On February 27, 1991, President George H.W. Bush addressed the nation from the Oval Office and delivered the news that many Americans were anxiously awaiting. “Kuwait is liberated. Iraq’s army is defeated. Our military objectives are met.” This marked the end of the First Gulf War, a conflict between a US-led international coalition and Iraq. In the lead-up to the war, Iraq had invaded its oil-rich neighbor, Kuwait, in hopes of profiting from Kuwait’s oil fields. This marked a gross violation of Kuwait’s sovereignty and prompted the United States and its allies to embark on a military campaign to liberate Kuwait. After a month-long bombing offensive and four days of ground combat, the coalition successfully removed Iraqi forces from Kuwait. The coalition victory demonstrated the power of multilateralism and American military and diplomatic efforts. It reaffirmed the United States’ commitment to state sovereignty and to maintaining a steady flow of affordable oil from the Middle East. However, the risks such a war poses to citizens and soldiers should prompt a close analysis of why the war happened and what can be done to prevent similar conflicts in the first place. To fully understand the causes of the Gulf War, one must consider it from the perspective of the enemy — the perspective of Saddam Hussein. Hussein made significant miscalculations in spite of his vigilant approach to policy formation. His chief biographers recount how he was a man of outstanding acumen who never rushed to make a decision before considering all his options and “taking all the necessary precautions.” However, Hussein made two mistakes. He believed that the United States would not respond militarily to an invasion of Kuwait, and he trusted that Iraqi forces would triumph over the United States if war did erupt. To explain Hussein’s miscalculation of the United States’ position, one must look to the United States’ failure both to develop a clear policy on Iraq and to communicate that an invasion of Kuwait would be met with military force. To explain Hussein’s miscalculation of his own military strength, one must examine Hussein's lack of access to adequate advising and intelligence.
{"title":"Think Like the Enemy: The Key to Preventing Another Gulf War","authors":"G. Bateman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3883667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3883667","url":null,"abstract":"On February 27, 1991, President George H.W. Bush addressed the nation from the Oval Office and delivered the news that many Americans were anxiously awaiting. “Kuwait is liberated. Iraq’s army is defeated. Our military objectives are met.” This marked the end of the First Gulf War, a conflict between a US-led international coalition and Iraq. In the lead-up to the war, Iraq had invaded its oil-rich neighbor, Kuwait, in hopes of profiting from Kuwait’s oil fields. This marked a gross violation of Kuwait’s sovereignty and prompted the United States and its allies to embark on a military campaign to liberate Kuwait. After a month-long bombing offensive and four days of ground combat, the coalition successfully removed Iraqi forces from Kuwait. The coalition victory demonstrated the power of multilateralism and American military and diplomatic efforts. It reaffirmed the United States’ commitment to state sovereignty and to maintaining a steady flow of affordable oil from the Middle East. However, the risks such a war poses to citizens and soldiers should prompt a close analysis of why the war happened and what can be done to prevent similar conflicts in the first place. To fully understand the causes of the Gulf War, one must consider it from the perspective of the enemy — the perspective of Saddam Hussein. Hussein made significant miscalculations in spite of his vigilant approach to policy formation. His chief biographers recount how he was a man of outstanding acumen who never rushed to make a decision before considering all his options and “taking all the necessary precautions.” However, Hussein made two mistakes. He believed that the United States would not respond militarily to an invasion of Kuwait, and he trusted that Iraqi forces would triumph over the United States if war did erupt. To explain Hussein’s miscalculation of the United States’ position, one must look to the United States’ failure both to develop a clear policy on Iraq and to communicate that an invasion of Kuwait would be met with military force. To explain Hussein’s miscalculation of his own military strength, one must examine Hussein's lack of access to adequate advising and intelligence.","PeriodicalId":358793,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Middle East (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134428594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran has over time increasingly faced unpredicted ideological failures. In addition to a number of internal and external factors, the materiality of domestic spaces has prominently contributed to this situation. As the most pervasive cultural change in post-revolutionary Iranian society, open kitchens specifically provided a unique space in the forefront of homes to challenge the imposed ideas of Islamization. In ten to fifteen years, all homeowners across the country started to rebuild or renovate their kitchens according to this new open kitchen plan. This paper’s central goal is to recognize Iranian new kitchens as influential, ideological, and political spaces. Thus, the author tries to treat them not merely as amalgamation of furnishings and layout, but more as animated things with the force and capacity to affect and to be affected. The study also explores how the form and forces of new kitchens influence the process of the secularization of everyday life and women’s empowerment. Also explored is how the project of Islamization and its components such as anti-Imperialism, gender speculation, and concealment have been affected by the technology and materiality.
