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Geoheritage: Progress toward Preservation 地质遗产:保护进展
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1130/gsatgeoh-v32.1
R. Clary, W. Andrews, T. Connors
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引用次数: 0
New Insights into Feeder Dike Swarms in Scoria Cones and Their Structural Control: A Case Study in the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field 火山锥中馈线堤群及其结构控制的新认识:以Michoacán-Guanajuato火山场为例
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1130/gsatg539a.1
M. G. Gómez-Vasconcelos, D. Avellán, J. L. Macías, Guillermo Cisneros-Máximo, J. M. Sánchez-Núñez, D. Miggins
Understanding the feeder systems in scoria cones is essential because they serve as the conduits that feed the most common eruptions worldwide. Feeder dikes and their emplacement are presumably controlled by the tectonic stress field. However, the mech-anism of dike propagation and structural control in monogenetic scoria cones remains poorly understood, as well as the conditions that allow dike swarms in scoria cones and in low magma-flux monogenetic volcanic fields.This is the first direct study of a magma feeder system in the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field in central México. Quarrying in the Cerrito Colorado scoria cone displays six orthogonal feeder dikes—four of them are N-S oriented, parallel to the least compressive stress, intruding preexisting faults, and two are E-W oriented, perpendicular to the least compressive stress, forming their own fracture at the time of the eruption. dike networks (swarms) can develop locally in the vicinity of scoria cones and other vent structures. We suggest that bifurcation of feeder dikes can result from temporary blockages of the conduit and during changes in the magma ascent rate and magma pressure. Feeder dikes at the surface can appear as tabular dikes, cylindrical conduits, or as a combina-tion of both geometries. We suggest that tabular dikes splay-off tangentially, and cylindrical conduits bifurcate radially and axially to the main vent. Our study attests to the complexity and structural control that even small scoria cones can present.
了解火山锥的补给系统是至关重要的,因为它们是世界上最常见的火山喷发的管道。给料堤及其就位可能受构造应力场控制。然而,对于单成因火山锥中岩脉的扩展和构造控制机制,以及岩脉群在低岩浆通量单成因火山场中形成的条件仍知之甚少。这是对青海中部Michoacán-Guanajuato火山田岩浆供给系统的首次直接研究。在Cerrito Colorado岩屑锥上采石,显示出6条正交的给矿脉,其中4条向南向平行于最小压应力,侵入了原有断层,2条向东西向垂直于最小压应力,在喷发时形成了自己的裂缝。岩脉网(群)可在岩屑锥和其他喷口构造附近局部发育。我们认为,在岩浆上升速率和岩浆压力变化的过程中,输水脉的分叉可能是由于管道的暂时阻塞造成的。地面上的给料堤可以呈现为板状堤、圆柱形导管或两种几何形状的组合。我们认为,板状岩脉切向发散,圆柱形管道沿径向和轴向向主通风口分叉。我们的研究证明了即使是小的火山锥也能呈现出复杂性和结构控制。
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引用次数: 0
SHALLOW-WATER VS. DEEP-WATER STRATIGRAPHIC GEOMETRIES IN THE ORGANIC-RICH SHALE/MUDSTONE DEBATE 富有机页岩/泥岩争论中的浅水与深水地层几何形状
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-11 DOI: 10.1130/abs/2021am-364729
D. Petty
In the central Williston basin, USA, the Bakken Formation and overlying lower Lodgepole Formation both have fine-grained, organic-rich stratigraphic units that have been interpreted sedimentologically to represent deep-water deposition in a low-energy, distal-marine environment; how-ever, these formations display vastly different stratigraphic geometries that challenge the conventional sedimentology interpretations. The Bakken Formation spans the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary and includes black, organic-rich (2%–26% total organic carbon [TOC]) shale units. Stratigraphic characteristics strongly support deposition of all Bakken sediments in shallow water, as indicated by (1) the Bakken stratigraphic position overlying a major subaerial