Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.38898
M. Isa, M. Wajdi, L. Mangifera, Ahmad Mardalis, N. Kamarulzaman
The study aims to analyze the values added of batik tulis production and to analyze stakeholders’ objectives and competitiveness of batik tulis business. The study used a mixed method, a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The data were analyzed using several analyses namely content analysis, value chain analysis, and stakeholder analysis. The content analysis was carried out to identify and to explain the supply chain of batik tulis production. The value chain analysis was undertaken to identify the existing stages of the value chain in batik tulis production. The stakeholders analysis was used to analyze stakeholders’ objectives and competitiveness of batik tulis business. The results revealed that the value chain of batik tulis production started from the procurement of raw materials, production processes, and sales. The highest added values obtained were through sales to wholesalers and retailers as compared to sales by displaying the products in galleries. The average profit margin earned by each entrepreneur exceeded 50% of the main production costs. Profit and reputation were revealed as the two stakeholders’ objectives that have the strongest and the most dominant influences in the industry. The entrepreneurs are expected to further optimize the activities that contribute the highest added values to be more efficient in managing the production costs, and in maintaining the interrelationship with other players of batik tulis entrepreneurs as well as with the suppliers of raw materials so that the cooperation can be carried out effectively.
{"title":"Value Chain and Stakeholders’ Analyses of Batik Tulis Industry in Indonesia","authors":"M. Isa, M. Wajdi, L. Mangifera, Ahmad Mardalis, N. Kamarulzaman","doi":"10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.38898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.38898","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to analyze the values added of batik tulis production and to analyze stakeholders’ objectives and competitiveness of batik tulis business. The study used a mixed method, a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The data were analyzed using several analyses namely content analysis, value chain analysis, and stakeholder analysis. The content analysis was carried out to identify and to explain the supply chain of batik tulis production. The value chain analysis was undertaken to identify the existing stages of the value chain in batik tulis production. The stakeholders analysis was used to analyze stakeholders’ objectives and competitiveness of batik tulis business. The results revealed that the value chain of batik tulis production started from the procurement of raw materials, production processes, and sales. The highest added values obtained were through sales to wholesalers and retailers as compared to sales by displaying the products in galleries. The average profit margin earned by each entrepreneur exceeded 50% of the main production costs. Profit and reputation were revealed as the two stakeholders’ objectives that have the strongest and the most dominant influences in the industry. The entrepreneurs are expected to further optimize the activities that contribute the highest added values to be more efficient in managing the production costs, and in maintaining the interrelationship with other players of batik tulis entrepreneurs as well as with the suppliers of raw materials so that the cooperation can be carried out effectively.","PeriodicalId":36112,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44374580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.42709
Mauricio Matus, Paloma Fernández Pérez
Latin America's healthcare systems evolved nonlinearly, influenced by diverse models, historical events, and political regimes. Limited knowledge exists despite national-level efforts, indicating a need for long-term statistics to assess the effects of reforms and understand healthcare changes in the region. The article contributes to the Actor Network Theory (ANT) claim for better understanding of complex networks through a description of its main long term comparable components with a long term quantitative series for 20 Latin American countries, spanning from 1960 to 2020, on the number of hospital beds, physicians, and nurses (per capita) and healthcare expenditure (in US dollars per capita). The primary goal of this study is to showcase and describe the historical trends and patterns of these variables in the region. The results remain in purpose in this article in a descriptive level, due to the lack of reliable long term series that require in our view to disseminate the data so a broader scientific community may use them to obtain more contextualized interpretations in the different countries involved. The article, nevertheless, shows that there is a very convincing demonstration of the existence of an overall improvement in all the indicators considered and for most Latin American countries. They are leaders in most of the analyses and most of the time, Cuba, Argentina, and Uruguay. They are accompanied, depending on the indicator and the period, by Costa Rica and Panama. On the contrary, there are setbacks in Venezuela and minor progress or stagnation in most Central American countries.
