The experimental oncology accomplished a lot during last 70 years. The employment of earlier days'animal models for carcinogenesis, then the immunue deficient mice with human cell lines for invasion/metastasis and dormancy/recurrence were all benenfit from sharing of the collection of animal tumor strains and National Biomedical Cell-line Resource. The future data-driven and AI-assisted cancer research will also be firmly upholded by the resource center.
After the release of the guideline for HER2 testing in breast cancer (2024 version), in order to improve the implementation of the guidelines, the Chinese Breast Pathology Group conducted a nationwide survey, gathering feedback from pathologists across China. Based on this, we analyzed and summarized seven key issues commonly encountered in pathological practice. These issues include the heterogeneity of HER2 protein and gene expression, reporting of HER2-ultralow, testing and interpretation issues of HER2 low-level expression, the establishment of external controls for HER2 testing, the interpretation standards for rare staining patterns, and the role of new technologies in HER2-low expression testing. These findings reflect the effectiveness and challenges in the implementation of the guidelines and provide valuable insights for the further optimization of the HER2 testing guidelines in the future.
Objective: To investigate the clinical values of fluorescent PCR-capillary electrophoresis (PCR/CE) for detecting somatic mutations in the proofreading exonuclease domain of DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE-exo*) in endometrial carcinomas (EC), as compared with Sanger sequencing. Methods: A total of 280 EC cases diagnosed at the Department of Pathology at Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China from December 2022 to December 2023 were collected. Ten cases, which had previously been confirmed to harbor POLE pathogenic mutations through next-generation sequencing (NGS), were excluded. Subsequently, parallel sequencing using both PCR/CE and Sanger sequencing methods was conducted on the remaining 270 EC samples without prior POLE testing, aiming to examine 11 known pathogenic mutation-sites located within exons 9, 11, 13, and 14 of the POLE gene. NGS was then carried out on the EC cases in which the PCR/CE and/or Sanger sequencing results indicated the presence of POLE-exo*. Results: Among the 270 EC samples, POLE-exo* was detected in 4 cases (4/270, 1.5%) using Sanger sequencing. In contrast, the PCR/CE identified POLE-exo* in 12 cases (12/270, 4.4%). It was noteworthy that all cases in which POLE-exo* was detected through Sanger sequencing were also successfully identified using PCR/CE (4/4, with a detection rate of 100%). These results were further verified by NGS. The PCR/CE also uncovered an additional 8 cases (8/266, 3.0%) of POLE-exo* in the 266 samples that were negative for POLE mutations per Sanger sequencing. Of these 8 cases, 4 were validated using NGS, exhibiting variant allele frequency (VAF) below 10%, but tumor mutation burdens exceeding 10 mutations per megabase. However, due to small tumor sizes, NGS verification could not be performed on the remaining 4 PCR/CE-positive but Sanger-negative cases. Conclusion: The PCR/CE exhibits better sensitivity and detection capabilities than the Sanger sequencing in identifying POLE-exo* in EC samples, particularly in detecting low VAF.
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