A direct consequence of rising CO2 is increasingly devastating flooding, because deciduous plants deploy fewer stomates each year as the atmospheric CO2 supplies more carbon for photosynthesis. When plants transpire less, more water runs off in streams and floods. Here we quantify this effect with highresolution observations of changing density and size of stomates of a mesic tree, Ginkgo, since 1754. The observed decline in maximum potential transpiration corresponds with rising water levels in the Mississippi River and represents a potential transpiration decline from 1829 to 2015 of 18 mL s–1 m–2: a reduction of 29%. Rising atmospheric CO2 and declining transpiration promote flooding, which handicaps lowland cultivation and renders irrelevant insurance and zoning concepts such as the 100-year flood.
二氧化碳上升的一个直接后果是毁灭性的洪水日益增加，因为大气中的二氧化碳为光合作用提供了更多的碳，而每年落叶植物部署的气孔减少了。当植物的蒸腾作用减少时，更多的水以溪流和洪水的形式流走。在这里，我们量化了这种影响与高分辨率的观察变化的密度和气孔的大小，自1754年以来的一种树，银杏。观测到的最大潜在蒸腾的下降与密西西比河水位的上升相对应，并表示从1829年到2015年的潜在蒸腾下降为18 mL - 1 m-2:减少29%。大气中二氧化碳的增加和蒸腾作用的减少促进了洪水，这阻碍了低地的种植，并使诸如百年一遇的洪水之类的保险和分区概念变得无关紧要。
{"title":"Flooding Induced by Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide","authors":"G. Retallack, G. Conde","doi":"10.1130/gsatg427a.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg427a.1","url":null,"abstract":"A direct consequence of rising CO2 is increasingly devastating flooding, because deciduous plants deploy fewer stomates each year as the atmospheric CO2 supplies more carbon for photosynthesis. When plants transpire less, more water runs off in streams and floods. Here we quantify this effect with highresolution observations of changing density and size of stomates of a mesic tree, Ginkgo, since 1754. The observed decline in maximum potential transpiration corresponds with rising water levels in the Mississippi River and represents a potential transpiration decline from 1829 to 2015 of 18 mL s–1 m–2: a reduction of 29%. Rising atmospheric CO2 and declining transpiration promote flooding, which handicaps lowland cultivation and renders irrelevant insurance and zoning concepts such as the 100-year flood.","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":"30 1","pages":"4-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41542235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Keisling, R. Bryant, Nigel Golden, L. Stevens, Ellen Alexander
01003, USA; Nigel Golden, Dept. of Environmental Conservation, Univ. of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA; Laura A. Stevens**, Marine Geology and Geophysics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York 10964, USA; and Ellen Alexander, Dept. of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Univ. of California, 595 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
01003年,美国;Nigel Golden，马萨诸塞大学环境保护系，160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003;Laura A. Stevens**，海洋地质与地球物理学，Lamont-Doherty地球观测站，Palisades, 61 Route 9W, New York 10964, USA;美国加州洛杉矶查尔斯杨大道595号，加州大学地球、行星和空间科学系艾伦·亚历山大教授
{"title":"Does Our Vision of Diversity Reduce Harm and Promote Justice?","authors":"B. Keisling, R. Bryant, Nigel Golden, L. Stevens, Ellen Alexander","doi":"10.1130/gsatg429gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg429gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"01003, USA; Nigel Golden, Dept. of Environmental Conservation, Univ. of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA; Laura A. Stevens**, Marine Geology and Geophysics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York 10964, USA; and Ellen Alexander, Dept. of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Univ. of California, 595 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":"30 1","pages":"64-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47429410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND Due to COVID-19, scientists and students alike moved from hallway discussions and group debates to working in isolation and participating in online classes. Academic and professional communities around the world have experienced significant cancellations of critical in-person events, including a number of scientific meetings. The University of Arizona Department of Geosciences 48th annual conference, GeoDaze, was no exception. GeoDaze was originally scheduled for April 2020, but all in-person university events were cancelled a few weeks prior. As organizers of the conference, we were initially devastated that we would not see all of our hard work come to fruition this year. Within a few days of the cancellation, our