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THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON BIHOR COUNTY EXPORT ORIENTED COMPANIES 冠状病毒大流行及其对比哈尔县出口导向型公司的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/limen.2020.85
Adrian Negrea, C. Benea, Csaba Bekesi, Oradea Romania Bihor County Employment Agency
In order to protect the health of their citizens, many governments decided to take a huge risk in implementing lockdowns all over the world, knowing how much it could affect the economy. The thought that choosing the most direct measure to cope with the pandemic in order to save their populations was one of the hardest and the governments cannot be blamed for it. The paper moves forward to correlate the links between mass shut downs affecting the economy with the effects registered by the export-oriented companies in Bihor County, Romania, and the measures that the Romanian Government took. Based on the data provided by AJOFM, the Bihor county employment agency, for the following months – March, April, May, several factors like the number of companies in export-oriented industries, the number of employees, the amount of money that the Government paid, will be analyzed.
为了保护公民的健康,许多政府决定冒着巨大的风险在世界各地实施封锁,他们知道这会对经济造成多大的影响。选择最直接的措施来应对大流行,以拯救他们的人民,这是最困难的想法之一,不能责怪政府。本文进一步将影响经济的大规模停产与罗马尼亚比霍尔县出口导向型公司登记的影响以及罗马尼亚政府采取的措施之间的联系联系起来。根据比霍尔县职业介绍所AJOFM提供的今后几个月- - 3月、4月和5月的数据,将分析出口导向型工业的公司数量、雇员人数、政府支付的金额等几个因素。
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引用次数: 0
IMPACT OF METAPROGRAMS ON THE PURCHASE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS 元程序对购买决策过程的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/limen.2020.293
Biljana Galovska, Maja Kochoska
Each of us processes our own experience in a special way. There is no right or wrong way to handle it. Different people have different thinking structures and often do not understand each other. But, on the other hand, exactly that complexity of the human being is one of the biggest challenges in communication as a universal process. Discovering and adapting the identity of individuals becomes the number one priority. Consumers are exposed to many stimulants that motivate them to behave positively or negatively, react and decide. As processes in our mind that clarify the decision-making structure, as well as how individuals are motivated to take action, are metaprograms that are unconscious schemes for ordering information. They act as filters and allow only what is important to the individual to be taken into account. The main goal of this paper is to emphasize the knowledge about the existence of metaprograms, their understanding, application in terms of motivation to achieve a result by recognizing them allows us to become more influential and more able to touch in a way that is appropriate for people around us.
我们每个人都以一种特殊的方式处理自己的经历。处理这件事没有对错之分。不同的人有不同的思维结构,常常无法相互理解。但是,另一方面,人类的复杂性恰恰是交流作为一种普遍过程所面临的最大挑战之一。发现和适应个体的身份成为首要任务。消费者接触到许多刺激物,这些刺激物促使他们做出积极或消极的行为、反应和决定。作为我们头脑中澄清决策结构的过程,以及个人如何被激励采取行动,元程序是对信息进行排序的无意识方案。它们就像过滤器一样,只允许考虑对个人重要的东西。本文的主要目标是强调关于元程序存在的知识,它们的理解,在动机方面的应用,通过识别它们来实现结果,使我们变得更有影响力,更能够以一种适合我们周围人的方式接触。
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引用次数: 0
THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS CULTURE FOR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 商务文化对国际商务的重要性
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/limen.2020.301
Dijana Grahovac, Herzegovina, Biljana Rađenović-Kozić
In modern, global economic relations, interstate borders are minorized by the strong influence of economic interest. National business is becoming almost negligible because modern economic activities are, in most areas, within the framework of international business. Knowledge of the elements of culture in international business has become increasingly important, and it's reflected in the fact that it is necessary to know and respect the rules of the manner of business entities in certain cultures, which is both theoretically and practically confirmed as the only path that permanently provides long-term stability and successful business development in an international framework. For successful business cooperation with foreign partners, it is necessary to know their culture and how to adapt to it. Empirical researches in this area emphasize that depending on the culture business entities belong to, there are different business goals, relationships, different ways of business negotiation, business culture itself, and the values that come from it. Knowing and respecting diversity affects understanding and attitudes to (potential) business partners, which is the first step of business cooperation, and therefore has a significant impact on achieving positive results in negotiations in international business.