{"title":"Form and Forces of Open Kitchens: The Secularization of Beauty and Private Space in Post-Revolutionary Iran","authors":"Ehsan Lor Afshar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3170065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3170065","url":null,"abstract":"The 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran has over time increasingly faced unpredicted ideological failures. In addition to a number of internal and external factors, the materiality of domestic spaces has prominently contributed to this situation. As the most pervasive cultural change in post-revolutionary Iranian society, open kitchens specifically provided a unique space in the forefront of homes to challenge the imposed ideas of Islamization. In ten to fifteen years, all homeowners across the country started to rebuild or renovate their kitchens according to this new open kitchen plan. This paper’s central goal is to recognize Iranian new kitchens as influential, ideological, and political spaces. Thus, the author tries to treat them not merely as amalgamation of furnishings and layout, but more as animated things with the force and capacity to affect and to be affected. The study also explores how the form and forces of new kitchens influence the process of the secularization of everyday life and women’s empowerment. Also explored is how the project of Islamization and its components such as anti-Imperialism, gender speculation, and concealment have been affected by the technology and materiality.","PeriodicalId":358793,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Middle East (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126757577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social interaction and spaces between urban blocks is a topic that has dominated recent discussions concerning urban social and cultural studies. In this paper, I argue that the study of the different types of urban block arrangements should also adopt social interaction spaces that will encourage local communities’ social bonds. I propose the use of the social block in addition to the physical block to better understand the social dimension in a spatial context, which enhances the understanding of neighbourhoods’ urban issues. I analyse the proposed social block by adopting a metric scale that was developed from Ghel’s (1987) empirical criteria from his approach to understand life between buildings as measures to realise the social process. Through a case study of the Ottoman, Italian, and Modern neighbourhoods in Benghazi, Libya, I illustrate the necessity of the complementary nature between the physical block and the social block in understanding the social life among street neighbours.
{"title":"The Social Urban Block: A Proposed Typo-Morphological Element to Measure the Social Interactive Spaces between Blocks in the Case of an Arabian City, Benghazi, Libya","authors":"Walid Omeir","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3054381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3054381","url":null,"abstract":"Social interaction and spaces between urban blocks is a topic that has dominated recent discussions concerning urban social and cultural studies. In this paper, I argue that the study of the different types of urban block arrangements should also adopt social interaction spaces that will encourage local communities’ social bonds. I propose the use of the social block in addition to the physical block to better understand the social dimension in a spatial context, which enhances the understanding of neighbourhoods’ urban issues. I analyse the proposed social block by adopting a metric scale that was developed from Ghel’s (1987) empirical criteria from his approach to understand life between buildings as measures to realise the social process. Through a case study of the Ottoman, Italian, and Modern neighbourhoods in Benghazi, Libya, I illustrate the necessity of the complementary nature between the physical block and the social block in understanding the social life among street neighbours.","PeriodicalId":358793,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Middle East (Topic)","volume":"41 6 Suppl 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116498171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Buried in the Gulf crisis is a major development likely to reshape international relations as well as power dynamics in the Middle East: the coming out of small states capable of punching far above their weight with Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, a driver of the crisis, locked into an epic struggle to rewrite the region’s political map.
{"title":"The Gulf Crisis: Small States Battle it Out","authors":"J. Dorsey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3003598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3003598","url":null,"abstract":"Buried in the Gulf crisis is a major development likely to reshape international relations as well as power dynamics in the Middle East: the coming out of small states capable of punching far above their weight with Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, a driver of the crisis, locked into an epic struggle to rewrite the region’s political map.","PeriodicalId":358793,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Middle East (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121256054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to analyze potential future areas of greater cooperation between Turkey and the other OIC member economies. It then provides some specific policy recommendations. In particular, the paper aims to contribute to economic policymaking efforts in terms of the potential future areas of increased cooperation. Broadly speaking, the Muslim world has immense savings-holding accumulated over the past few decades. Human and physical capital potentials are extremely high. Yet, there are also huge economic disparities and extremely diverse demographic dynamics. This paper is built on the idea that a crucial strategy to boost economic development and social prosperity is an intense economic, financial and strategic integraton of the OIC members. In particular, countries with common historical, cultural and even religious backgrounds have much to gain from such specific collaboration efforts. In that line, this paper deals with opportunities and challenges regarding the strategic position of Turkey. It focuses on sectors in which Turkey has a comparative advantage within the OIC league. It further analyzes the reasons Turkey and the other OIC economies must cooperate and build stronger economic ties. The paper suggests that such a modern economic cooperation or a strategic union that is strengthened by historical, social and cultural roots is both inevitable and to the benefit of all parties.