heartbreak transitioned to problem solving as we decided to redevelop the conference into an innovative virtual event. Surprisingly, there were several silver linings in the online conference that enhanced the event for attendees. As GeoDaze concluded, we wondered: What can we learn from the unprecedented pandemic lockdown to enhance scientific meeting experiences? Here we outline the benefits of transitioning a conference to an entirely virtual format, and we argue that some elements of online meetings are worth incorporating into a post– COVID-19 world. GeoDaze is an annual university event inaugurated in 1972 that provides graduate and undergraduate students with the opportunity to present their latest geoscience research to the community. The entirely student-run conference draws in university alumni and geoscientists from industry, government, and academia. The ability for students to interact with professionals provides opportunities for career and academic growth through collaboration and guidance. This event often serves as the first opportunity for students to publicly present research, so there was a sense of urgency to maintain the annual tradition despite being met with initial hesitation and concern about moving GeoDaze to an entirely virtual format for the first time in history.
{"title":"Learning from the Lockdown: The Silver Linings of a Virtual Conference","authors":"L. Bailey, S. Portnoy, Alexander Prescott","doi":"10.1130/gsatg468gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg468gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Due to COVID-19, scientists and students alike moved from hallway discussions and group debates to working in isolation and participating in online classes. Academic and professional communities around the world have experienced significant cancellations of critical in-person events, including a number of scientific meetings. The University of Arizona Department of Geosciences 48th annual conference, GeoDaze, was no exception. GeoDaze was originally scheduled for April 2020, but all in-person university events were cancelled a few weeks prior. As organizers of the conference, we were initially devastated that we would not see all of our hard work come to fruition this year. Within a few days of the cancellation, our heartbreak transitioned to problem solving as we decided to redevelop the conference into an innovative virtual event. Surprisingly, there were several silver linings in the online conference that enhanced the event for attendees. As GeoDaze concluded, we wondered: What can we learn from the unprecedented pandemic lockdown to enhance scientific meeting experiences? Here we outline the benefits of transitioning a conference to an entirely virtual format, and we argue that some elements of online meetings are worth incorporating into a post– COVID-19 world. GeoDaze is an annual university event inaugurated in 1972 that provides graduate and undergraduate students with the opportunity to present their latest geoscience research to the community. The entirely student-run conference draws in university alumni and geoscientists from industry, government, and academia. The ability for students to interact with professionals provides opportunities for career and academic growth through collaboration and guidance. This event often serves as the first opportunity for students to publicly present research, so there was a sense of urgency to maintain the annual tradition despite being met with initial hesitation and concern about moving GeoDaze to an entirely virtual format for the first time in history.","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":"30 1","pages":"44-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45489802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Andrews, Gabrielle Labishak, S. Brown, S. Isom, Holly D. Pettus, Trevor Byers
We use a small photography set-up consisting of a 30 cm-across, square, white, plastic Lazy-Susan turntable, a 50 cm-across, cubic, fabric lightbox with three LED ring lights, and an 18.4 MP Sony DSC-HX80 compact digital camera mounted on a simple tripod. We use a matte black background in the lightbox with pastel white filters on the LED lights. The turntable is marked-up with pairs of colored dots in the corners and approximately halfway towards the center; these are used to assist manual registration of images. Samples up to 40 cm-diameter can be accommodated but we generally restrict ourselves to samples less than 25 cm-diameter to enable use of the registration marks on the turntable.