unconformity; (2) the restriction of Bakken strata to basinal areas; (3) the absence of shale-equivalent landward deposits; (4) a layer-cake, onlap, landward-thinning stratigraphic geometry for all Bakken units; (5) gradual landward shale pinchouts that occur by intra-shale onlap and stratal thinning, not erosional truncation; (6) unequivocal evidence for very shallow-water middle Bakken deposition; and (7) the absence of evidence for large intra-Bakken sea-level changes. Lower Lodgepole strata in the Williston basin are characterized by prominent sigmoidal clinoforms. In the lower Virden clinoform, argillaceous mudstone, laminated microcrystalline dolostone, microbial-peloidal-intraclastic packstone, and skeletal-oolitic limestone form a shelf facies that transitions seaward into a thick (maximum 80 m), skeletal-peloidal mudstone to packstone slope facies, which transitions seaward into seaward-thinning (10 m to 1 m), black, organic-rich (1%–8% TOC) carbonate mudstone in a basin-floor facies,
在美国威利斯顿盆地中部,Bakken组和其上的Lodgepole组下部都具有细粒、富有机质的地层单元,沉积学上认为这些地层单元代表了低能量、远海环境下的深水沉积;然而,这些地层显示出截然不同的地层几何形状,这对传统的沉积学解释提出了挑战。巴肯组横跨泥盆系-石炭系界线,包括黑色富有机质(总有机碳[TOC] 2%-26%)页岩单元。地层特征强烈支持所有巴肯沉积物在浅水沉积,这表明:(1)巴肯地层位置位于一个主要的陆上不整合面之上;(2)巴肯地层局限于盆地地区;(3)缺乏与页岩相当的陆向矿床;(4)所有巴肯单元的层饼状、上覆、陆向减薄地层几何形状;(5)由页岩内部上覆和地层变薄造成的逐渐向陆地的页岩尖突,而不是侵蚀截断;(6)巴肯中部极浅水沉积的明确证据;(7)缺乏巴肯内部海平面大变化的证据。威利斯顿盆地下Lodgepole地层以显著的s形斜形为特征。在下Virden斜状岩中,泥质泥岩、层状微晶白云岩、微生物-似球-碎屑内泥质岩和骨架-鲕粒灰岩形成陆棚相,向海过渡为厚(最大80 m)、骨架-似球泥岩到包岩斜坡相,向海过渡为向海变薄(10 m ~ 1 m)、黑色、富有机质(1% ~ 8% TOC)的盆地底相碳酸盐泥岩。
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引用次数: 1
Nuclear Winter and the Anthropocene 核冬天与人类世
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1130/gsatg538a.1
J. Spencer
In 2019, the Anthropocene Working Group proposed the creation of an Anthropocene chronostratigraphic time unit to follow the Holocene Epoch. The Anthropocene time period would begin in the mid-twentieth century, coincident with rapid acceleration of multiple, ongoing anthropogenic changes to Earth’s surface and environments. Radioactive isotopes dispersed during the 1952– 1962 period of atmospheric thermonuclear-bomb tests form a proposed global marker for the beginning of the Anthropocene. This marker is proposed for purely geological rea-sons as it is reasonably precise and global in scope. These isotopes are also a marker for the initiation of a new human capacity to trigger global environmental change in a period of hours. The possibility of a global, multiyear nuclear winter following a nuclear war between North Atlantic Treaty Organization nations and Russia is suggested by recent studies of wildfires that injected sunlight-blocking smoke into the stratosphere, and by increasingly sophisticated numerical simulations of global climate following a major nuclear war. Although the proposal for an Anthropocene time period was made without consideration of the consequences of nuclear war or nuclear winter, designating the period of thermonuclear weapon tests as initiating an Anthropocene time period is supported here specifically because it indicates a new human capability for rapid and destructive environmental change on a global scale.
2019年,人类世工作组提议创建一个人类世年代地层时间单位,以遵循全新世。人类世时期将始于20世纪中期,与地球表面和环境的多种持续人为变化的快速加速相吻合。1952–1962年大气热核炸弹试验期间分散的放射性同位素形成了人类世开始的全球标志。该标记是为纯粹的地质区域提出的,因为它在范围上相当精确和全球性。这些同位素也是人类在数小时内引发全球环境变化的新能力启动的标志。最近对将阻挡阳光的烟雾注入平流层的野火的研究,以及对重大核战争后全球气候越来越复杂的数值模拟,都表明北大西洋公约组织国家和俄罗斯之间的核战争后可能会出现一个全球多年的核冬天。尽管人类世时期的提议没有考虑到核战争或核冬天的后果,但将热核武器试验时期指定为人类世时期在这里得到了特别支持,因为它表明了人类在全球范围内快速和破坏性环境变化的新能力。
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引用次数: 1
What’s Soil Got to Do with Climate Change? 土壤与气候变化有什么关系?
