Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306012
David Chukwuma Nwikwe, E. Balogun
A potential antimalarial prospect should have high efficacy with low toxicity. SynriamTM antimalarial drug has been proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of malaria in human with dearth information on rats. This study investigated its potential toxicity from prolonged administration on lipid profiles and haematological indices in rats. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (A – E) of seven rats each. Animals in group A (control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, while groups B, C, D, and E respectively received 4.0, 8.0, 16.0 and 32.0 mg/kg bwt of the drug once daily for 28 days. The concentrations of serum TC, LDL and atherogenic index showed significant (p<0.05) decrease, while serum TRIG, HDL, and VLDL concentrations had no effect (p>0.05). The drug also had no effect (p>0.05) on the levels of the red blood cell count, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. Similarly, it had no effect (p>0.05) on the levels of the WBC, lymphocytes and neutrocytes, while the platelet counts had slight (p<0.05) decrease. Hence, SynriamTM is relatively safe at doses of 4.0-32.0 mg/kg bwt in rats when taken once daily with minimal effects on the lipid profiles and haematological indices.
{"title":"Assessment of Prolonged Administration of SynriamTM on Haematological Parameters and Lipid Profiles of Rats","authors":"David Chukwuma Nwikwe, E. Balogun","doi":"10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306012","url":null,"abstract":"A potential antimalarial prospect should have high efficacy with low toxicity. SynriamTM antimalarial drug has been proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of malaria in human with dearth information on rats. This study investigated its potential toxicity from prolonged administration on lipid profiles and haematological indices in rats. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (A – E) of seven rats each. Animals in group A (control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, while groups B, C, D, and E respectively received 4.0, 8.0, 16.0 and 32.0 mg/kg bwt of the drug once daily for 28 days. The concentrations of serum TC, LDL and atherogenic index showed significant (p<0.05) decrease, while serum TRIG, HDL, and VLDL concentrations had no effect (p>0.05). The drug also had no effect (p>0.05) on the levels of the red blood cell count, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. Similarly, it had no effect (p>0.05) on the levels of the WBC, lymphocytes and neutrocytes, while the platelet counts had slight (p<0.05) decrease. Hence, SynriamTM is relatively safe at doses of 4.0-32.0 mg/kg bwt in rats when taken once daily with minimal effects on the lipid profiles and haematological indices.","PeriodicalId":358730,"journal":{"name":"African Scientist","volume":"330 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123658055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230606
Olufunke T. Olugbenga, Joy E. Okpuzo
The effect of carcinogen exposure has been established to alter biochemical and hematological profiles in humans. Secondary metabolites from plant sources like flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and others have been found to be potent anticancer agents and also investigated to protect against the effect of environmental carcinogens. Female albino rats were rats exposed to freshly prepared 3 fractionated doses of 50 mg/kg N-Nitroso-N-ethyl urea (carcinogen) dissolved in 1/15 M Phosphate buffer, given intraperitoneally and treated with varying concentrations of Senna alata plant aqueous extracts. At the end of the test period, hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in blood and serum samples. Compared to the control group, the carcinogen exposed rats treated group showed significances in several hematological parameters, including decreases in White blood cell (WBC), Red blood cell (RBC), and Platelet (PLT) counts. Furthermore, in comparison to the control group, the carcinogen exposed rats showed significantly increased blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol), triacylglycerols levels and High density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) level. The hematological and biochemical parameters in the carcinogen exposed rats treated group were approximately similar to control group. The S. alata extract significantly (P<0.05) restored the hematological and biochemical parameters in N-Nitroso-N-ethyl urea carcinogen exposed rats