{"title":"Teaching with Digital 3D Models of Minerals and Rocks","authors":"G. Andrews, Gabrielle Labishak, S. Brown, S. Isom, Holly D. Pettus, Trevor Byers","doi":"10.1130/gsatg464gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg464gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"We use a small photography set-up consisting of a 30 cm-across, square, white, plastic Lazy-Susan turntable, a 50 cm-across, cubic, fabric lightbox with three LED ring lights, and an 18.4 MP Sony DSC-HX80 compact digital camera mounted on a simple tripod. We use a matte black background in the lightbox with pastel white filters on the LED lights. The turntable is marked-up with pairs of colored dots in the corners and approximately halfway towards the center; these are used to assist manual registration of images. Samples up to 40 cm-diameter can be accommodated but we generally restrict ourselves to samples less than 25 cm-diameter to enable use of the registration marks on the turntable.","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41355129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael L. Williams, D. Kellett, B. Tikoff, S. Whitmeyer
{"title":"Assembling Laurentia—Integrated Theme Sessions on Tectonic Turning Points","authors":"Michael L. Williams, D. Kellett, B. Tikoff, S. Whitmeyer","doi":"10.1130/gsatg459gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg459gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":"30 1","pages":"36-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46591614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using Mobile Technologies to Enhance Accessibility and Inclusion in Field-Based Learning","authors":"S. Whitmeyer, C. Atchison, T. Collins","doi":"10.1130/gsat.s.12501404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsat.s.12501404","url":null,"abstract":"Table SD1 and Figures SD1, SD2, and SD3<div><br></div>","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41796802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material: StraboTools: A Mobile App for Quantifying Fabric in Geology","authors":"A. Glazner","doi":"10.1130/gsatg454a.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg454a.1","url":null,"abstract":"Original photos from figure 1.","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46404273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Stern, J. Ryan, Ning Wang, Victor J. Ricchezza, Siloa Willis
{"title":"Geoscience Videos and Animations: How to Make Them with Your Students, and How to Use Them in the Classroom","authors":"R. Stern, J. Ryan, Ning Wang, Victor J. Ricchezza, Siloa Willis","doi":"10.1130/gsatg451gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg451gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":"30 1","pages":"42-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43818571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seeing Like a Geologist: How Expertise and Context Impact Frame-of-Reference Judgments","authors":"B. Kreager, N. LaDue","doi":"10.1130/gsatg423gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg423gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":" ","pages":"44-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48210162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Nesbit, A. Boulding, C. Hugenholtz, P. Durkin, S. Hubbard
High-resolution 3D data sets, such as digital outcrop models (DOMs), are increasingly being used by geoscientists to supplement field observations and enable multiscale and repeatable analysis that was previously difficult, if not impossible, to achieve using conventional methods. Despite an increasing archive of DOMs driven by technological advances, the ability to share and visualize these data sets remains a challenge due to large file sizes and the need for specialized software. Together, these issues limit the open exchange of data sets and interpretations. To promote greater data accessibility