Guilherme M Cesar, Madison Giebler, Thad W Buster, Judith M Burnfield
Background: Children's ability to achieve an appropriate motor development is largely associated with their capacity to control balance. Furthermore, accomplishing balance tasks with a narrowed base of support is a necessary precursor to engaging in everyday functional activities and developing more complex balance abilities.
Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the tandem stance (TS) and the single-limb stance (SLS) items of the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) assessment tool with the PBS total score in children with impaired balance.
Methods: Forty-two children (22 with neurological disabilities, 10.7±3.1 years; 20 typically developing [TD], 8.3±2.7 years) performed all 14 PBS items. Linear regressions separately determined the impact of TS and SLS on total PBS score in both groups. Bland-Altman plots expressed agreement between the balance measurements.
Results: For children with disabilities, only the SLS entered the model, explaining 64.5% of the variance in total PBS score. A high level of agreement was observed between the SLS and total PBS scores. For TD children, only the TS entered the model, explaining 45.2% of the variance in the total PBS score. A high level of agreement was observed between the TS and total PBS scores.
Conclusion: Our findings support the practical and efficient use of a single balance task to assess balance ability in children with disabilities.
{"title":"Balance assessment with decreased base of support for children with disabilities.","authors":"Guilherme M Cesar, Madison Giebler, Thad W Buster, Judith M Burnfield","doi":"10.3345/cep.2024.00780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children's ability to achieve an appropriate motor development is largely associated with their capacity to control balance. Furthermore, accomplishing balance tasks with a narrowed base of support is a necessary precursor to engaging in everyday functional activities and developing more complex balance abilities.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the relationship between the tandem stance (TS) and the single-limb stance (SLS) items of the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) assessment tool with the PBS total score in children with impaired balance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-two children (22 with neurological disabilities, 10.7±3.1 years; 20 typically developing [TD], 8.3±2.7 years) performed all 14 PBS items. Linear regressions separately determined the impact of TS and SLS on total PBS score in both groups. Bland-Altman plots expressed agreement between the balance measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For children with disabilities, only the SLS entered the model, explaining 64.5% of the variance in total PBS score. A high level of agreement was observed between the SLS and total PBS scores. For TD children, only the TS entered the model, explaining 45.2% of the variance in the total PBS score. A high level of agreement was observed between the TS and total PBS scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings support the practical and efficient use of a single balance task to assess balance ability in children with disabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":36018,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Faten Hafizah Rosli, Noor Shafina Mohd Nor, Rose Adzrianee Adnan, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
The endocrine system is a complex network of glands that produce and release hormones that regulate various physiological processes. In the past few decades, the human skin has been identified as an important peripheral endocrine organ that is the main site for the synthesis of vitamin D through exposure to sunlight. Mutations in downstream vitamin D-related gene pathways are associated with disease development. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, which regulates the pleiotropic effects of vitamin D, has been extensively studied in adult populations. Several studies have reported the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents. With changes in socioeconomic status and lifestyle, vitamin D-deficient individuals are prone to developing the disease at a young age. However, geographical and racial differences affect the association between VDR gene polymorphisms and vitamin D endocrine disorders, explaining the non-consensus effects of polymorphisms and their association with disease development across populations. In this review, we discuss the connection between the vitamin D endocrine system and polymorphisms in the gene encoding VDR in children and adolescents, focusing on its effects on growth, puberty, insulin resistance, and the immune system.