接触致癌物会改变人体的生化和血液学特征。来自植物的次生代谢物，如类黄酮、生物碱、皂苷等，已被发现是有效的抗癌剂，也被研究用于保护人体免受环境致癌物的影响。雌性白化大鼠暴露于新鲜配制的3次剂量的50 mg/kg n -亚硝基- n -乙基尿素(致癌物)溶解在1/15 M磷酸盐缓冲液中，腹腔注射不同浓度的番泻草植物水提取物。在试验期结束时，测定血液和血清样品的血液学和生化参数。与对照组相比，暴露于致癌物的治疗组大鼠在几个血液学参数上表现出显著性，包括白细胞(WBC)、红细胞(RBC)和血小板(PLT)计数的减少。此外，与对照组相比，接触致癌物的大鼠血糖、血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白(ldl -胆固醇)、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白(hdl -胆固醇)水平显著升高。致癌物接触组大鼠血液学、生化指标与对照组基本相似。紫苏提取物对n -亚硝基- n -乙基脲致癌物暴露大鼠血液学和生化指标有显著恢复作用(P<0.05)
{"title":"Effects of Senna alata Aqueous Extract on the Hematological and Biochemical Alterations in Rats Exposed to N-Nitroso-N-Ethyl Urea","authors":"Olufunke T. Olugbenga, Joy E. Okpuzo","doi":"10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230606","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of carcinogen exposure has been established to alter biochemical and hematological profiles in humans. Secondary metabolites from plant sources like flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and others have been found to be potent anticancer agents and also investigated to protect against the effect of environmental carcinogens. Female albino rats were rats exposed to freshly prepared 3 fractionated doses of 50 mg/kg N-Nitroso-N-ethyl urea (carcinogen) dissolved in 1/15 M Phosphate buffer, given intraperitoneally and treated with varying concentrations of Senna alata plant aqueous extracts. At the end of the test period, hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in blood and serum samples. Compared to the control group, the carcinogen exposed rats treated group showed significances in several hematological parameters, including decreases in White blood cell (WBC), Red blood cell (RBC), and Platelet (PLT) counts. Furthermore, in comparison to the control group, the carcinogen exposed rats showed significantly increased blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol), triacylglycerols levels and High density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) level. The hematological and biochemical parameters in the carcinogen exposed rats treated group were approximately similar to control group. The S. alata extract significantly (P<0.05) restored the hematological and biochemical parameters in N-Nitroso-N-ethyl urea carcinogen exposed rats","PeriodicalId":358730,"journal":{"name":"African Scientist","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115073655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230604
M. A. Akhere
A study of the effect laundry wastewater on the microalga Chlorella vulgaris was carried out. The study was carried out using different treatments 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% of laundry wastewater. The microalgal growth responses were determined optically using absorbance on spectrophotometer at 750nm. Samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand using standard methods. Descriptive statistics, inferential (One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc test Duncan multiple range (DMR) were done using Microsoft excel 2010 and statistical package for social science SPSS 22. The results showed that different concentrations of laundry wastewater stimulated the growth of Chlorella vulgaris with 50% treatment having the highest yield (3.2), followed by 40% treatment (2.7) and the control (0%) had the least yield of 0.6. There was a significant increase in pH and temperature while there was a decrease in total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and conductivity. The level of reduction in COD was from 1340mg/L to 364mg/L, which indicated that Chlorella vulgaris has the potential to bioremediate laundry wastewater.