for a broad audience, we implement three modern platforms for disseminating models and interpretations within an open science framework: Sketchfab, potree, and Unity. Web-based platforms, such as Sketchfab and potree, render interactive 3D models within standard web browsers with limited functionality, whereas game engines, such as Unity, enable development of fully customizable 3D visualizations compatible with multiple operating systems. We review the capabilities of each platform using a DOM of an extensive outcrop exposure of Late Cretaceous fluvial stratigraphy generated from uninhabited aerial vehicle images. Each visualization platform provides end-users with digital access and intuitive controls to interact with large DOM data sets, without the need for specialized software and hardware. We demonstrate a range of features and interface customizability that can be created and suggest potential use cases to share interpretations, reinforce student learning, and enhance scientific communication through unique and accessible visualization experiences. INTRODUCTION High-resolution 3D digital models are becoming increasingly common data sets in academic and commercial applications. In the geosciences specifically, digital outcrop models (DOMs), or virtual outcrops, can provide geoscientists with photorealistic models that preserve spatial precision, dimensionality, and geometric relationships between geologic features that are inherently 3D and susceptible to distortion and/or loss of information when rendered in 2D (Bellian et al., 2005; McCaffrey et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2009). Digital 3D mapping approaches using DOMs have enabled geoscientists to perform supplemental measurements, correlations, and interpretations that are difficult or impossible to obtain with traditional methods (Figs. 1–2; Pavlis and Mason, 2017; Nesbit et al., 2018). Until recently, however, collection and use of digital data sets has been limited to specialists, due to hardware and software limitations. A number of methods are now available for collecting and processing 3D models (Hodgetts, 2013; Carrivick et al., 2016). In particular, structure-from-motion and multi-view stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry software, commonly paired with uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs), enables geoscientists to produce photorealistic DOMs through a highly streamlined UAV-SfM workflow (Ches
高分辨率3D数据集，如数字露头模型(dom)，正越来越多地被地球科学家用于补充现场观测，并实现多尺度和可重复的分析，这在以前很难(如果不是不可能的话)使用传统方法来实现。尽管在技术进步的推动下，dom的存档越来越多，但由于文件大小大，需要专门的软件，共享和可视化这些数据集的能力仍然是一个挑战。总之，这些问题限制了数据集和解释的公开交换。为了促进广大受众更大的数据可访问性，我们实施了三个现代平台，用于在开放科学框架内传播模型和解释:Sketchfab, potree和Unity。基于web的平台(如Sketchfab和potree)能够在功能有限的标准网页浏览器中呈现交互式3D模型，而游戏引擎(如Unity)则能够开发与多种操作系统兼容的完全可定制的3D可视化。我们使用无人飞行器图像生成的晚白垩世河流地层广泛露头暴露的DOM来审查每个平台的能力。每个可视化平台都为最终用户提供数字访问和直观的控件，以与大型DOM数据集进行交互，而不需要专门的软件和硬件。我们展示了一系列可以创建的功能和界面可定制性，并提出了潜在的用例，通过独特和可访问的可视化体验来共享解释、加强学生学习和加强科学交流。高分辨率3D数字模型在学术和商业应用中越来越普遍。特别是在地球科学中，数字露头模型(dom)或虚拟露头可以为地球科学家提供逼真的模型，这些模型可以保持空间精度、维度和地质特征之间的几何关系，这些特征本质上是3D的，在2D呈现时容易失真和/或信息丢失(Bellian等人，2005;McCaffrey et al.， 2005;Jones et al.， 2009)。使用dom的数字3D制图方法使地球科学家能够执行传统方法难以或不可能获得的补充测量、关联和解释(图1-2;Pavlis and Mason, 2017;Nesbit et al.， 2018)。然而，直到最近，由于硬件和软件的限制，数字数据集的收集和使用仅限于专家。现在有许多方法可用于收集和处理3D模型(Hodgetts, 2013;Carrivick等人，2016)。特别是，运动结构和多视点立体(SfM-MVS)摄影测量软件，通常与无人飞行器(无人机)配对，使地球科学家能够通过高度精简的无人机- sfm工作流程产生逼真的dom (Chesley等人，2017;Nieminski and Graham, 2017;Pavlis and Mason, 2017;Nesbit and Hugenholtz, 2019)。相关工作集中在开发具有地球科学应用工具的3D软件解决方案上。定制软件包，如虚拟现实地质工作室(VRGS);Hodgetts等人，2007)和LIME (Buckley等人，2019)为用户提供了轻量级的可执行工具和机会，可以在多个尺度上分析和重新访问数据。开源程序，如Blender和CloudCompare，可用于数据探索和测量，还集成了特定的地球科学工具集(例如，Brodu和Lague, 2012;Dewez等人，2016;Thiele等人，2017)。尽管获取DOMs已经变得更加直接，并且有各种各样的3D分析程序可用，但由于软件和文件大小的障碍，DOMs的传播、解释和结果仍然是一个挑战。专业3D程序通常受到产品许可的阻碍，并且可能涉及相当长的学习曲线，以了解控制，文件格式和集成工具。此外，dom的大小很容易超过多个GB，这可能会对渲染、文件存储和数据传输的计算资源造成负担。随着高分辨率dom和类似3D数据集的不断增加，需要专门的、直观的、可访问的3D可视化平台。鉴于上述挑战，我们研究了现有的可视化解决方案，这些解决方案可能通过增加数据可访问性来实现dom的共享并支持开放科学。为了提供现代可视化平台的功能介绍，我们使用地质案例研究说明了两个基于web的界面(Sketchfab和potree)和跨平台视频游戏引擎(Unity)的功能和功能。通过无人机- sfm工作流程，在加拿大阿尔伯塔省恐龙省立公园的荒地景观中，对大面积露头(1平方公里)进行了DOM生成。 每个可视化平台都通过直观的轻量级界面提供对大型DOM的访问，而不需要高端硬件，3D数字露头模型的可视化和共享促进开放科学GSA Today, v. 30, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG425A.1。版权所有，美国地质学会。CC-BY-NC。专门的软件，或传输和存储大文件。这提高了与更广泛的社区共享数据集、解释和结果的能力，扩大了科学交流和开放科学教育的机会。
