso-scale, including the impact of air temperature inversions and thermal asymmetry of the Vistula river valley in Kraków. Atmospheric precipitation is highly differentiated spatially due to the impact of relief. The annual totals are higher in the city than in the surrounding areas by about 80 mm; the number of days with precipitation is also greater but the latter is true only for daily totals below 5 mm. The location of Kraków in the Vistula river valley and the sheltering effect of the convex landforms to be found south, north and west of the city are the reason for poor natural horizontal and vertical ventilation, which in turn often generates air pollution concentrations above the acceptable levels. The mean annual wind speed in the city centre is 1.8 m s-1, and the frequency of atmospheric calm reaches 30%.","PeriodicalId":35736,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geographica Lodziensia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69337892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A short history and the results of urban climate research in Gdańsk and Gdynia are presented in the paper. The initial research of Gdańsk’s climate was associated with the early beginning of meteorological measurements in 1739. In the last decades of the 19 century, the importance of studies devoted to ensuring the safety of shipping and harbour activity increased significantly. The interwar period was characterized by great development of meteorological observatories in Gdańsk and Gdynia. The research efforts were particularly dedicated to the recognition of local climatic conditions, including the phenomenon of sea breeze. In the post-war period, advanced field research was undertaken to characterize the characteristic features of spatial variability of meteorological elements in Gdynia and Gdańsk. Various aspects of applied urban climatology are present in the research of the last decades of the 20 century and present times.
{"title":"Urban climate research in Gdańsk and Gdynia","authors":"Badania Klimatu, Miejskiego Gdańska, I. Gdyni","doi":"10.26485/agl/2019/108/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26485/agl/2019/108/2","url":null,"abstract":"A short history and the results of urban climate research in Gdańsk and Gdynia are presented in the paper. The initial research of Gdańsk’s climate was associated with the early beginning of meteorological measurements in 1739. In the last decades of the 19 century, the importance of studies devoted to ensuring the safety of shipping and harbour activity increased significantly. The interwar period was characterized by great development of meteorological observatories in Gdańsk and Gdynia. The research efforts were particularly dedicated to the recognition of local climatic conditions, including the phenomenon of sea breeze. In the post-war period, advanced field research was undertaken to characterize the characteristic features of spatial variability of meteorological elements in Gdynia and Gdańsk. Various aspects of applied urban climatology are present in the research of the last decades of the 20 century and present times.","PeriodicalId":35736,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geographica Lodziensia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69338543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The climate and bioclimate of the city have been studied by the climatologists from IGSO PAS since the 1960s. Since the late 1990s, these studies have been based on the measurement network of thermal and humidity conditions in the Warsaw agglomeration. The number of measuring posts has been changed over the years, currently it consists of 27 posts. The main research issues are: temporal and spatial changes of urban heat island under the spatial development changes, methods of limiting the urban heat island and adaptation to it, the impact of biologically vital areas on local climate, forecasts for the urban heat island based on selected climate change models and scenarios of spatial development changes. A large number of studies by the IGSO PAS climatologists concern human bioclimatology, including the thermal sensation, the impact of heat waves and cold waves on morbidity and mortality, the role of greenery in the city (cooling, but also aggravating allergy). The main goal of this research is to determine the measures limiting the negative impact of the urban climate on people and to improve the quality of life in the city.
{"title":"Studies of the city climate and bioclimate conducted at IGSO PAS","authors":"Zarys treści. Klimat","doi":"10.26485/agl/2019/108/5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26485/agl/2019/108/5","url":null,"abstract":"The climate and bioclimate of the city have been studied by the climatologists from IGSO PAS since the 1960s. Since the late 1990s, these studies have been based on the measurement network of thermal and humidity conditions in the Warsaw agglomeration. The number of measuring posts has been changed over the years, currently it consists of 27 posts. The main research issues are: temporal and spatial changes of urban heat island under the spatial development changes, methods of limiting the urban heat island and adaptation to it, the impact of biologically vital areas on local climate, forecasts for the urban heat island based on selected climate change models and scenarios of spatial development changes. A large number of studies by the IGSO PAS climatologists concern human bioclimatology, including the thermal sensation, the impact of heat waves and cold waves on morbidity and mortality, the role of greenery in the city (cooling, but also aggravating allergy). The main goal of this research is to determine the measures limiting the negative impact of the urban climate on people and to improve the quality of life in the city.","PeriodicalId":35736,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geographica Lodziensia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69338574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lodz research on urban climate","authors":"","doi":"10.26485/agl/2019/108/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26485/agl/2019/108/3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35736,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geographica Lodziensia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69338553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on the urban climate of Toruń by the Department of Meteorology and Climatology of UMK: an overview of history and results","authors":"","doi":"10.26485/agl/2019/108/7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26485/agl/2019/108/7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35736,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geographica Lodziensia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69338622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historical and contemporary studies of Wrocław’s climate – measurements and models","authors":"","doi":"10.26485/agl/2019/108/8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26485/agl/2019/108/8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35736,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geographica Lodziensia","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69338628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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