This chapter shows how citizens, immigration authorities, and legislators created and institutionalized the deportation machine's interrelated expulsion mechanisms during the 1900s. It discusses how the deportation machine did not always run efficiently or coherently and how immigrants' active resistance to deportation or officials' executive decisions to halt removals caused breakdowns. It also mentions the new means of expulsion that expanded the fledgling immigration service's authority and instilled low-level and high-level bureaucrats with the power to shape ideas about what it meant to be American. The chapter tries to confirm how far immigration officials' authority extend and whether their considerable discretionary power allow them to act autonomously. It also talks about how immigration officials cared most about maximizing the number of expulsions and how it was done was only of secondary importance.
{"title":"Creating the Mechanisms of Expulsion at the Turn of the Twentieth Century","authors":"Adam Goodman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvs1g9p1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvs1g9p1.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter shows how citizens, immigration authorities, and legislators created and institutionalized the deportation machine's interrelated expulsion mechanisms during the 1900s. It discusses how the deportation machine did not always run efficiently or coherently and how immigrants' active resistance to deportation or officials' executive decisions to halt removals caused breakdowns. It also mentions the new means of expulsion that expanded the fledgling immigration service's authority and instilled low-level and high-level bureaucrats with the power to shape ideas about what it meant to be American. The chapter tries to confirm how far immigration officials' authority extend and whether their considerable discretionary power allow them to act autonomously. It also talks about how immigration officials cared most about maximizing the number of expulsions and how it was done was only of secondary importance.","PeriodicalId":359229,"journal":{"name":"The Deportation Machine","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132037892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter documents the growing resistance to deportation at the dawn of the age of mass expulsion. It focuses on metropolitan Los Angeles as the ground zero of the Immigration and Naturalization Service's (INS) interior enforcement efforts in the 1970s. It describes the tireless efforts of immigrants and activists that helped build solidarity and empower the “undocumented” community. The chapter also discusses the effectiveness of voluntary departures, INS raids, and fear campaigns that are meant to scare people into the shadows or out of the country. It analyzes the basic idea of being undocumented that automatically implied deportability. It also talks about the resistance of the undocumented community's resistance that helped determine the civil rights of noncitizens and defend the immigrants' dignity that transcended legal status and citizenship.
{"title":"FIVE. Fighting the Machine in the Streets and in the Courts","authors":"Adam Goodman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvs1g9p1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvs1g9p1.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter documents the growing resistance to deportation at the dawn of the age of mass expulsion. It focuses on metropolitan Los Angeles as the ground zero of the Immigration and Naturalization Service's (INS) interior enforcement efforts in the 1970s. It describes the tireless efforts of immigrants and activists that helped build solidarity and empower the “undocumented” community. The chapter also discusses the effectiveness of voluntary departures, INS raids, and fear campaigns that are meant to scare people into the shadows or out of the country. It analyzes the basic idea of being undocumented that automatically implied deportability. It also talks about the resistance of the undocumented community's resistance that helped determine the civil rights of noncitizens and defend the immigrants' dignity that transcended legal status and citizenship.","PeriodicalId":359229,"journal":{"name":"The Deportation Machine","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121199583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Note on Sources and Language","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvs1g9p1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvs1g9p1.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":359229,"journal":{"name":"The Deportation Machine","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129336789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter explains how the United States' ongoing demand for cheap migrant labor normalized the deportation machine at the border and in the interior. It talks about the Immigration and Naturalization Service's increasing dependence on voluntary departures and immigration raids between 1965 and 1985 that made the possibility of deportation an everyday reality for undocumented immigrants. It also describes the pattern of circular, undocumented Mexican migration that emerged as a relatively open and benign labor process with few negative consequences. The chapter reveals how bureaucratic practices, changes in law, and combination of political, economic, social, and cultural factors demonized ethnic Mexicans and solidified the stereotype of them as prototypical “illegal aliens”. It also highlights the changes in the policy and political economies of the United States and Mexico from 1965 to 1985 that resulted in significant transformations to the deportation machine.
{"title":"FOUR. Manufacturing Crisis and Fomenting Fear at the Dawn of the Age of Mass Expulsion","authors":"Adam Goodman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvs1g9p1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvs1g9p1.7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains how the United States' ongoing demand for cheap migrant labor normalized the deportation machine at the border and in the interior. It talks about the Immigration and Naturalization Service's increasing dependence on voluntary departures and immigration raids between 1965 and 1985 that made the possibility of deportation an everyday reality for undocumented immigrants. It also describes the pattern of circular, undocumented Mexican migration that emerged as a relatively open and benign labor process with few negative consequences. The chapter reveals how bureaucratic practices, changes in law, and combination of political, economic, social, and cultural factors demonized ethnic Mexicans and solidified the stereotype of them as prototypical “illegal aliens”. It also highlights the changes in the policy and political economies of the United States and Mexico from 1965 to 1985 that resulted in significant transformations to the deportation machine.","PeriodicalId":359229,"journal":{"name":"The Deportation Machine","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125745218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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