在现代全球经济关系中,由于经济利益的强烈影响,国家间的边界被淡化了。由于现代经济活动在大多数领域都是在国际商务的框架内进行的,因此国内商业几乎可以忽略不计。在国际商务中,对文化要素的了解已经变得越来越重要,它体现在了解和尊重特定文化中商业实体的行为规则,这在理论上和实践上都被证实是在国际框架下永久提供长期稳定和成功的商业发展的唯一途径。为了与外国伙伴进行成功的商业合作,了解他们的文化以及如何适应它是必要的。这方面的实证研究强调,不同的文化背景下,不同的商业主体有不同的商业目标、关系、不同的商务谈判方式、不同的商业文化本身以及由此产生的价值观。认识和尊重多样性影响着对(潜在)商业伙伴的理解和态度,这是商业合作的第一步,因此对在国际商务谈判中取得积极成果具有重要影响。
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引用次数: 0
THE DENTAL MEDICINE SECTOR IN THE AGE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC – RECOVERY BETWEEN RISKS AND CHALLENGES 2019冠状病毒病大流行时代的牙科医疗行业——在风险与挑战之间复苏
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/limen.2020.101
Andra-Teodora Porumb, Adina Săcara-Oniţa, Cristian Porumb
In this paper we will show how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected one of the sectors that have undergone a booming development in recent years, namely the sector of dental medicine. This is an industry that includes numerous and diversified activities: treatments and surgical interventions in dental practices and clinics, dental aesthetics interventions in luxury clinics, the organization of specialization courses, conferences and congresses, the development of extremely innovative procedures and materials. Dental tourism has also had a spectacular trend, especially in Eastern European countries. Within a very short period of time, this highly profitable field, but which presents a huge risk of transmitting potential viruses, has recorded significant financial losses. In March 2020, in some European countries a lockdown was imposed by governmental decree or ordinance, all private practices having ceased their activity, whereas in other countries a significant number of clinics closed on their own initiative, and those remaining open recorded a staggering decrease in the number of patients. Courses, conferences, and congresses have been cancelled one after another throughout Europe. As a result of the cancellation of many flights, the activity in the branch of dental tourism has ceased almost entirely. For two months, an extremely small number of medical units, especially hospitals, were reorganized to provide care in dental emergencies, according to a very strict protocol to limit the risk of contamination. In view of resuming their activity as of May, professionals in the sector had to meet several severe protection conditions, regulated by institutional documents by the National Orders/Colleges of Dentists. In October, in the face of the second wave of the pandemic, the governments of European countries took less restrictive measures in an attempt to avoid a new lockdown and the decrease in the supply of goods and services to the population to such a great extent, so this time, governments have not closed private practices, despite the fact that in some countries the beginning of November has brought about a new isolation – albeit a partial one – and a renewed closedown of some businesses. We will analyze, in the context of the ongoing pandemic, the situation of this sector in several European countries. Given that the demand for dental services has only decreased very little, professionals in the sector have tried in various ways to continue their work so as not to sacrifice the dental health of the population. The risk/benefit ratio is very hard to manage in this field, so precautions, prevention, and protection measures in dental practices remain of the utmost importance. If the branch of organization of courses, conferences, congresses can compensate to a certain extent the sharp decline in revenues during the lockdown period by moving the activity on online platforms, the branch of dental tourism is still suffering massively, and the possi