内分泌系统是一个复杂的腺体网络,可产生和释放调节各种生理过程的激素。在过去几十年中,人类皮肤已被确认为一个重要的外周内分泌器官,是通过暴露在阳光下合成维生素 D 的主要部位。下游维生素 D 相关基因通路的突变与疾病的发生有关。维生素 D 受体(VDR)基因可调节维生素 D 的多效应,该基因已在成年人群中得到广泛研究。一些研究报告了儿童和青少年维生素 D 缺乏症的发病率。随着社会经济地位和生活方式的变化,维生素 D 缺乏者很容易在年轻时患病。然而,地理和种族差异会影响 VDR 基因多态性与维生素 D 内分泌失调之间的关联,这也解释了多态性的影响及其与不同人群疾病发展之间的关联并不一致。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论维生素 D 内分泌系统与儿童和青少年中编码 VDR 基因的多态性之间的联系,重点关注其对生长、青春期、胰岛素抵抗和免疫系统的影响。
{"title":"A review of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in endocrine related disorders.","authors":"Nur Faten Hafizah Rosli, Noor Shafina Mohd Nor, Rose Adzrianee Adnan, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir","doi":"10.3345/cep.2024.00227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The endocrine system is a complex network of glands that produce and release hormones that regulate various physiological processes. In the past few decades, the human skin has been identified as an important peripheral endocrine organ that is the main site for the synthesis of vitamin D through exposure to sunlight. Mutations in downstream vitamin D-related gene pathways are associated with disease development. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, which regulates the pleiotropic effects of vitamin D, has been extensively studied in adult populations. Several studies have reported the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents. With changes in socioeconomic status and lifestyle, vitamin D-deficient individuals are prone to developing the disease at a young age. However, geographical and racial differences affect the association between VDR gene polymorphisms and vitamin D endocrine disorders, explaining the non-consensus effects of polymorphisms and their association with disease development across populations. In this review, we discuss the connection between the vitamin D endocrine system and polymorphisms in the gene encoding VDR in children and adolescents, focusing on its effects on growth, puberty, insulin resistance, and the immune system.</p>","PeriodicalId":36018,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rogers Wainkwa Chia, Venant Atem Ntegang, Jin-Yong Lee, Jihye Cha
Although humans are highly dependent on plastics from infancy to adolescence, these materials can degrade into ubiquitous microplastics (MPs) that affect individuals at every stage of life. However, information on the sources, mechanisms, detection techniques, and detrimental effects of MPs on children's health from infancy to adolescence is limited. Hence, here we identified and reviewed original research papers published in 2017-2023 across 11 database categories in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science to improve our understanding of MPs with a focus on pediatric well-being. These studies found that milk and infant formulas are common sources of MP exposure in infants. Infant formula is the dominant source of MPs in babies, while plastic toys are a common source of MPs in toddlers. Adolescents are frequently exposed to MPs through the consumption of food contaminated with MPs and the use of plastics in food packaging. Water and air are sources of MP exposure in children from infancy through adolescence. This study thoroughly summarized how MP exposure in children of all ages causes cell damage and leads to adverse health effects such as cancer. With appropriate authorization from the relevant authorities, small amounts of human biological samples (10 g of feces) were collected from volunteers to assess the amounts of MPs in children with the aim of promoting pediatric well-being. The samples were then treated with Fenton's reagent, stored in glass jars, and filtered through nonplastic filters. Finally, MPs in children were quantified using stereomicroscopy and characterized using micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
虽然人类从婴儿期到青春期都高度依赖塑料,但这些材料会降解成无处不在的微塑料(MPs),影响生命每个阶段的个体。然而,有关微塑料的来源、机理、检测技术以及对婴儿期至青春期儿童健康的有害影响的信息非常有限。因此,在此我们在PubMed、Google Scholar、Scopus和Web of Science的11个数据库类别中识别并回顾了2017-2023年发表的原创研究论文,以增进我们对MPs的了解,重点关注儿科健康。这些研究发现,牛奶和婴儿配方奶粉是婴儿接触 MP 的常见来源。婴儿配方奶粉是婴儿摄入多溴联苯醚的主要来源,而塑料玩具则是幼儿摄入多溴联苯醚的常见来源。青少年经常通过食用被多溴联苯污染的食物和在食品包装中使用塑料来接触多溴联苯。从婴儿期到青春期,水和空气都是儿童接触多溴联苯的来源。本研究全面总结了各年龄段儿童暴露于多溴联苯是如何造成细胞损伤并导致癌症等不良健康影响的。在获得有关当局的适当授权后,研究人员从志愿者身上采集了少量人体生物样本(10 克粪便),以评估儿童体内的多溴联苯醚含量,从而促进儿童健康。然后用芬顿试剂对样本进行处理,储存在玻璃瓶中,并通过非塑料过滤器进行过滤。最后,使用立体显微镜对儿童体内的 MPs 进行量化,并使用显微傅立叶变换红外光谱对其进行表征。
{"title":"Microplastic and human health with focus on pediatric well-being: a comprehensive review and call for future studies.","authors":"Rogers Wainkwa Chia, Venant Atem Ntegang, Jin-Yong Lee, Jihye Cha","doi":"10.3345/cep.2023.01739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although humans are highly dependent on plastics from infancy to adolescence, these materials can degrade into ubiquitous microplastics (MPs) that affect individuals at every stage of life. However, information on the sources, mechanisms, detection techniques, and detrimental effects of MPs on children's health from infancy to adolescence is limited. Hence, here we identified and reviewed original research papers published in 2017-2023 across 11 database categories in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science to improve our understanding of MPs with a focus on pediatric well-being. These studies found that milk and infant formulas are common sources of MP exposure in infants. Infant formula is the dominant source of MPs in babies, while plastic toys are a common source of MPs in toddlers. Adolescents are frequently exposed to MPs through the consumption of food contaminated with MPs and the use of plastics in food packaging. Water and air are sources of MP exposure in children from infancy through adolescence. This study thoroughly summarized how MP exposure in children of all ages causes cell damage and leads to adverse health effects such as cancer. With appropriate authorization from the relevant authorities, small amounts of human biological samples (10 g of feces) were collected from volunteers to assess the amounts of MPs in children with the aim of promoting pediatric well-being. The samples were then treated with Fenton's reagent, stored in glass jars, and filtered through nonplastic filters. Finally, MPs in children were quantified using stereomicroscopy and characterized using micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.</p>","PeriodicalId":36018,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Few studies have explored the polysomnographic features of children with obesity.