{"title":"Phycoremediation of Laundry Wastewater Using Chlorella vulgaris (Beijerinck)","authors":"M. A. Akhere","doi":"10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230604","url":null,"abstract":"A study of the effect laundry wastewater on the microalga Chlorella vulgaris was carried out. The study was carried out using different treatments 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% of laundry wastewater. The microalgal growth responses were determined optically using absorbance on spectrophotometer at 750nm. Samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand using standard methods. Descriptive statistics, inferential (One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc test Duncan multiple range (DMR) were done using Microsoft excel 2010 and statistical package for social science SPSS 22. The results showed that different concentrations of laundry wastewater stimulated the growth of Chlorella vulgaris with 50% treatment having the highest yield (3.2), followed by 40% treatment (2.7) and the control (0%) had the least yield of 0.6. There was a significant increase in pH and temperature while there was a decrease in total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and conductivity. The level of reduction in COD was from 1340mg/L to 364mg/L, which indicated that Chlorella vulgaris has the potential to bioremediate laundry wastewater.","PeriodicalId":358730,"journal":{"name":"African Scientist","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130897138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230607
A. Oluwasola, S.S. Muzzammill, O. Ayoola, A. Odetayo, M. E. Balogun, A. Comfort, N.H Aishat, O. Deborah, O. Adekunle, V.J. Nkemdili, S. Zainab, E. Mariam
Oxidative stress is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in the cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify these reactive products. This study investigated the acute effect of different doses of ethanolic extract annabis sativa (EECS) on oxidative stress biomarkers in male (M) and female (F) Wister rats. Twenty male rats (170 g ± 1.24) and twenty female rats (150 g ± 1.05) were separately assigned into four groups of five animals each for male and female, such that the rats in groups IM and IF, IIM and IIF, IIIM and IIIF and IVM and IVF received orally 1 mL of distilled water, 2 mg/kg body weight (BW) of EECS, 4 mg/kg BW of EECS and 6 mg/kg BW of EECS respectively for twenty one (21) days. Catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione reductase (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined using standard methods. Administration of different doses (2 mg/kg BW, 4 mg/kg BW and 6 mg/kg BW) of EECS significantly (p<0.05) decreased catalase, SOD, GPx, GSH and TAC levels respectively when compared with the control. However, Cannabis sativa (CS) increased MDA and LDH levels significantly (p<0.05) when compared with the control. It was deduced that these alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers were dependent on the doses of CS consumed. Thus, the more the concentration of CS consumed, the more it may affect oxidative stress biomarkers negatively. In addition, all these effects of CS on oxidative stress biomarkers were more in male than in female.
{"title":"Effect of Acute Administration of Ethanol Extract of Cannabis sativa Leaf on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Male and Female Wistar Rats","authors":"A. Oluwasola, S.S. Muzzammill, O. Ayoola, A. Odetayo, M. E. Balogun, A. Comfort, N.H Aishat, O. Deborah, O. Adekunle, V.J. Nkemdili, S. Zainab, E. Mariam","doi":"10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230607","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in the cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify these reactive products. This study investigated the acute effect of different doses of ethanolic extract annabis sativa (EECS) on oxidative stress biomarkers in male (M) and female (F) Wister rats. Twenty male rats (170 g ± 1.24) and twenty female rats (150 g ± 1.05) were separately assigned into four groups of five animals each for male and female, such that the rats in groups IM and IF, IIM and IIF, IIIM and IIIF and IVM and IVF received orally 1 mL of distilled water, 2 mg/kg body weight (BW) of EECS, 4 mg/kg BW of EECS and 6 mg/kg BW of EECS respectively for twenty one (21) days. Catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione reductase (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined using standard methods. Administration of different doses (2 mg/kg BW, 4 mg/kg BW and 6 mg/kg BW) of EECS significantly (p<0.05) decreased catalase, SOD, GPx, GSH and TAC levels respectively when compared with the control. However, Cannabis sativa (CS) increased MDA and LDH levels significantly (p<0.05) when compared with the control. It was deduced that these alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers were dependent on the doses of CS consumed. Thus, the more the concentration of CS consumed, the more it may affect oxidative stress biomarkers negatively. In addition, all these effects of CS on oxidative stress biomarkers were more in male than in female.","PeriodicalId":358730,"journal":{"name":"African Scientist","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123855109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306020
P. Uadia, K. Orumwensodia
Alstonia boonei De wild is famed for several bioactive properties; this study measures its in vivo antimalarial potentials as well as phytochemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties. Variants of its stem bark extract were screened for phytochemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties using established procedures. In vivo antimalarial properties of extracts and fractions were determined against Plasmodium berghei NK65 infection in mice using chemo-suppressive, prophylactic, curative and mean survival time (MST) bioassays. Alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and phenolics were present in almost all extracts. The plant contained nitrogen free extract (NFE), crude fat, crude protein, moisture, crude ash and crude fibre in reasonable amounts. Extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity against DPPH and ferrous ion radicals. The aqueous and ethanol extracts were more active, decreased parasitaemia and increased MST relative to infected untreated control in the chemo-suppressive and prophylactic bioassays. Solvent-solvent partitioning of the hydro-ethanol extract yielded petroleum ether, dichloromethane-DCM, basified-DCM (BDCM), acidified-DCM (ADCM) and aqueous fractions. BDCM had the highest suppressive activity (70.91% suppression; MST: 16.50 ± 1.19), while the crude extract had the highest prophylactic (64.51% suppression; MST: 16.00 ± 1.22) and curative activities (69.80% suppression; MST: 16.80 ± 0.58). Alstonia boonei De wild possesses antimalarial properties likely associated with its phyto-nutritional composition.