{"title":"Transformations in Latin American Healthcare: A Retrospective Analysis of Hospital Beds, Medical Doctors, and Nurses from 1960 to 2022","authors":"Mauricio Matus, Paloma Fernández Pérez","doi":"10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.42709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.42709","url":null,"abstract":"Latin America's healthcare systems evolved nonlinearly, influenced by diverse models, historical events, and political regimes. Limited knowledge exists despite national-level efforts, indicating a need for long-term statistics to assess the effects of reforms and understand healthcare changes in the region.\u0000The article contributes to the Actor Network Theory (ANT) claim for better understanding of complex networks through a description of its main long term comparable components with a long term quantitative series for 20 Latin American countries, spanning from 1960 to 2020, on the number of hospital beds, physicians, and nurses (per capita) and healthcare expenditure (in US dollars per capita). The primary goal of this study is to showcase and describe the historical trends and patterns of these variables in the region. The results remain in purpose in this article in a descriptive level, due to the lack of reliable long term series that require in our view to disseminate the data so a broader scientific community may use them to obtain more contextualized interpretations in the different countries involved. The article, nevertheless, shows that there is a very convincing demonstration of the existence of an overall improvement in all the indicators considered and for most Latin American countries. They are leaders in most of the analyses and most of the time, Cuba, Argentina, and Uruguay. They are accompanied, depending on the indicator and the period, by Costa Rica and Panama. On the contrary, there are setbacks in Venezuela and minor progress or stagnation in most Central American countries.","PeriodicalId":36112,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42055972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.36938
A. Sajuyigbe, Anthony Abiodun Eniola, Adebanji William Adejuwon Ayeni, N. Obi
The study examines the mediating role of employee empowerment in the relationship between employee relationship management and organizational agility. The survey method was used in the study using a closed-end copy of the questionnaire to collect data from three hundred and fifty-eight (358) respondents via the Google Document platform. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data using the PROCESS macro program as a regression-based software package. The results show that employee relationships have a significant impact on organizational agility. It was also found that managing relationships with employees improves employee empowerment because it helps them achieve their organizational goals directly by allowing them to make decisions. Finally, there is a good link between employee empowerment and organizational agility. The results also indicate that employee empowerment has a positive and important relationship with employee relationships and organizational agility. This study establishes a strong role for employee empowerment as an intermediary between employee relationship management and organizational management. This means that all employers have the greatest competitive advantage of always empowering their staff with recognized world-class talent. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge by demonstrating the RBT's adaptability in a pandemic period to optimize employee motivation at the expense of acknowledging the instinct of organizational agility in a challenging era where change occurs without warning.
{"title":"Employee Relationship Management and Organizational Agility: Mediating Role of Employee Empowerment in Consumer Goods Sector","authors":"A. Sajuyigbe, Anthony Abiodun Eniola, Adebanji William Adejuwon Ayeni, N. Obi","doi":"10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.36938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.36938","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the mediating role of employee empowerment in the relationship between employee relationship management and organizational agility. The survey method was used in the study using a closed-end copy of the questionnaire to collect data from three hundred and fifty-eight (358) respondents via the Google Document platform. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data using the PROCESS macro program as a regression-based software package. The results show that employee relationships have a significant impact on organizational agility. It was also found that managing relationships with employees improves employee empowerment because it helps them achieve their organizational goals directly by allowing them to make decisions. Finally, there is a good link between employee empowerment and organizational agility. The results also indicate that employee empowerment has a positive and important relationship with employee relationships and organizational agility. This study establishes a strong role for employee empowerment as an intermediary between employee relationship management and organizational management. This means that all employers have the greatest competitive advantage of always empowering their staff with recognized world-class talent. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge by demonstrating the RBT's adaptability in a pandemic period to optimize employee motivation at the expense of acknowledging the instinct of organizational agility in a challenging era where change occurs without warning.","PeriodicalId":36112,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45365102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.38128
M. E. Mata
The new millennium crises have fueled the debate about free running markets management, in some parts of Europe. This is having considerable consequences for corporations that need to raise funds to invest in job-creating facilities or in improving productivity necessary to compete with new producers from Asia. Increasing volumes of trade historically required rules and government regulation. In this article organizational theoretical frameworks are used to understand dynamism and change in financial operations, and in this line rules are here approached as progressive legal adjustments to good practice. Historical evidence is the methodology used in this paper, to highlight significant changes in the conceptualization about the organizations that have to supply financial services, especially when external shocks affect SMEs and their needs.