{"title":"Turkey and the OIC: Greater Economic Cooperation, Opportunities and Challenges","authors":"Bilal Bağış, Ç. Yurtseven","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3226136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3226136","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to analyze potential future areas of greater cooperation between Turkey and the other OIC member economies. It then provides some specific policy recommendations. In particular, the paper aims to contribute to economic policymaking efforts in terms of the potential future areas of increased cooperation. Broadly speaking, the Muslim world has immense savings-holding accumulated over the past few decades. Human and physical capital potentials are extremely high. Yet, there are also huge economic disparities and extremely diverse demographic dynamics. This paper is built on the idea that a crucial strategy to boost economic development and social prosperity is an intense economic, financial and strategic integraton of the OIC members. In particular, countries with common historical, cultural and even religious backgrounds have much to gain from such specific collaboration efforts. In that line, this paper deals with opportunities and challenges regarding the strategic position of Turkey. It focuses on sectors in which Turkey has a comparative advantage within the OIC league. It further analyzes the reasons Turkey and the other OIC economies must cooperate and build stronger economic ties. The paper suggests that such a modern economic cooperation or a strategic union that is strengthened by historical, social and cultural roots is both inevitable and to the benefit of all parties.","PeriodicalId":358793,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Middle East (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116587893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This project aims to provide a reading of the effects of the colonial partition, fragmentation, and the crisis of the current national project on the identity representations of Palestinian youth. It examines the generational and socioeconomic overlaps on the tribal, religious and national representations of groups of Palestinian youth from different places of residence.
{"title":"Palestinian Deterritorialized Identity and Its Hierarchy in Different Palestinian Communities","authors":"Abaher Al-Sakka","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3198035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3198035","url":null,"abstract":"This project aims to provide a reading of the effects of the colonial partition, fragmentation, and the crisis of the current national project on the identity representations of Palestinian youth. It examines the generational and socioeconomic overlaps on the tribal, religious and national representations of groups of Palestinian youth from different places of residence.","PeriodicalId":358793,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Middle East (Topic)","volume":"34 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116501017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turkish Abstract: Bu çalışmada Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nu yaklaşık yüz yıl boyunca etkileyen, Anadolu’nun hemen her yöresine yayılan, büyük toplumsal, idari, ekonomik sonuçlara ve değişimlere yol açan Celali İsyanları’nın ortaya çıkmasında etkili olan coğrafi nedenler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada, şimdiye kadar daha çok tarihi ve sosyal yönleriyle ele alınan Celali İsyanları’nın hem ortaya çıkış sürecinde, hem de devam ettiği dönemlerde coğrafi etmenlerin ve olayların bu isyanlar üzerinde nasıl bir etkiye sahip olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Bu coğrafi olaylar ve etmenler, Küçük Buzul Çağı olarak adlandırılan sert hava koşullarıyla, kuraklıklar, kıtlıklar ve iaşe (tedarik) problemleridir. 16. Yüzyılın sonlarında başladığı bilinen bu ayaklanma hareketleri, aktivite ve etkileri zaman içerisinde azalmış olsa da, genel anlamda sırasıyla, III. Murad, III. Mehmed, I. Ahmed, I. Mustafa, Genç Osman, IV. Murad dönemlerinde etkili olmuştur. Bu ayaklanmaların adı, farklı bir nedene dayansa da 1519’da Yozgat yöresinde ayaklanan Bozoklu Şeyh Celâl’den gelir. O dönemden itibaren özellikle 16. ve 17. Yüzyıllarda meydana gelen hemen hemen her ayaklanma hareketi Celali ismiyle anılır olmuştur. English Abstract: This study deals with the geographical reasons that have influenced the Ottoman Empire for nearly a hundred years and which have led to the emergence of the Jalali rebellions, which led to major social, administrative, economic consequences and changes in almost every region of Anatolia. It is desirable to emphasize how geographical factors and events have an influence on these rebellions, both in the process of emergence and in the periods of Jalali rebellions, which are studied more historically and socially. These geographical events and factors are the problems of drought, shortages and subsistence (procurement) with the harsh weather conditions called Small Glacier Age. These rebellion movements, activities and effects that are known to have begun in the late 16th century have decreased in time, but in general terms, III. Murad III. Mehmed, I. Ahmed, I. Mustafa, Young (II) Osman, IV. Murad was influential during his time. The name of these revolts comes from the Bozoklu Sheikh Jalal, who rebelled in the Yozgat region in 1519, based on a different cause. From that period onwards, almost every uprising that took place especially in the 16th and 17th centuries became known by the name of Jalali.