{"title":"Antimalarial Activity of Extracts and Partially Purified Fractions of Alstonia boonei De Wild","authors":"P. Uadia, K. Orumwensodia","doi":"10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306020","url":null,"abstract":"Alstonia boonei De wild is famed for several bioactive properties; this study measures its in vivo antimalarial potentials as well as phytochemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties. Variants of its stem bark extract were screened for phytochemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties using established procedures. In vivo antimalarial properties of extracts and fractions were determined against Plasmodium berghei NK65 infection in mice using chemo-suppressive, prophylactic, curative and mean survival time (MST) bioassays. Alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and phenolics were present in almost all extracts. The plant contained nitrogen free extract (NFE), crude fat, crude protein, moisture, crude ash and crude fibre in reasonable amounts. Extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity against DPPH and ferrous ion radicals. The aqueous and ethanol extracts were more active, decreased parasitaemia and increased MST relative to infected untreated control in the chemo-suppressive and prophylactic bioassays. Solvent-solvent partitioning of the hydro-ethanol extract yielded petroleum ether, dichloromethane-DCM, basified-DCM (BDCM), acidified-DCM (ADCM) and aqueous fractions. BDCM had the highest suppressive activity (70.91% suppression; MST: 16.50 ± 1.19), while the crude extract had the highest prophylactic (64.51% suppression; MST: 16.00 ± 1.22) and curative activities (69.80% suppression; MST: 16.80 ± 0.58). Alstonia boonei De wild possesses antimalarial properties likely associated with its phyto-nutritional composition.","PeriodicalId":358730,"journal":{"name":"African Scientist","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121735080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306011
R. O. Aikpitanyi-iduitua, B. Eiya
Casein is the major protein found in bovine milk. Universally used in human nutrition for all ages and in the dairy industry, milk is regarded as whole food which provides high quality protein and indispensable micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. The evaluation of the liver function test and haematological parameters of rats fed with casein protein was carried out. Graded levels of casein protein were incorporated into the diets of experimental rats at 20%, 30% and 50% concentrations. At the end of twenty-eight days, blood samples were collected and analyzed for liver function and haematological parameters. Statistically significant increases were observed in lactate dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activity levels when compared with the control. Also the granulocytes and platelets counts were significantly reduced. Consistent consumption of high concentrations of casein proteins may elevate liver enzyme activities and attenuate some haematological parameters.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Liver Function and Haematological Parameters of Wistar Rats Fed with Casein Protein","authors":"R. O. Aikpitanyi-iduitua, B. Eiya","doi":"10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306011","url":null,"abstract":"Casein is the major protein found in bovine milk. Universally used in human nutrition for all ages and in the dairy industry, milk is regarded as whole food which provides high quality protein and indispensable micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. The evaluation of the liver function test and haematological parameters of rats fed with casein protein was carried out. Graded levels of casein protein were incorporated into the diets of experimental rats at 20%, 30% and 50% concentrations. At the end of twenty-eight days, blood samples were collected and analyzed for liver function and haematological parameters. Statistically significant increases were observed in lactate dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activity levels when compared with the control. Also the granulocytes and platelets counts were significantly reduced. Consistent consumption of high concentrations of casein proteins may elevate liver enzyme activities and attenuate some haematological parameters.","PeriodicalId":358730,"journal":{"name":"African Scientist","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126458612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230605