{"title":"Organizational perspectives for Stock Exchanges in a fragile global world: Forecasts and Speculations","authors":"M. E. Mata","doi":"10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.38128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.2.38128","url":null,"abstract":"The new millennium crises have fueled the debate about free running markets management, in some parts of Europe. This is having considerable consequences for corporations that need to raise funds to invest in job-creating facilities or in improving productivity necessary to compete with new producers from Asia. Increasing volumes of trade historically required rules and government regulation. In this article organizational theoretical frameworks are used to understand dynamism and change in financial operations, and in this line rules are here approached as progressive legal adjustments to good practice. Historical evidence is the methodology used in this paper, to highlight significant changes in the conceptualization about the organizations that have to supply financial services, especially when external shocks affect SMEs and their needs.","PeriodicalId":36112,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49582430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.40640
Deborah Besseghini, Ander Permanyer-Ugartemendia
This special issue investigates how in the times of war, political turmoil, and disruption of commercial practices during the Age of Revolutions two centuries ago, merchants appear as demiurges of a new order. This is part of a polycentric reading of epochal transformations that does not deny the primacy of politics and military power in establishing relations of force, but which underline the complex negotiations at their base. The collection of essays looks at the profound global consequences of the fall of the Spanish American empire, particularly as they related to the decline of mercantilism and the reconfiguration of both Atlantic and inter-Pacific commerce. A crucial element in this transformation was the war economy, which had implications not only in Spanish America, but in the whole of the Hispanic world and beyond. Global merchants or businessmen —foreigners and Hispanic— strategically located in the Hispanic World, whose networks and affairs linked Europe, Asia and the Americas, worked within the vacuum created by the crisis of the Spanish monarchy in what was a fluid and foundational moment. The essays investigate how the Napoleonic Wars and the Wars of Independence against Spain accelerated the emergence of new actors, practices, rules and commercial circuits, by analyzing the personal and business networks that built, redefined and renegotiated the role of Hispanic America in the global economy. This prosopography of merchants thus shows trajectories through which, despite infinite difficulties, global and transregional merchants appear as one of the maieutic forces in the birth of the modern world.
{"title":"The Hispanic World at War and the Global Transformation of Commerce. Global Merchants in Spanish America: Business, Networks and Independence (1800-1830)","authors":"Deborah Besseghini, Ander Permanyer-Ugartemendia","doi":"10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.40640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.40640","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue investigates how in the times of war, political turmoil, and disruption of commercial practices during the Age of Revolutions two centuries ago, merchants appear as demiurges of a new order. This is part of a polycentric reading of epochal transformations that does not deny the primacy of politics and military power in establishing relations of force, but which underline the complex negotiations at their base. The collection of essays looks at the profound global consequences of the fall of the Spanish American empire, particularly as they related to the decline of mercantilism and the reconfiguration of both Atlantic and inter-Pacific commerce. A crucial element in this transformation was the war economy, which had implications not only in Spanish America, but in the whole of the Hispanic world and beyond. Global merchants or businessmen —foreigners and Hispanic— strategically located in the Hispanic World, whose networks and affairs linked Europe, Asia and the Americas, worked within the vacuum created by the crisis of the Spanish monarchy in what was a fluid and foundational moment. The essays investigate how the Napoleonic Wars and the Wars of Independence against Spain accelerated the emergence of new actors, practices, rules and commercial circuits, by analyzing the personal and business networks that built, redefined and renegotiated the role of Hispanic America in the global economy. This prosopography of merchants thus shows trajectories through which, despite infinite difficulties, global and transregional merchants appear as one of the maieutic forces in the birth of the modern world.","PeriodicalId":36112,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47799970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34044
Ander Permanyer-Ugartemendia
Early modern connections between the Pacific shores of the Spanish Empire have been assessed in previous studies and yet, studies on the subsequent developments during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are scant. This particularly applies to the consequences of the commercial developments at the end of the Manila Galleon and the collapse of the Spanish Empire in America. Through the analysis of the professional networks of Francisco Xavier de Ezpeleta, and Juan Nepomuceno Machado, which stretched from Asia to Mexico at the time, this paper proposes some preliminary conclusions about trans-Pacific links. It focuses on the study of networks and connections, and builds upon archival sources — mostly from the Jardine Matheson Archive, in Cambridge. In the transition from the eighteenth to the nineteenth centuries, actors who made up Hispanic trading networks in what remained of the crumbling Spanish Empire, reorganised to benefit from opportunities as mercantilist limitations came to an end. In so doing, by the 1820s, Hispanic traders allied with the forebears of the British firm of Jardine, Matheson & Co., and controlled the resulting networks. This paper points to Hispanic trans-Pacific connections during the development of European private trade between East Asia and the Mexican Pacific. Ties between British and Hispanic merchants are key for the analysis of the opium trade and Western imperialism in East Asia, and the development of British commercial hegemony in Latin America in the nineteenth century.