在本文中,我们将展示COVID-19大流行如何影响近年来蓬勃发展的行业之一,即牙科医学领域。这是一个包含众多和多样化活动的行业:牙科诊所和诊所的治疗和手术干预,豪华诊所的牙科美学干预,专业课程的组织,会议和大会,极具创新性的程序和材料的开发。牙科旅游也有一个惊人的趋势,特别是在东欧国家。在很短的时间内,这一利润丰厚但存在传播潜在病毒的巨大风险的领域已录得重大经济损失。2020年3月,一些欧洲国家根据政府法令或条例实施了封锁,所有私人诊所都停止了活动,而在其他国家,大量诊所主动关闭,那些仍在营业的诊所的病人数量急剧减少。整个欧洲的课程、会议和代表大会相继取消。由于许多航班取消,牙科旅游部门的活动几乎完全停止了。在两个月的时间里,极为少数的医疗单位,特别是医院进行了重组,以便根据一项限制污染风险的非常严格的协议,提供牙科急诊护理。鉴于从5月开始恢复活动,该部门的专业人员必须满足国家牙医协会/学院的机构文件规定的若干严格的保护条件。10月份,面对的第二波大流行,欧洲国家政府采取了更少的限制性措施,以避免新封锁和减少供应商品和服务的人口如此大的影响,所以这一次,政府没有封闭的私人诊所,尽管在一些国家开始11月带来了一个新的隔离——尽管部分和一些企业重新关闭。在当前大流行病的背景下,我们将分析几个欧洲国家这一部门的情况。鉴于对牙科服务的需求只减少了很少,该部门的专业人员以各种方式努力继续工作,以免牺牲人口的牙齿健康。在这一领域,风险/收益比很难管理,因此预防、预防和保护措施在牙科实践中仍然是至关重要的。如果课程、会议、大会组织部门可以通过移动网络平台的活动在一定程度上弥补封锁期间收入的急剧下降,那么牙科旅游部门仍然遭受巨大损失,恢复的可能性大大降低。牙医仍然是风险最大的人群。他们面临着医疗和经济问题,不得不在不确定和危险的情况下做出最后的治疗决定
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引用次数: 0
INVESTIGATION OF PLATE WASTE IN UNIVERSITY REFECTO 高校食堂餐盘废弃物调查
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/limen.2020.379
Melisa Ozbiltekin-Pala, Gülmüş Börühan
Food waste is a crucial global problem in the world. It is also a crucial issue for food services, consumers etc. Food is wasted throughout the entire food chain. At the consumer level, 35 percent of wasted food occurs. One of the main causes of food waste at consumer level is determined as “plate waste”. Although, the issue needs sustainable solutions to decrease food waste, there is no permanent solutions in mass consumption places about food waste such as refectories, cafeterias. The aim of the study is to analyse the amount of plate waste in Yaşar University (YU) refectories in İzmir by observation method and to find ways of minimizing food waste in YU, providing sustainability and contributing to the development of circular economy and raising awareness about food waste problem. For this research, the food waste at the YU refectories in Izmir was analysed by observation method. For 1-week observation study, a total of 3883 trays were examined throughout the Main campus and T blocks. It is determined that the biggest percentage is the main course and more than 50 percent of trays consist of waste in YU refectories.
食物浪费是一个严重的全球性问题。这对食品服务、消费者等来说也是一个至关重要的问题。食物在整个食物链中都被浪费了。在消费者层面,35%的食物浪费发生了。在消费者层面造成食物浪费的主要原因之一被确定为“盘子浪费”。虽然这个问题需要可持续的解决方案来减少食物浪费,但在食堂、自助餐厅等大规模消费场所,食物浪费没有永久性的解决方案。本研究的目的是通过观察法分析İzmir耶鲁大学(YU)食堂的盘子垃圾数量,并找到减少食物浪费的方法,提供可持续性,为循环经济的发展做出贡献,并提高对食物浪费问题的认识。在本研究中,采用观察法分析了伊兹密尔大学食堂的食物浪费。在为期一周的观察研究中,在主校区和T区共检查了3883个托盘。据确定,最大的比例是主菜,超过50%的托盘是由大学食堂的垃圾组成的。
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引用次数: 0
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROMANIAN ORGANIZATIONS UNDER THE SARS-COV-2 PANDEMIC 分析在sars-cov-2大流行下职业健康和安全风险对罗马尼亚组织可持续性的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/limen.2020.75
M. Sandu, V. Leoveanu
In the current difficult economic and social situation in Romania and worldwide characterized by the health crisis caused by the evolutions of the SARS CoV-2 pandemic, the present study aims to highlight the amplitude to which the risk of occupational health and safety influences the continuity and sustainability of business in Romania. The research methodology adopted by the authors was based on the research highlighted in the specialized literature and by considering firstly the analysis of the results of the survey realized by applying a questionnaire to the employees from different fields of activity during the period February 29 - March 15, 2020. Secondly, the authors considered the analysis of the determinants of the risk of occupational health and safety at the level of the employers with an impact on the continuity and sustainability of the Romanian organizations, especially the businesses. The results of this research reveal how the working hypotheses in the second level of the analysis were confirmed or not regarding the impact of occupational and healthy risks on the sustainability of Romanian organizations under the SARS-COV-2 pandemic.