{"title":"Küçük Buzul Çaği, Kuraklik Ve Diğer Coğrafi Olaylarin Celali İsyanlari Üzerindeki Etkileri (Impacts of the Little Ice Age, Drought and Other Geographic Events on Celali Revolts)","authors":"Yusuf Yılmaz, Yahya Kadıoğlu","doi":"10.19039/SOTOD.2017.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19039/SOTOD.2017.61","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Turkish Abstract:</b> Bu çalışmada Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nu yaklaşık yüz yıl boyunca etkileyen, Anadolu’nun hemen her yöresine yayılan, büyük toplumsal, idari, ekonomik sonuçlara ve değişimlere yol açan Celali İsyanları’nın ortaya çıkmasında etkili olan coğrafi nedenler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada, şimdiye kadar daha çok tarihi ve sosyal yönleriyle ele alınan Celali İsyanları’nın hem ortaya çıkış sürecinde, hem de devam ettiği dönemlerde coğrafi etmenlerin ve olayların bu isyanlar üzerinde nasıl bir etkiye sahip olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Bu coğrafi olaylar ve etmenler, Küçük Buzul Çağı olarak adlandırılan sert hava koşullarıyla, kuraklıklar, kıtlıklar ve iaşe (tedarik) problemleridir. 16. Yüzyılın sonlarında başladığı bilinen bu ayaklanma hareketleri, aktivite ve etkileri zaman içerisinde azalmış olsa da, genel anlamda sırasıyla, III. Murad, III. Mehmed, I. Ahmed, I. Mustafa, Genç Osman, IV. Murad dönemlerinde etkili olmuştur. Bu ayaklanmaların adı, farklı bir nedene dayansa da 1519’da Yozgat yöresinde ayaklanan Bozoklu Şeyh Celâl’den gelir. O dönemden itibaren özellikle 16. ve 17. Yüzyıllarda meydana gelen hemen hemen her ayaklanma hareketi Celali ismiyle anılır olmuştur. <b>English Abstract:</b> This study deals with the geographical reasons that have influenced the Ottoman Empire for nearly a hundred years and which have led to the emergence of the Jalali rebellions, which led to major social, administrative, economic consequences and changes in almost every region of Anatolia. It is desirable to emphasize how geographical factors and events have an influence on these rebellions, both in the process of emergence and in the periods of Jalali rebellions, which are studied more historically and socially. These geographical events and factors are the problems of drought, shortages and subsistence (procurement) with the harsh weather conditions called Small Glacier Age. These rebellion movements, activities and effects that are known to have begun in the late 16th century have decreased in time, but in general terms, III. Murad III. Mehmed, I. Ahmed, I. Mustafa, Young (II) Osman, IV. Murad was influential during his time. The name of these revolts comes from the Bozoklu Sheikh Jalal, who rebelled in the Yozgat region in 1519, based on a different cause. From that period onwards, almost every uprising that took place especially in the 16th and 17th centuries became known by the name of Jalali.","PeriodicalId":358793,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Middle East (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114686790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arabic Abstract: اشتملت منطقة عجلون في العهدين الأيوبي والمملوكي على الأراضي المحصورة بين نه اليرموك شمالا ووادي الزرقاء جنوبا، وبين نهر الأردن غربا والأطراف الغربية للبادية شرقا، واحتلت مرتبة إدارية متقدمة( نيابة)، اشتملت على ثمانية أعمال كبرى، وإقليمين (جرش وبيت راس)، واشتملت على أكثر من 25 تجمعا سكانيا كبيرا. ولئن حظيت منطقة عجلون( بحدودها المذكورة سابقا) بمكانة متميزة من حكام الأيوبيين والمماليك ، فقد حظيت منطقة الجبل منها ( جبل عجلون) بمكانة أكثر تميزا، فاهتم بها صلاح الدين الأيوبي الذي أمر ببناء قلعتها الشهيرة على جبل عوف (1184) الذي يسيطر على المنطقة التي تمتد من طبريا شمالا إلى البحر الميت جنوبا، كما أمر الصالح نجم الدين أيوب (1247م) ببناء مسجد عجلون (الذي يتوسط مدينة عجلون) ،وفي العهد المملوكي زاد اهتمام الحكام بها فأمر الظاهر