先前的研究已经评估了西班牙帝国太平洋海岸之间的早期现代联系，然而，对十八世纪末和十九世纪初后续发展的研究却很少。这尤其适用于马尼拉美术馆结束时的商业发展和西班牙帝国在美国的崩溃所带来的后果。本文通过对Francisco Xavier de Ezpeleta和Juan Nepomuceno Machado当时从亚洲延伸到墨西哥的专业网络的分析，提出了一些关于跨太平洋联系的初步结论。它专注于研究网络和联系，并建立在档案来源的基础上——主要来自剑桥的怡和档案馆。在十八世纪到十九世纪的过渡时期，在摇摇欲坠的西班牙帝国的残余中，组成西班牙裔贸易网络的行为者进行了重组，以受益于重商主义限制的结束。通过这样做，到19世纪20年代，西班牙裔贸易商与英国怡和洋行的前身结盟，并控制了由此产生的网络。本文指出，在东亚和墨西哥太平洋之间的欧洲私人贸易发展过程中，西班牙裔跨太平洋的联系。英国和西班牙裔商人之间的关系是分析19世纪东亚鸦片贸易和西方帝国主义以及英国在拉丁美洲商业霸权发展的关键。
{"title":"The Collapse of Mercantilism: Anglo-Hispanic Trans-Pacific Ventures in Asia at the End of the Spanish Empire (1815–30)","authors":"Ander Permanyer-Ugartemendia","doi":"10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34044","url":null,"abstract":"Early modern connections between the Pacific shores of the Spanish Empire have been assessed in previous studies and yet, studies on the subsequent developments during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are scant. This particularly applies to the consequences of the commercial developments at the end of the Manila Galleon and the collapse of the Spanish Empire in America. Through the analysis of the professional networks of Francisco Xavier de Ezpeleta, and Juan Nepomuceno Machado, which stretched from Asia to Mexico at the time, this paper proposes some preliminary conclusions about trans-Pacific links. It focuses on the study of networks and connections, and builds upon archival sources — mostly from the Jardine Matheson Archive, in Cambridge. In the transition from the eighteenth to the nineteenth centuries, actors who made up Hispanic trading networks in what remained of the crumbling Spanish Empire, reorganised to benefit from opportunities as mercantilist limitations came to an end. In so doing, by the 1820s, Hispanic traders allied with the forebears of the British firm of Jardine, Matheson & Co., and controlled the resulting networks. This paper points to Hispanic trans-Pacific connections during the development of European private trade between East Asia and the Mexican Pacific. Ties between British and Hispanic merchants are key for the analysis of the opium trade and Western imperialism in East Asia, and the development of British commercial hegemony in Latin America in the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":36112,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45696431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34100
M. Duggan
The Consulado de México was the mercantile guild that acted as commercial nerve-center of Spain’s empire in the Americas. From 1801 to 1821, one of its members, Pedro González de Noriega, influenced California’s economic growth by putting his nephew, José de la Guerra y Noriega, into the colony’s military supply line. In 1801, for what purpose did De la Guerra y Noriega come to California? Whatever his intention, his life-plan changed in 1810, when insurgency broke out in New Spain, and military payroll ceased to arrive in California. Between 1811 and 1821, how did De la Guerra y Noriega adapt to this structural change by negotiating with international merchants from Manila to San Blas and Lima to supply California? As Spain’s empire unraveled, we follow the microhistory of the Noriega mercantile network, as it reconfigured to the macroeconomic context of political transformation of the Pacific Rim in the context of Mexican independence from Spain. The De la Guerra Collection at the Santa Bárbara Mission Archive-Library reveals that Guadalajara was Mexico’s emerging center for Pacific commerce, with San Blas as Guadalajara’s principal port. By Mexican independence in 1821, De la Guerra had established Santa Bárbara, California as the center of his family’s business, rather than Mexico City. Even as Manila merchants relocated to Tepic, he maintained ties with them. He also traded with the British in Callao, Peru, which is how he came to send his son to be educated in Liverpool with the Brotherston family.