在当前罗马尼亚和世界范围内困难的经济和社会形势下,以SARS - CoV-2大流行的演变造成的健康危机为特征,本研究旨在强调职业健康和安全风险对罗马尼亚业务的连续性和可持续性的影响程度。作者采用的研究方法是基于专业文献中重点研究的基础上,首先考虑对2020年2月29日至3月15日期间来自不同活动领域的员工进行问卷调查的结果进行分析。第二,提交人审议了对雇主一级的职业健康和安全风险决定因素的分析,这些因素对罗马尼亚各组织,特别是企业的连续性和可持续性产生影响。本研究的结果揭示了在SARS-COV-2大流行下,关于职业和健康风险对罗马尼亚组织可持续性的影响,第二层次分析中的工作假设是如何得到证实的。
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引用次数: 0
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS SPECIFIC TO INVESTMENTS APPLICABLE IN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS 适用于教育系统的具体投资的财务管理要素
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/limen.2020.337
Daniela Alice Luta (Manolescu), A. Ioana, D. Tufeanu, D. Juganaru, Bianca Cezarina Ene
Our starting point is the definition and classification of investments, both financial and accounting. Thus, in a financial sense, an investment represents the change of an existing and available amount of money, with the hope of obtaining a higher but probable income in the future. In the accounting sense, an investment is the allocation of an amount available for the purchase of an asset, which will determine the future financial flows of income and expenses. Investments can be classified into two categories: domestic investments - consist of the allocation of capital for the purchase of machines, equipment, constructions, licenses, patents, etc. Their purpose can be to reduce costs, increase production, improve quality, increase market share, etc.; foreign investments - consist of capital investments in shares in other companies. They are also called financial investments and aim to increase the value of the company and diversify sources of income. We also analyze in this article the investment decision. The investment decision is the most important financial decision which a manager has to make. An investment usually involves allocating large sums of money in the long run, with a relatively high degree of risk. We also present and analyze both the stages of establishing an investment decision and the methods of evaluating an investment project. The article also presents management elements regarding the investment recovery term; discounted net value method, investment risk assessment.
我们的出发点是投资的定义和分类,包括财务和会计。因此,在金融意义上,投资代表了现有的和可用的资金的变化,希望在未来获得更高但可能的收入。从会计意义上讲,投资是对可用于购买资产的金额的分配,这将决定未来的收入和支出的财务流动。投资可分为两类:国内投资-包括用于购买机器、设备、建筑、许可证、专利等的资本分配。其目的可以是降低成本、增加产量、提高质量、增加市场份额等;外国投资-包括对其他公司股份的资本投资。它们也被称为金融投资,目的是增加公司的价值,使收入来源多样化。本文还对投资决策进行了分析。投资决策是管理者必须做出的最重要的财务决策。从长远来看,投资通常涉及分配大量资金,风险相对较高。我们还提出并分析了建立投资决策的阶段和评估投资项目的方法。文章还介绍了投资回收期限的管理要素;净值折现法,投资风险评估。
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引用次数: 0
ROMANIA: THE EFFICIENCY AND PERSPECTIVE FOR TRANSPORT OF PASSENGERS ON RAILWAYS 罗马尼亚:铁路乘客运输的效率和前景
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/limen.2020.329
C. Muț, Romania Sc Interregional Srl, C. Benea, Adrian Negrea, Săcară-Onita Adina, Catarig Andra
As main premises related to transport generally indicate, all the more so in Europe, where the prosperity of continent will depend on the capacities of all European regions to maintain full integration in the world economy, competitively; and efficient transport systems are cornerstones to achieve this. In this perspective, this paper is an analysis of the main performance parameters which are necessary to sustain an efficient railway transport system at the national level. The study is based on data and information centralized by The Authority for Railway Reform (Autoritatea pentru Reforma Feroviara – ARF) during three years, when there were in force contracts of public transport services related to people transport on railways (January 2016 –September 2019).