بيبرس ببناء منارة للمسجد (1263)،ويكمن سر اهتمام هؤلاء الحكام بمنطقة عجلون (سهلها وجبلها) نظرا للغنى الطبيعي لمعوطيات المكان ( التضاريس الحصينة، والغابات، ووفرة المياه ، وخصوبة التربة وغيرها)، والغنى البشري (تنوع الأنشطة البشرية،كالزراعة ،والرعي والتجارة وغيرها) فكثرت أسواقها، وحوانيتها، ومسالخها، وقيسارياتها، وأرباعها، وخاناتها، وحماماتها، وتنوعت خيراتها فأصبحت أكثر المناطق الواقع إلى الشرق من نهر الأردن حركة وجذبا للسكان والعلم، ومن أغناها اقتصادا . وقد انعكست الظروف السابقة على الحياة العامة لسكان المنطقة (وخاصة الجبل)، فأصبحت عقدة مواصلات ربطت بين مناطق الشام ، وفلسطين، والبلقاء، والبادية ، وانعكس كل ذلك على الحركة العلمية والثقافية التي ازدهرت ازدهارا كبيرا، فكثرت بها المساجد، والمدارس، والمكتبات، والخانقات، والزوايا، وقد أدى ذلك إلى ظهور عدد كبير من العلماء، والفقهاء، والشعراء ، والذين كانوا على اتصال بعلماء دمشق، وبيت المقدس. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على أهم المكونات الثقافية التي جعلت من منطقة عجلون أكبر مركز علمي يقع إلى الشرق من نهر الأردن في فترة الدراسة، وإبراز الدور العلمي والحضاري الذي لعبته منطقة عجلون خلال 346 سنة، ومعرفة الأسباب الكامنة وراء ذلك.ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة اتبع الباحث منهجية الجغرافيا التاريخية المتمثلة بالمنهج التصاعدي التتبعي (Vertical Treatment Approach)، وتوصل الباحث من خلالها إلى نتائج هامة من أبرزها: شهرة المنطقة بالعدد الكبير من العلماء (زاد عددهم عن 140 عالما)، حيث تم تصنيفهم إلى :1- العلماء الذين نسبوا إلى عجلون( العجلوني) : ووصل عددهم 30 عالما.2- العلماء الذين نسبوا إلى بلدات منطقة عجلون : ووصل عددهم 56 عالما، توزعوا على مختلف بلداتها مثل: ملكا(5)، وايدون(4)، وإربد(4)، وعرجان(3)، وبلالة(1)، والرمثا(8)، وحبكا(2)، وحبراص(7)، ولستب(1)، وباعون (2)، والحصن(4)، وجبل عوف(1)، وكفر الماء(3)، والصويت(1)، والكفير(6)، والكتة(1)، والصريح(1)، وجمحا(2).3- الأسر والعائلات العلمية: وبلغ عدد علمائها 34، توزعوا على عشر أسر هي: الباعونية (9علماء)، وآل طرخان(3)، وبن الغرس(2)، وآل مكنون(3)، وبن زهرة(2)، والعلاء الحواري(2)، ومسرور(2)، وقاضي عجلون(11).4- القضاة: حيث ترك المماليك شؤون القضاء لأبناء البلاد الذين بلغ عددهم 19 قاضيا.5- شعراء عجلون : وتم حصر4 شعراء.English Abstract: Ajloun area included in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods the land which bounded by the Yarmouk River in the north, the zarqa Valley in the south, the Jordan River to the west, and the fringes of the desert to the east, and occu
{"title":"جوانب من المكونات الثقافية لمنطقة عجلون في العهديْ الأيوبي والمملوكي (1174– 1517م ) ( دراسة في الجغرافيا التاريخية) Aspects of the Cultural Components of Ajloun Area in the Period of Ayyubid and Mamluky (1174-1517 Ad) (A Study in Historical Geography)","authors":"Khlaif Mustafa Gharaybeh","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2689143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2689143","url":null,"abstract":"Arabic Abstract: اشتملت منطقة عجلون في العهدين الأيوبي والمملوكي على الأراضي المحصورة بين نه اليرموك شمالا ووادي الزرقاء جنوبا، وبين نهر الأردن غربا والأطراف الغربية للبادية شرقا، واحتلت مرتبة إدارية متقدمة( نيابة)، اشتملت على ثمانية أعمال كبرى، وإقليمين (جرش وبيت راس)، واشتملت على أكثر من 25 تجمعا سكانيا كبيرا. ولئن حظيت منطقة عجلون( بحدودها المذكورة سابقا) بمكانة متميزة من حكام الأيوبيين والمماليك ، فقد حظيت منطقة الجبل منها ( جبل عجلون) بمكانة أكثر تميزا، فاهتم بها صلاح الدين الأيوبي الذي أمر ببناء قلعتها الشهيرة على جبل عوف (1184) الذي يسيطر على المنطقة التي تمتد من طبريا شمالا إلى البحر الميت جنوبا، كما أمر الصالح نجم الدين أيوب (1247م) ببناء مسجد عجلون (الذي يتوسط مدينة عجلون) ،وفي العهد المملوكي زاد اهتمام الحكام بها فأمر الظاهر بيبرس ببناء منارة للمسجد (1263)،ويكمن سر اهتمام هؤلاء الحكام بمنطقة عجلون (سهلها وجبلها) نظرا للغنى الطبيعي لمعوطيات المكان ( التضاريس الحصينة، والغابات، ووفرة المياه ، وخصوبة التربة وغيرها)، والغنى البشري (تنوع الأنشطة البشرية،كالزراعة ،والرعي والتجارة وغيرها) فكثرت أسواقها، وحوانيتها، ومسالخها، وقيسارياتها، وأرباعها، وخاناتها، وحماماتها، وتنوعت خيراتها فأصبحت أكثر المناطق الواقع إلى الشرق من نهر الأردن حركة وجذبا للسكان والعلم، ومن أغناها اقتصادا . وقد انعكست الظروف السابقة على الحياة العامة لسكان المنطقة (وخاصة الجبل)، فأصبحت عقدة مواصلات ربطت بين مناطق الشام ، وفلسطين، والبلقاء، والبادية ، وانعكس كل ذلك على الحركة العلمية والثقافية التي ازدهرت ازدهارا كبيرا، فكثرت بها المساجد، والمدارس، والمكتبات، والخانقات، والزوايا، وقد أدى ذلك إلى ظهور عدد كبير من العلماء، والفقهاء، والشعراء ، والذين كانوا على اتصال بعلماء دمشق، وبيت المقدس. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على أهم المكونات الثقافية التي جعلت من منطقة عجلون أكبر مركز علمي يقع إلى الشرق من نهر الأردن في فترة الدراسة، وإبراز الدور العلمي والحضاري الذي لعبته منطقة عجلون خلال 346 سنة، ومعرفة الأسباب الكامنة وراء ذلك.ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة اتبع الباحث منهجية الجغرافيا التاريخية المتمثلة بالمنهج التصاعدي التتبعي (Vertical Treatment Approach)، وتوصل الباحث من خلالها إلى نتائج هامة من أبرزها: شهرة المنطقة بالعدد الكبير من العلماء (زاد عددهم عن 140 عالما)، حيث تم تصنيفهم إلى :1- العلماء الذين نسبوا إلى عجلون( العجلوني) : ووصل عددهم 30 عالما.2- العلماء الذين نسبوا إلى بلدات منطقة عجلون : ووصل عددهم 56 عالما، توزعوا على مختلف بلداتها مثل: ملكا(5)، وايدون(4)، وإربد(4)، وعرجان(3)، وبلالة(1)، والرمثا(8)، وحبكا(2)، وحبراص(7)، ولستب(1)، وباعون (2)، والحصن(4)، وجبل عوف(1)، وكفر الماء(3)، والصويت(1)، والكفير(6)، والكتة(1)، والصريح(1)، وجمحا(2).3- الأسر والعائلات العلمية: وبلغ عدد علمائها 34، توزعوا على عشر أسر هي: الباعونية (9علماء)، وآل طرخان(3)، وبن الغرس(2)، وآل مكنون(3)، وبن زهرة(2)، والعلاء الحواري(2)، ومسرور(2)، وقاضي عجلون(11).4- القضاة: حيث ترك المماليك شؤون القضاء لأبناء البلاد الذين بلغ عددهم 19 قاضيا.5- شعراء عجلون : وتم حصر4 شعراء.English Abstract: Ajloun area included in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods the land which bounded by the Yarmouk River in the north, the zarqa Valley in the south, the Jordan River to the west, and the fringes of the desert to the east, and occu","PeriodicalId":358793,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Middle East (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123366312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the Islamic Revolution of 1978, Iran has been affected by economic sanctions imposed by Western countries especially the U.S. Since 2006 and with the development of the Iranian nuclear conflict, the United Nations has frequently imposed economic and financial sanctions against Iran. As a result of these international restrictions and their administration by an international organization, Iran’s has been heavily influenced. This study seeks to address the questions whether the economic sanctions imposed against Iran’s exports have been effective. And if yes, what is the extent of this effectiveness. Due to the fact that the sanctions imposed on Iran have been at first less economic and they have intensified over time, the effect of the sanctions in the three years of 2012, 2013, and 2014 have been examined by the fixed-effects Gravity model extracted from the model of Anderson and van Wincoop. In addition, all the trade relations and models considered have been estimated through the PPML method to estimate the unbiased coefficients, in order to use all the data and to avoid the problem of zeros. According to the results, the sanctions imposed against Iran have had a significant and negative effect on the amount of exports in Iran to all its trading partners considered in all the given years. The examination of the coefficients during the years 2012, 2013 and 2014 show that Iranian exports have fallen annually by 33 percent in average and the total loss for these three years was 104 billion dollars.