Olufunke T. Olugbenga, J. Okpuzor
Environmental carcinogens or exogenous carcinogens includes chemical, biological, and physical agents that have the potential to increase cancer risk because of prolonged high prevalence of exposure. Exposure can be through the respiratory, digestive, cutaneous or other possible contamination routes. N-Nitroso-N-ethyl urea (NEU), an ethylating agent has been described as a very potent transplacental teratogen and carcinogen in rodents. Plants have been investigated to protect against the effect of environmental carcinogens due to their arrays of phytochemicals. 35Female albino rats of average ages 10weeks were rats exposed to freshly prepared 3 fractionated doses of 50 mg/kg N-Nitroso-N-ethyl urea dissolved in 1/15 M phosphate buffer, given intraperitoneally and treated with varying concentrations of Vernonia amygdalina leaf aqueous extracts. At the end of the test period, hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in blood samples. Compared to the control group, the NEU exposed rats treated group showed significances in several hematological parameters, including decreases in white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and platelet (PLT) counts. Furthermore, in comparison to the control group, the NEU exposed rats showed significantly (p<0.05) increased blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol), triacylglycerols levels and igh density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) level. The hematological and biochemical parameters in the NEU exposed rats treated group were similar to control group. V. amygdalina extract significantly (P<0.05) restored the hematological and biochemical parameters in N-Nitroso-N-ethyl urea exposed rats
环境致癌物或外源性致癌物包括化学的、生物的和物理的，由于长期高流行的接触而有可能增加癌症风险的物质。暴露可通过呼吸、消化、皮肤或其他可能的污染途径。n -亚硝基- n -乙基尿素(NEU)是一种乙基化剂，被认为是一种非常有效的啮齿动物胎盘致畸物和致癌物。由于植物中含有大量的植物化学物质，人们已经研究了植物对环境致癌物的保护作用。35平均年龄10周龄的雌性白化大鼠暴露于新鲜配制的3次50 mg/kg n -亚硝基- n -乙基尿素溶解于1/15 M磷酸盐缓冲液中，腹腔注射不同浓度的苦杏仁叶水提取物。在试验期结束时，测定血液样本的血液学和生化参数。与对照组相比，NEU暴露组大鼠的几个血液学参数都有显著性变化，包括白细胞(WBC)、红细胞(RBC)和血小板(PLT)计数的减少。此外，与对照组相比，NEU暴露大鼠血糖、血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白(ldl -胆固醇)、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白(hdl -胆固醇)水平显著升高(p<0.05)。治疗组大鼠血液学、生化指标与对照组基本相同。苦杏仁提取物显著(P<0.05)恢复了n -亚硝基- n -乙基尿素暴露大鼠的血液学和生化指标
{"title":"Vernonia amygdalina Extract Reverts Hematological and Biochemical Alterations in Rats Exposed to N-Nitroso-N-Ethyl Urea","authors":"Olufunke T. Olugbenga, J. Okpuzor","doi":"10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230605","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental carcinogens or exogenous carcinogens includes chemical, biological, and physical agents that have the potential to increase cancer risk because of prolonged high prevalence of exposure. Exposure can be through the respiratory, digestive, cutaneous or other possible contamination routes. N-Nitroso-N-ethyl urea (NEU), an ethylating agent has been described as a very potent transplacental teratogen and carcinogen in rodents. Plants have been investigated to protect against the effect of environmental carcinogens due to their arrays of phytochemicals. 