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1130/gsatg519a.1
T. Longbottom, Leila Wahab, Kyungjin Min, Anna K. Jurusik, K. Moreland, M. Dolui, Touyee Thao, Melinda Gonzales, Yulissa Rojas, J. Alvarez, Zachary Malone, Jielu Yan, T. Ghezzehei, A. Berhe
Soils are the foundation of life on land and represent one of the largest global carbon (C) reservoirs. Because of the vast amount of C that they store and the continu-ous fluxes of C with the atmosphere, soil can either be part of the solution or problem with respect to climate change. Using a bank account analogy, the size and signifi-cance of the soil organic C (SOC) pool is best understood as the balance between inputs (deposits) from net primary produc-tivity and outputs (withdrawals) from SOC through decay and/or physical transport. Reversing the current problematic trend of increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere must be met with reduced fossil fuel emissions. At the same time, we argue that “climate-smart” land management can promote both terrestrial sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and contribute to improving soil health and benefits. In this review, we highlight environments that are particularly vulnerable to SOC destabilization via land use and climatic factors and outline existing and emerging strategies that use soils to address anthropogenic climate change. Here, three contrasting eco- systems reveal differing SOC richness and dynamics: (A) agricultural, (B) grassland/shrubland, and (C) forested. Conventional agriculture (A) often leads to lower carbon stocks, and overall, less carbon input to the soil carbon pool. Grasslands (B) can harbor plants with deeper and more extensive root systems, medium to high amounts of SOC stock, and greater carbon inputs to the SOC pool. Forests (C) can have the deepest rooting system, a high amount of soil C stock, greatest density of mineral-associated C, and high rate of input of C to soils. Overall, organo-mineral association(s) and SOC pool is a function of the “balance” of C inputs and outputs in the soil organic carbon “bank account.”
土壤是陆地生命的基础,也是全球最大的碳(C)储存库之一。由于它们储存了大量的碳,并且碳在大气中不断流动,土壤既可以成为解决气候变化问题的一部分,也可以成为问题的一部分。利用银行账户的类比,土壤有机碳(SOC)库的规模和重要性最好理解为来自净初级生产力的投入(存款)和通过腐烂和/或物理运输的SOC产出(提取)之间的平衡。要扭转目前大气中温室气体浓度增加的问题趋势,必须减少化石燃料的排放。同时,我们认为“气候智慧型”土地管理既可以促进大气中二氧化碳(CO 2)的陆地封存,又有助于改善土壤健康和效益。在这篇综述中,我们强调了特别容易受到土地利用和气候因素影响的土壤有机碳不稳定的环境,并概述了利用土壤来应对人为气候变化的现有和新兴策略。在这里,三种不同的生态系统显示出不同的有机碳丰富度和动态:(A)农业,(B)草地/灌丛,和(C)森林。传统农业(A)通常导致较低的碳储量,总体而言,较少的碳输入到土壤碳库。草地(B)具有较深、较粗放的根系、中高的有机碳储量和较大的碳库输入量的植物。森林(C)具有最深的根系系统、大量的土壤C储量、最大的矿物相关C密度和高的土壤C输入率。总体而言,有机矿物关联和有机碳库是土壤有机碳“银行账户”中碳输入和输出“平衡”的函数。
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引用次数: 1
Supplemental Material: Rapid sediment re-deposition may limit carbon release during catastrophic thermokarst lake drainage 补充材料:在灾难性热岩溶湖排水过程中,沉积物的快速再沉积可能限制碳的释放
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1130/gsat.s.19083299
B. Burnham, E. al.
Table S1: Geometric measurements obtained from satellite imagery of rapidly drained thermokarst lakes and associated deltas and thermo-erosion gullies. Lake ID relate to drained lakes identified in Nitze et al. (2020). Table S2: Estimated soil organic carbon content measured in gigagram (Gg) in top 2 m removed from thermo-erosion gullies. Estimates and approximate spatial resolution are derived from spatial statistical models presented in Zhu and McGuire (2016).
表S1:从快速排水的热岩溶湖泊和相关三角洲和热侵蚀冲沟的卫星图像中获得的几何测量结果。湖泊ID与Nitze等人(2020)中确定的排水湖泊有关。表S2:从热侵蚀沟中移除的顶部2m的土壤有机碳含量估计值,单位为千兆克(Gg)。估计值和近似空间分辨率来自朱和麦奎尔(2016)提出的空间统计模型。
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material: Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Faculty Experiences Can Prepare Us for Future System-Wide Disruption 补充材料:从COVID-19大流行中学习:教师经验如何使我们为未来的全系统中断做好准备