{"title":"The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Iran's Exports","authors":"Homayoun Shirazi, K. Azarbaiejani, M. Sameti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2717632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2717632","url":null,"abstract":"After the Islamic Revolution of 1978, Iran has been affected by economic sanctions imposed by Western countries especially the U.S. Since 2006 and with the development of the Iranian nuclear conflict, the United Nations has frequently imposed economic and financial sanctions against Iran. As a result of these international restrictions and their administration by an international organization, Iran’s has been heavily influenced. This study seeks to address the questions whether the economic sanctions imposed against Iran’s exports have been effective. And if yes, what is the extent of this effectiveness. Due to the fact that the sanctions imposed on Iran have been at first less economic and they have intensified over time, the effect of the sanctions in the three years of 2012, 2013, and 2014 have been examined by the fixed-effects Gravity model extracted from the model of Anderson and van Wincoop. In addition, all the trade relations and models considered have been estimated through the PPML method to estimate the unbiased coefficients, in order to use all the data and to avoid the problem of zeros. According to the results, the sanctions imposed against Iran have had a significant and negative effect on the amount of exports in Iran to all its trading partners considered in all the given years. The examination of the coefficients during the years 2012, 2013 and 2014 show that Iranian exports have fallen annually by 33 percent in average and the total loss for these three years was 104 billion dollars.","PeriodicalId":358793,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Middle East (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116301103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-07DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2010.034025
M. Ramady, M. S. Sohail
Family businesses play an important role in economic development across the globe, whether in developed or developing nations. Despite its importance, research on family business has attracted the attention of scholars only during the last two decades. This paper attempts to contribute to existing research in the stream of family business. The paper assesses the role of family businesses in Saudi Arabia by examining the current corporate structure and identifies the need for reforms. The paper puts forth a case for listing of family businesses and its likely consequences to the Saudi economy. Finally, the paper concludes with some policy recommendations.
{"title":"Assessing the Role of Family Business in Promoting Economic Growth: Perspectives from Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Ramady, M. S. Sohail","doi":"10.1504/IJESB.2010.034025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2010.034025","url":null,"abstract":"Family businesses play an important role in economic development across the globe, whether in developed or developing nations. Despite its importance, research on family business has attracted the attention of scholars only during the last two decades. This paper attempts to contribute to existing research in the stream of family business. The paper assesses the role of family businesses in Saudi Arabia by examining the current corporate structure and identifies the need for reforms. The paper puts forth a case for listing of family businesses and its likely consequences to the Saudi economy. Finally, the paper concludes with some policy recommendations.","PeriodicalId":358793,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Middle East (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129987538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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