与运输有关的主要前提一般表明,在欧洲更是如此,因为欧洲大陆的繁荣将取决于欧洲所有区域竞争性地保持充分融入世界经济的能力;高效的运输系统是实现这一目标的基石。从这个角度来看,本文分析了维持国家一级高效铁路运输系统所必需的主要性能参数。该研究基于铁路改革管理局(ARF)在三年内(2016年1月至2019年9月)集中的数据和信息,当时与铁路上的人员运输有关的公共交通服务合同有效。
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引用次数: 0
SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MARKETING IN THE "NEW NORMAL" “新常态”下的社会责任营销
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/limen.2020.285
Marina Guzovski
Given the fact that we are in a time of uncertainty, when we cannot predict how a coronavirus-induced pandemic will affect community life, socially responsible behaviour as well as the impact of socially responsible marketing come to the fore in particular. The goal of socially responsible marketing is to educate and take actions that will positively affect the change of behaviour, and all participants from business entities to individuals must be aware of their responsible behaviour towards themselves and others in order to improve well-being and benefit the society we live in. The paper presents models of socially responsible marketing communication in the "new normal" as well as their impact on raising awareness of responsible behaviour and the adoption of new habits among consumers.
鉴于我们正处于一个不确定的时期,我们无法预测冠状病毒引起的大流行将如何影响社区生活,社会责任行为以及社会责任营销的影响尤为突出。社会责任营销的目标是教育和采取积极影响行为改变的行动,从商业实体到个人的所有参与者都必须意识到他们对自己和他人的负责任行为,以改善福祉并造福于我们所生活的社会。本文介绍了“新常态”下的社会责任营销传播模式,以及它们对提高消费者对负责任行为的认识和采用新习惯的影响。
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引用次数: 0
WORKPLACE SAFETY CHALLENGES OF COVID-19 PANDEMICS: CASE OF SLOVAKIA COVID-19大流行对工作场所安全的挑战:斯洛伐克的案例
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31410/limen.2020.65
Silvia Capíková, M. Nováková
Public health laws designed to protect the life and health of people have an impact on working conditions as a significant social determinant of health. Laws designed to reduce the spreading of COVID-19 also had an impact on the organization of work. Legal research methods were used to analyse the regulatory framework for occupational health in Slovakia since the COVID-19 pandemics outbreak on March 6th, 2020, and to analyse how the obligations and rights of employers and employees have changed. This paper also examines emerging issues, such as employees’ privacy and it explores the role of the external environment in safety management and leadership. New regulations passed to control spreading at workplaces strengthened the position of employers in surveillance of anti-pandemic measures. Pandemics mainstreamed the role of law as a public health tool. Sharing experiences across sectors of the economy and countries can be helpful to define good practices and their implementation into legislation.
旨在保护人民生命和健康的公共卫生法对作为健康的重要社会决定因素的工作条件产生了影响。旨在减少COVID-19传播的法律也对工作组织产生了影响。采用法律研究方法分析了自2020年3月6日COVID-19大流行爆发以来斯洛伐克职业健康监管框架,并分析了雇主和雇员的义务和权利如何发生变化。本文还探讨了新出现的问题,如员工的隐私,并探讨了外部环境在安全管理和领导中的作用。通过了控制工作场所传播的新条例,加强了雇主在监督抗流行病措施方面的地位。大流行病使法律作为公共卫生工具的作用主流化。跨经济部门和各国分享经验有助于确定良好做法并将其落实到立法中。
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引用次数: 0
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