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.1130/gsat.s.17209481
K. Bateman, et al.
Demographic information for participants in all phases of the study and the survey and interview questions for all phases of the study
研究所有阶段参与者的人口统计信息以及研究所有阶段的调查和访谈问题
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引用次数: 1
Supplemental Material: Continental Magmatism and Uplift as the Primary Driver for First-Order Oceanic 87Sr/86Sr Variability with Implications for Global Climate and Atmospheric Oxygenation 补充材料:大陆岩浆活动和隆升是海洋87Sr/86Sr一级变率的主要驱动因素及其对全球气候和大气氧化的影响
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1130/gsat.s.16942894
T. Paulsen, E. al.
Table S1: Detrital zircon U-Pb age and trace element ratio global compilation
表S1:碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和微量元素比例全球汇编
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引用次数: 3
Mapping Critical Minerals from the Sky 绘制来自天空的关键矿物
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1130/gsatg512a.1
A. Shah, Robby Morrow, Michael M. Pace, M. Harris, W. Doar
Critical mineral resources titanium, zirconium, and rare earth elements occur in placer deposits over vast parts of the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain. Key questions regarding provenance, pathways of minerals to deposit sites, and relations to geologic features remain unexplained. As part of a national effort to collect data over regions prospective for critical minerals, the first public high-resolution aeroradiometric survey over the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain was conducted over Quaternary sediments in South Carolina. The new data provide an unprecedented view of potential deposits by imaging Th-bearing minerals in the heavy mineral assemblage. Sand ridges show the highest radiometric Th values with localized, linear anomalies, especially along the shoreface and in areas reworked by multiple processes and/or during multiple episodes. Estuarine areas with finer-grained sediments show lower, distributed Th anomalies. Th values averaged over geologic unit areas are similar for both environments, suggesting that heavy minerals are present but have not been locally concentrated in the lower-energy estuarine environments. Radiometric K highlights immature minerals such as mica and potassium feldspar. K is elevated within shallow sediments younger than ca. 130 ka, an attribute that persists in regional data from northern South Carolina to northern Florida. Both K and Th are elevated over the floodplains of the Santee River and other rivers with headwaters in the igneous and metamorphic Piedmont Terrane. The persistence of K anomalies for distances of more than 100 km from the Santee River floodplain suggests that heavy minerals are delivered from the Piedmont to offshore areas by major rivers, transported along the coast by the longshore current, and redeposited onshore by marine processes.
重要的矿产资源钛、锆和稀土元素存在于美国大西洋沿岸平原大片地区的砂矿中。关于物源、矿物到沉积地点的路径以及与地质特征的关系等关键问题仍未得到解释。作为国家努力收集关键矿物潜在区域数据的一部分,美国大西洋沿岸平原的第一次公开高分辨率航空辐射测量调查在南卡罗来纳州的第四纪沉积物上进行。新的数据通过对重矿物组合中的含钍矿物进行成像,提供了一个前所未有的潜在矿床视图。砂脊显示出最高的辐射测量Th值,具有局部线性异常,特别是沿海岸和经过多次过程和/或多次事件重新加工的地区。粒度较细的河口地区Th异常较低,分布较广。这两种环境在地质单位面积上的平均值是相似的,这表明重矿物是存在的,但在能量较低的河口环境中没有局部集中。辐射测量显示未成熟矿物,如云母和钾长石。在年龄小于约130 ka的浅层沉积物中,钾含量升高,这一特征在从南卡罗来纳北部到佛罗里达北部的区域数据中持续存在。K和Th都位于桑提河和其他河流的洪泛平原之上,这些河流的源头在火成岩和变质的山前地体中。在距离桑蒂河漫滩100多公里的范围内,K异常的持续存在表明,重矿物由主要河流从皮埃蒙特带到近海地区,由沿岸洋流沿海岸输送,并通过海洋过程重新沉积在岸上。
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引用次数: 2
Supplemental Material: ‘Taters versus Sliders: Evidence for a Long-Lived History of Strike-Slip Displacement along the Canadian Arctic Transform System (CATS) 补充材料:“Taters与Sliders:加拿大北极转换系统(CATS)走滑位移长期历史的证据”
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1130/GSATG500A.1
W. McClelland, J. Strauss, M. Colpron, J. Gilotti, K. Faehnrich, S. Malone, G. Gehrels, F. Macdonald, J. Oldow
Probability plots, Shepard plot, and sources of U/Pb data in Figure 2A.
图2A中的概率图、Shepard图和U/Pb数据来源。
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引用次数: 8
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