35Female albino rats of average ages 10weeks were rats exposed to freshly prepared 3 fractionated doses of 50 mg/kg N-Nitroso-N-ethyl urea dissolved in 1/15 M phosphate buffer, given intraperitoneally and treated with varying concentrations of Vernonia amygdalina leaf aqueous extracts. At the end of the test period, hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in blood samples. Compared to the control group, the NEU exposed rats treated group showed significances in several hematological parameters, including decreases in white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and platelet (PLT) counts. Furthermore, in comparison to the control group, the NEU exposed rats showed significantly (p<0.05) increased blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol), triacylglycerols levels and igh density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) level. The hematological and biochemical parameters in the NEU exposed rats treated group were similar to control group. V. amygdalina extract significantly (P<0.05) restored the hematological and biochemical parameters in N-Nitroso-N-ethyl urea exposed rats","PeriodicalId":358730,"journal":{"name":"African Scientist","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117298927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230608
J. C. Ukpabi-Ugo, Enyinna Wisdom Chukwuma, C. Anosike
The chemical composition and in vitro properties of hexane and methanol extract of Sesamum indicum seeds (SIS) obtained from Kogi State, Nigeria were evaluated. The proximate analysis of the ground seed showed the presence of moisture content (8.56 ± 0.02%), dry matter (91.44 ± 0.02%), ash content (5.70 ± 0.01%), crude protein (19.37 ± 0.08%), crude fiber (6.34 ± 0.03%), fat (52.77 ± 0.02%) and carbohydrates (7.26 ± 0.14%). Phytochemical analysis of both extracts showed the presence of oxalate, hydro cyanide, alkaloids, tannins, total flavonoids, phenol, steroids and terpenes. Flavonoids and phenol contents were higher in both extracts. The flavonoid and phenol concentrations of hexane and methanol extracts were 24.79 ± 0.01 and 25.27 ± 0.02 mg/100 g, 24.32 ± 0.02 mg/100 g and 18.66 ± 0.04 mg/100g, respectively. Hydrogen cyanide was found in lowest concentration in both extracts. Vitamins analysis showed that vitamin E had the highest composite for hexane and methanol extract. Vitamin E concentration was 3.44 ± 0.01 mg/100g and 2.95± 0.02mg/100g respectively while vitamin B6 (0.01 ± 0.00 mg/100g) and vitamin B1 (0.03 ± 0.00 mg/100g) were found in lowest concentration respectively. The mineral analysis showed that potassium (43.33 ± 0.04 and 27.46 ± 0.02 mg/100g) had the highest concentration for methanol and hexane extract, respectively. The results of the DPPH activity of methanol and hexane extract of S. indicum seeds indicated that the activity of the extract were all significantly (p<0.05) lower than the values for ascorbic acid (standard) across all concentrations. However, the DPPH activity of hexane extract indicated that there was no activity in the tested concentrations below100 µg/mL. The result of the FRAP of methanol and hexane extract of SIS showed that there was no activity at the concentrations of 100 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml respectively. However, the activity observed at concentrations above 100 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml were all significantly (p<0.05) lower than the same concentration in ascorbic acid. This result implies that hexane and methanol extract of S. indicum seeds possess nutritional and pharmacological value and can be a rich source of minerals, vitamins and antioxidative supplement.
{"title":"Chemical Composition and in vitro Antioxidant Properties of Hexane and Methanol Extract of Sesamum indicum Seeds Obtained from Kogi State, Nigeria","authors":"J. C. Ukpabi-Ugo, Enyinna Wisdom Chukwuma, C. Anosike","doi":"10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230608","url":null,"abstract":"The chemical composition and in vitro properties of hexane and methanol extract of Sesamum indicum seeds (SIS) obtained from Kogi State, Nigeria were evaluated. The proximate analysis of the ground seed showed the presence of moisture content (8.56 ± 0.02%), dry matter (91.44 ± 0.02%), ash content (5.70 ± 0.01%), crude protein (19.37 ± 0.08%), crude fiber (6.34 ± 