Purpose: This study aimed to explore the demographic and polysomnographic features of obese children and determine whether body mass index (BMI) could predict severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited obese children who underwent diagnostic polysomnography between January 2019 and March 2022. We explored demographic and anthropometric measures as well as polysomnographic abnormalities among them. We used receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic regression analyses to determine the optimal cut-off values of anthropometric variables for predicting severe OSA.
Results: A total of 132 children with obesity (76.5% male; mean age, 12.5 ± 3.2 years) were included. Severe OSA was identified in 64 (48.5%) children. Desaturation was observed in 59.8%, while 23.5% had hyperarousal, 20.5% had sleep-related hypoventilation, 60.6% had positional OSA, 40.2% had REM-related OSA, and 5.0% had obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Among them, BMI (odds ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.17; p < 0.001), neck circumference (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07-1.25; p < 0.001), and waist circumference (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07; p = 0.001) were significantly associated with severe OSA. These findings suggest a cut-off BMI for predicting severe OSA of greater than 29.2 kg/m2 with 81.3% sensitivity and 48.5% specificity.
Conclusion: Severe OSA is common in children with obesity; thus, we recommend screening children with obesity and a BMI greater than 29.2 kg/m2 for severe OSA.
背景:很少有研究探讨肥胖儿童的多导睡眠图特征:目的:本研究旨在探讨肥胖儿童的人口学和多导睡眠图特征,并确定体重指数(BMI)是否可预测严重阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA):这项横断面研究招募了在2019年1月至2022年3月期间接受多导睡眠图诊断的肥胖儿童。我们探讨了他们的人口统计学和人体测量指标以及多导睡眠图异常。我们使用接收器操作特征曲线和逻辑回归分析来确定人体测量变量预测严重 OSA 的最佳临界值:共纳入 132 名肥胖儿童(76.5% 为男性;平均年龄为 12.5 ± 3.2 岁)。64名儿童(48.5%)被确定为重度 OSA。59.8%的患儿出现呼吸不饱和,23.5%的患儿出现呼吸亢进,20.5%的患儿出现睡眠相关性通气不足,60.6%的患儿出现体位性 OSA,40.2%的患儿出现快速眼动相关性 OSA,5.0%的患儿出现肥胖性通气不足综合征。其中,体重指数(几率比 [OR],1.11;95% 置信区间 [CI],1.05-1.17;P < 0.001)、颈围(OR,1.15;95% CI,1.07-1.25;P < 0.001)和腰围(OR,1.04;95% CI,1.02-1.07;P = 0.001)与严重 OSA 显著相关。这些研究结果表明,预测严重 OSA 的 BMI 临界值应大于 29.2 kg/m2,灵敏度为 81.3%,特异度为 48.5%:结论:严重 OSA 常见于肥胖儿童;因此,我们建议对体重指数大于 29.2 kg/m2 的肥胖儿童进行严重 OSA 筛查。
{"title":"Polysomnographic features of children with obesity: body mass index predict severe obstructive sleep apnea in obese children?","authors":"Rungrat Sukharom, Prakarn Tovichien, Kanokporn Udomittipong, Pinyapach Tiamduangtawan, Wattanachai Chotinaiwattarakul","doi":"10.3345/cep.2024.00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Few studies have explored the polysomnographic features of children with obesity.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to explore the demographic and polysomnographic features of obese children and determine whether body mass index (BMI) could predict severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study recruited obese children who underwent diagnostic polysomnography between January 2019 and March 2022. We explored demographic and anthropometric measures as well as polysomnographic abnormalities among them. We used receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic regression analyses to determine the optimal cut-off values of anthropometric variables for predicting severe OSA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 132 children with obesity (76.5% male; mean age, 12.5 ± 3.2 years) were included. Severe OSA was identified in 64 (48.5%) children. Desaturation was observed in 59.8%, while 23.5% had hyperarousal, 20.5% had sleep-related hypoventilation, 60.6% had positional OSA, 40.2% had REM-related OSA, and 5.0% had obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Among them, BMI (odds ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.17; p < 0.001), neck circumference (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07-1.25; p < 0.001), and waist circumference (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07; p = 0.001) were significantly associated with severe OSA. These findings suggest a cut-off BMI for predicting severe OSA of greater than 29.2 kg/m2 with 81.3% sensitivity and 48.5% specificity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Severe OSA is common in children with obesity; thus, we recommend screening children with obesity and a BMI greater than 29.2 kg/m2 for severe OSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":36018,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite neonatal intensive care advancements and quality improvements, preterm infants often experience delays in speech and