{"title":"Visualization and Sharing of 3D Digital Outcrop Models to Promote Open Science","authors":"P. Nesbit, A. Boulding, C. Hugenholtz, P. Durkin, S. Hubbard","doi":"10.1130/gsatg425a.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg425a.1","url":null,"abstract":"High-resolution 3D data sets, such as digital outcrop models (DOMs), are increasingly being used by geoscientists to supplement field observations and enable multiscale and repeatable analysis that was previously difficult, if not impossible, to achieve using conventional methods. Despite an increasing archive of DOMs driven by technological advances, the ability to share and visualize these data sets remains a challenge due to large file sizes and the need for specialized software. Together, these issues limit the open exchange of data sets and interpretations. To promote greater data accessibility for a broad audience, we implement three modern platforms for disseminating models and interpretations within an open science framework: Sketchfab, potree, and Unity. Web-based platforms, such as Sketchfab and potree, render interactive 3D models within standard web browsers with limited functionality, whereas game engines, such as Unity, enable development of fully customizable 3D visualizations compatible with multiple operating systems. We review the capabilities of each platform using a DOM of an extensive outcrop exposure of Late Cretaceous fluvial stratigraphy generated from uninhabited aerial vehicle images. Each visualization platform provides end-users with digital access and intuitive controls to interact with large DOM data sets, without the need for specialized software and hardware. We demonstrate a range of features and interface customizability that can be created and suggest potential use cases to share interpretations, reinforce student learning, and enhance scientific communication through unique and accessible visualization experiences. INTRODUCTION High-resolution 3D digital models are becoming increasingly common data sets in academic and commercial applications. In the geosciences specifically, digital outcrop models (DOMs), or virtual outcrops, can provide geoscientists with photorealistic models that preserve spatial precision, dimensionality, and geometric relationships between geologic features that are inherently 3D and susceptible to distortion and/or loss of information when rendered in 2D (Bellian et al., 2005; McCaffrey et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2009). Digital 3D mapping approaches using DOMs have enabled geoscientists to perform supplemental measurements, correlations, and interpretations that are difficult or impossible to obtain with traditional methods (Figs. 1–2; Pavlis and Mason, 2017; Nesbit et al., 2018). Until recently, however, collection and use of digital data sets has been limited to specialists, due to hardware and software limitations. A number of methods are now available for collecting and processing 3D models (Hodgetts, 2013; Carrivick et al., 2016). In particular, structure-from-motion and multi-view stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry software, commonly paired with uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs), enables geoscientists to produce photorealistic DOMs through a highly streamlined UAV-SfM workflow (Ches","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47397508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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