0.03%), fat (52.77 ± 0.02%) and carbohydrates (7.26 ± 0.14%). Phytochemical analysis of both extracts showed the presence of oxalate, hydro cyanide, alkaloids, tannins, total flavonoids, phenol, steroids and terpenes. Flavonoids and phenol contents were higher in both extracts. The flavonoid and phenol concentrations of hexane and methanol extracts were 24.79 ± 0.01 and 25.27 ± 0.02 mg/100 g, 24.32 ± 0.02 mg/100 g and 18.66 ± 0.04 mg/100g, respectively. Hydrogen cyanide was found in lowest concentration in both extracts. Vitamins analysis showed that vitamin E had the highest composite for hexane and methanol extract. Vitamin E concentration was 3.44 ± 0.01 mg/100g and 2.95± 0.02mg/100g respectively while vitamin B6 (0.01 ± 0.00 mg/100g) and vitamin B1 (0.03 ± 0.00 mg/100g) were found in lowest concentration respectively. The mineral analysis showed that potassium (43.33 ± 0.04 and 27.46 ± 0.02 mg/100g) had the highest concentration for methanol and hexane extract, respectively. The results of the DPPH activity of methanol and hexane extract of S. indicum seeds indicated that the activity of the extract were all significantly (p<0.05) lower than the values for ascorbic acid (standard) across all concentrations. However, the DPPH activity of hexane extract indicated that there was no activity in the tested concentrations below100 µg/mL. The result of the FRAP of methanol and hexane extract of SIS showed that there was no activity at the concentrations of 100 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml respectively. However, the activity observed at concentrations above 100 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml were all significantly (p<0.05) lower than the same concentration in ascorbic acid. This result implies that hexane and methanol extract of S. indicum seeds possess nutritional and pharmacological value and can be a rich source of minerals, vitamins and antioxidative supplement.","PeriodicalId":358730,"journal":{"name":"African Scientist","volume":"604 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131759513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230609
T. Adigun, F. A. Sulaiman, A. Na’Allah, M. Alabi, C. E. Odo, Eunice Toluwalope Adebamiji, I. A. Oluwadare, U. Ozojiofor, Adedayo Pius Omoniyi, Wisdom O. Joel, Kehinde Oyebola Aina, O. Alejolowo, S. Akiode, J. F. Adeegbe
Exportin-1, the ubiquitous nuclear protein transporter, is widely confirmed as an active chemotherapeutic target in non-small cell lung cancer conditions, while Juglans mandshurica is a well-studied anticancer plant in some lung cancer cell lines. We intend to find a novel exportin-1 inhibitor from Juglans mandshurica with better potential, tolerability and pharmaco-dynamo-kinetic properties than the current selective inhibitors of nuclear export in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. OSIRIS DataWarrior, along with Glide standard precision docking, and other Glide modules were employed for compound properties exploration, docking simulations, free energy calculations against exportin-1; density functional theory analysis of the compounds were carried out to estimate their electronic stability, while web-based SWISSADME was employed for ADMET and synthetic accessibility evaluations. This study reveals eriodictyol as having higher binding free energy (-40 kcal/mol) than that of standard (-39.56 kcal/mol) in exportin-1 active site, better synthetic accessibility score (3.15 versus 3.29), high GI absorption, non-blood brain barrier permeant, lacks Brenk and PAINS alert, obeying Lipinski’s, Ghose’s, Veber’s, Egan’s, and Muegge’s rule of drug-likeness and lead-likeness as well as non-cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. We therefore found eriodictyol as a lead-like, non-toxic exportin-1 inhibitor with good predictive stability and pharmacokinetic potential and thus provided data for further validation of eriodictyol as a candidate exportin-1 inhibitor in both preclinical and clinical studies involving lung cancer therapy.