language development during early childhood. The etiological pathway of language delays is multifactorial, including younger gestational age at birth, male sex, pregnancy complications including gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia, organic pathology from neonatal morbidities, environmental factors of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and prolonged hospitalization, home environment including socioeconomic status and parental education, and parent-infant interactions. As early language experiences and environments are crucial for the development of language processing, strategies to support language development should be implemented from the NICU onward. This study aimed to summarize evidence-based strategies for language development through an extensive review of nutrition, NICU environment, language and sound exposure, developmental care interventions, and family-centered care. Promoting breastfeeding, increasing parent-infant interactions in a single-family room setting, nurturing the language environment via parental book reading and language interventions, and parent-integrated interventions in the NICU could potentially enhance language development among preterm infants. These supportive strategies can be integrated through family-centered care, which recognizes parents as primary caregivers and collaborative partners.
{"title":"Strategies to support language development in neonatal intensive care unit: a narrative review.","authors":"Ju Sun Heo, Ee-Kyung Kim","doi":"10.3345/cep.2024.00087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite neonatal intensive care advancements and quality improvements, preterm infants often experience delays in speech and language development during early childhood. The etiological pathway of language delays is multifactorial, including younger gestational age at birth, male sex, pregnancy complications including gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia, organic pathology from neonatal morbidities, environmental factors of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and prolonged hospitalization, home environment including socioeconomic status and parental education, and parent-infant interactions. As early language experiences and environments are crucial for the development of language processing, strategies to support language development should be implemented from the NICU onward. This study aimed to summarize evidence-based strategies for language development through an extensive review of nutrition, NICU environment, language and sound exposure, developmental care interventions, and family-centered care. Promoting breastfeeding, increasing parent-infant interactions in a single-family room setting, nurturing the language environment via parental book reading and language interventions, and parent-integrated interventions in the NICU could potentially enhance language development among preterm infants. These supportive strategies can be integrated through family-centered care, which recognizes parents as primary caregivers and collaborative partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":36018,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What we should know about pediatric heart failure: children are not small adults.","authors":"Ja-Kyoung Yoon","doi":"10.3345/cep.2023.01130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01130","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36018,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Central precocious puberty (CPP) is typically treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. Although numerous GnRH agonist variants are available, limited research has compared the efficacy of leuprolide acetate and triptorelin pamoate administered at 3-month intervals.
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of CPP treatment with triptorelin pamoate and leuprolide acetate administered at 3-month intervals.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 116 girls with CPP: 71 treated with leuprolide acetate every 3 months and 45 treated with triptorelin pamoate every 3 months. Anthropometric measurements were compared before and after therapy. At 6 months after the therapy, luteinizing hormone (LH) suppression was evaluated.
Results: When administered every 3 months, leuprolide acetate and triptorelin pamoate significantly suppressed LH. The predicted adult height (PAH) and degree of bone age advancement at the end of treatment were comparable.
Conclusion: Treatment with leuprolide acetate and triptorelin pamoate every 3 months did not have significantly different effects on LH suppression or PAH.
{"title":"Efficacy of leuprolide acetate versus triptorelin pamoate administered every 3 months for treatment of central precocious puberty.","authors":"Thanaporn Thaneetrakool, Suphab Aroonparkmongkol, Nattakarn Numsriskulrat, Vichit Supornsilchai, Suttipong Wacharasindhu, Khomsak Srilanchakon","doi":"10.3345/cep.2024.00822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Central precocious puberty (CPP) is typically treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. Although numerous GnRH agonist variants are available, limited research has compared the efficacy of leuprolide acetate and triptorelin pamoate administered at 3-month intervals.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to assess the efficacy of CPP treatment with triptorelin pamoate and leuprolide acetate administered at 3-month intervals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included 116 girls with CPP: 71 treated with leuprolide acetate every 3 months and 45 treated with triptorelin pamoate every 3 months. Anthropometric measurements were compared before and after therapy. At 6 months after the therapy, luteinizing hormone (LH) suppression was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When administered every 3 months, leuprolide acetate and triptorelin pamoate significantly suppressed LH. The predicted adult height (PAH) and degree of bone age advancement at the end of treatment were comparable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Treatment with leuprolide acetate and triptorelin pamoate every 3 months did not have significantly different effects on LH suppression or PAH.</p>","PeriodicalId":36018,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex disease with multifactorial pathogenesis and variable clinical presentation. Up to one-fifth of patients with AD develop moderate to severe disease that is often refractory to classical therapies and can compromise quality of life. This review summarizes recent clinical evidence on biological agents and small-molecule immunotherapies for the treatment of AD.
{"title":"Recent updates on systemic treatment of atopic dermatitis.","authors":"Jiyoung Ahn","doi":"10.3345/cep.2024.00339","DOIUrl":"10.3345/cep.2024.00339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex disease with multifactorial pathogenesis and variable clinical presentation. Up to one-fifth of patients with AD develop moderate to severe disease that is often refractory to classical therapies and can compromise quality of life. This review summarizes recent clinical evidence on biological agents and small-molecule immunotherapies for the treatment of AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":36018,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics","volume":"67 11","pages":"580-588"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11551601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-10-28DOI: 10.3345/cep.2023.00346
Ja Hyang Cho, Hae Woon Jung, Kye Shik Shim
Height gains result from longitudinal bone growth, which is largely dependent on chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation within the growth plates of long bones. The growth plate, that is, the epiphyseal plate, is divided into resting, proliferative, and hypertrophic zones according to chondrocyte characteristics. The differentiation potential of progenitor cells in the resting zone, continuous capacity for chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation within the proliferative zone, timely replacement by osteocytes, and calcification in the hypertrophic zone are the 3 main factors controlling longitudinal bone growth. Upon adequate longitudinal bone growth, growth plate senescence limits human body height. During growth plate senescence, progenitor cells within the resting zone are depleted, proliferative chondrocyte numbers decrease, and hypertrophic chondrocyte number and size decrease. After senescence, hypertrophic chondrocytes are replaced by osteocytes, the extracellular matrix is calcified and vascularized, the growth plate is closed, and longitudinal bone growth is complete. To date, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, aromatase inhibitors, C-type natriuretic peptide analogs, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 inhibitors have been studied or used as therapeutic interventions to delay growth plate closure. Complex networks of cellular, genetic, paracrine, and endocrine signals are involved in growth plate closure. However, the detailed mechanisms of this process remain unclear. Further elucidation of these mechanisms will enable the development of new therapeutic modalities for the treatment of short stature, precocious puberty, and skeletal dysplasia.
{"title":"Growth plate closure and therapeutic interventions.","authors":"Ja Hyang Cho, Hae Woon Jung, Kye Shik Shim","doi":"10.3345/cep.2023.00346","DOIUrl":"10.3345/cep.2023.00346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Height gains result from longitudinal bone growth, which is largely dependent on chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation within the growth plates of long bones. The growth plate, that is, the epiphyseal plate, is divided into resting, proliferative, and hypertrophic zones according to chondrocyte characteristics. The differentiation potential of progenitor cells in the resting zone, continuous capacity for chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation within the proliferative zone, timely replacement by osteocytes, and calcification in the hypertrophic zone are the 3 main factors controlling longitudinal bone growth. Upon adequate longitudinal bone growth, growth plate senescence limits human body height. During growth plate senescence, progenitor cells within the resting zone are depleted, proliferative chondrocyte numbers decrease, and hypertrophic chondrocyte number and size decrease. After senescence, hypertrophic chondrocytes are replaced by osteocytes, the extracellular matrix is calcified and vascularized, the growth plate is closed, and longitudinal bone growth is complete. To date, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, aromatase inhibitors, C-type natriuretic peptide analogs, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 inhibitors have been studied or used as therapeutic interventions to delay growth plate closure. Complex networks of cellular, genetic, paracrine, and endocrine signals are involved in growth plate closure. However, the detailed mechanisms of this process remain unclear. Further elucidation of these mechanisms will enable the development of new therapeutic modalities for the treatment of short stature, precocious puberty, and skeletal dysplasia.</p>","PeriodicalId":36018,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"553-559"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11551597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}