{"title":"Discovery of Eriodictyol as Putative Exportin-1 Inhibitor for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Therapy","authors":"T. Adigun, F. A. Sulaiman, A. Na’Allah, M. Alabi, C. E. Odo, Eunice Toluwalope Adebamiji, I. A. Oluwadare, U. Ozojiofor, Adedayo Pius Omoniyi, Wisdom O. Joel, Kehinde Oyebola Aina, O. Alejolowo, S. Akiode, J. F. Adeegbe","doi":"10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.20230609","url":null,"abstract":"Exportin-1, the ubiquitous nuclear protein transporter, is widely confirmed as an active chemotherapeutic target in non-small cell lung cancer conditions, while Juglans mandshurica is a well-studied anticancer plant in some lung cancer cell lines. We intend to find a novel exportin-1 inhibitor from Juglans mandshurica with better potential, tolerability and pharmaco-dynamo-kinetic properties than the current selective inhibitors of nuclear export in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. OSIRIS DataWarrior, along with Glide standard precision docking, and other Glide modules were employed for compound properties exploration, docking simulations, free energy calculations against exportin-1; density functional theory analysis of the compounds were carried out to estimate their electronic stability, while web-based SWISSADME was employed for ADMET and synthetic accessibility evaluations. This study reveals eriodictyol as having higher binding free energy (-40 kcal/mol) than that of standard (-39.56 kcal/mol) in exportin-1 active site, better synthetic accessibility score (3.15 versus 3.29), high GI absorption, non-blood brain barrier permeant, lacks Brenk and PAINS alert, obeying Lipinski’s, Ghose’s, Veber’s, Egan’s, and Muegge’s rule of drug-likeness and lead-likeness as well as non-cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. We therefore found eriodictyol as a lead-like, non-toxic exportin-1 inhibitor with good predictive stability and pharmacokinetic potential and thus provided data for further validation of eriodictyol as a candidate exportin-1 inhibitor in both preclinical and clinical studies involving lung cancer therapy.","PeriodicalId":358730,"journal":{"name":"African Scientist","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129903792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306015
A. O. Chime
Tomatoes contribute to healthy, well-balanced diet. They are rich in minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids, sugar and dietary fibres. It contains much vitamin B and C, iron and phosphorus. Tomato fruits are consumed fresh in salads or cooked in sauces, soup and meat or fish dishes. Phytochemical compounds are desirable compounds in our food because of their antioxidant properties. The study of phytochemical and proximate evaluation of fresh and spoilt tomatoes fruits obtained from five markets in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria was carried out. This aim to investigate the phytochemical and proximate constituents of both fresh and spoilt tomatoes fruit. A total of 400 tomatoes were randomly purchased from the five markets in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. In each market, 40 fresh (firm and undamaged) and 40 spoilt (damaged and spoilt) tomatoes were purchased from 10 different sellers. Samples were separately packaged into different sterile containers, labelled, and transported to the laboratory immediately for phytochemical and proximate analysis. The phytochemical and proximate composition analyses were carried out using the official methods of analysis of analytical chemists laboratory procedures. The result shows a significant difference in value of phytochemical and proximate composition in both fresh and spoilt tomato fruits. The value of crude carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fat, saponin, flavonoids and alkaloids were higher in fresh tomato fruits than spoilt fruit while moisture, crude ash, crude fibre, tannins and polyphenols were higher in spoilt tomato fruits than in fresh fruits. This study has shown that spoilage reduces some important phytochemical and proximate constituents of tomato fruits
{"title":"Phytochemical and Proximate Evaluation of Fresh and Spoilt Fruits of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Sold in Five Major Markets in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria","authors":"A. O. Chime","doi":"10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/africanscientist.24.2.202306015","url":null,"abstract":"Tomatoes contribute to healthy, well-balanced diet. They are rich in minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids, sugar and dietary fibres. It contains much vitamin B and C, iron and phosphorus. Tomato fruits are consumed fresh in salads or cooked in sauces, soup and meat or fish dishes. Phytochemical compounds are desirable compounds in our food because of their antioxidant properties. The study of phytochemical and proximate evaluation of fresh and spoilt tomatoes fruits obtained from five markets in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria was carried out. This aim to investigate the phytochemical and proximate constituents of both fresh and spoilt tomatoes fruit. A total of 400 tomatoes were randomly purchased from the five markets in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. In each market, 40 fresh (firm and undamaged) and 40 spoilt (damaged and spoilt) tomatoes were purchased from 10 different sellers. Samples were separately packaged into different sterile containers, labelled, and transported to the laboratory immediately for phytochemical and proximate analysis. The phytochemical and proximate composition analyses were carried out using the official methods of analysis of analytical chemists laboratory procedures. The result shows a significant difference in value of phytochemical and proximate composition in both fresh and spoilt tomato fruits. The value of crude carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fat, saponin, flavonoids and alkaloids were higher in fresh tomato fruits than spoilt fruit while moisture, crude ash, crude fibre, tannins and polyphenols were higher in spoilt tomato fruits than in fresh fruits. This study has shown that spoilage reduces some important phytochemical and proximate constituents of tomato fruits","PeriodicalId":358730,"journal":{"name":"African Scientist","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117180461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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