墨西哥领事馆是西班牙帝国在美洲的商业神经中枢。从1801年到1821年，其成员之一Pedro González de Noriega通过将他的侄子joses de la Guerra y Noriega加入殖民地的军事补给线，影响了加利福尼亚的经济增长。1801年，德拉·格拉·诺列加是为了什么目的来到加利福尼亚的?不管他的意图是什么，他的人生计划在1810年发生了变化，当时新西班牙爆发了叛乱，加州的军饷也停止了发放。在1811年到1821年间，德拉格拉·诺列加是如何通过与从马尼拉到圣布拉斯和利马的国际商人谈判来适应这种结构性变化的?随着西班牙帝国的解体，我们跟随诺列加商业网络的微观历史，因为它在墨西哥从西班牙独立的背景下重新配置到环太平洋地区政治转型的宏观经济背景下。Santa Bárbara Mission Archive-Library的De la Guerra Collection显示，瓜达拉哈拉是墨西哥新兴的太平洋商业中心，圣布拉斯是瓜达拉哈拉的主要港口。到1821年墨西哥独立时，德拉格拉已将加州圣塔Bárbara作为家族企业的中心，而不是墨西哥城。即使马尼拉商人搬迁到提匹克，他也与他们保持着联系。他还在秘鲁的卡亚俄与英国人进行贸易，因此他把儿子送到利物浦的布罗斯顿家族接受教育。
{"title":"From Bourbon Reform to Open Markets in California, 1801-1821","authors":"M. Duggan","doi":"10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34100","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Consulado de México was the mercantile guild that acted as commercial nerve-center of Spain’s empire in the Americas. From 1801 to 1821, one of its members, Pedro González de Noriega, influenced California’s economic growth by putting his nephew, José de la Guerra y Noriega, into the colony’s military supply line. In 1801, for what purpose did De la Guerra y Noriega come to California? Whatever his intention, his life-plan changed in 1810, when insurgency broke out in New Spain, and military payroll ceased to arrive in California. Between 1811 and 1821, how did De la Guerra y Noriega adapt to this structural change by negotiating with international merchants from Manila to San Blas and Lima to supply California? As Spain’s empire unraveled, we follow the microhistory of the Noriega mercantile network, as it reconfigured to the macroeconomic context of political transformation of the Pacific Rim in the context of Mexican independence from Spain. The De la Guerra Collection at the Santa Bárbara Mission Archive-Library reveals that Guadalajara was Mexico’s emerging center for Pacific commerce, with San Blas as Guadalajara’s principal port. By Mexican independence in 1821, De la Guerra had established Santa Bárbara, California as the center of his family’s business, rather than Mexico City. Even as Manila merchants relocated to Tepic, he maintained ties with them. He also traded with the British in Callao, Peru, which is how he came to send his son to be educated in Liverpool with the Brotherston family.\u0000","PeriodicalId":36112,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42128680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34110
Christina Mazzeo
Studying commerce and traders from a global perspective allows us to analyze the material and cultural exchanges that took place beyond national borders, which are often obscured by traditional historical perspectives centered on the nation. This wide terrain is explored here by addressing — and visualizing — the interrelations between the South American ports of Lima, Valparaíso and Buenos Aires, from the vantage point of independent Peru. To do so, we study the links among foreign merchants who were rooted or closely connected to such ports in the context of the South American wars of independence. War placed Peru in a disastrous economic situation, a circumstance that foreign merchants exploited by becoming the main lenders to the new State, which struggled to cover the expenses of the army to sustain the war. These businessmen created a mercantile network that bridged the boundaries of the recently created nation-states and testified to their great business skills as it broke the economic system of commercial control that had prevailed during three hundred years. Research in Peruvian Governmental, Notary, and Customs documentation unveils their ability to act as agents, negotiate loans and purchases, and take advantage of the wartime crisis to become the main providers of weaponry and military supplies and acquire a privileged position. Since South America was not prepared to reach its independence in the early 19th century without an army, without money, or without weaponry, the nascent states’ economic and financial dependence on foreign traders that started during these times was in a sense inevitable.
{"title":"Foreign Traders in South America and the Financing of the Independence Wars, 1820-1830","authors":"Christina Mazzeo","doi":"10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34110","url":null,"abstract":"Studying commerce and traders from a global perspective allows us to analyze the material and cultural exchanges that took place beyond national borders, which are often obscured by traditional historical perspectives centered on the nation. This wide terrain is explored here by addressing — and visualizing — the interrelations between the South American ports of Lima, Valparaíso and Buenos Aires, from the vantage point of independent Peru. To do so, we study the links among foreign merchants who were rooted or closely connected to such ports in the context of the South American wars of independence. War placed Peru in a disastrous economic situation, a circumstance that foreign merchants exploited by becoming the main lenders to the new State, which struggled to cover the expenses of the army to sustain the war. These businessmen created a mercantile network that bridged the boundaries of the recently created nation-states and testified to their great business skills as it broke the economic system of commercial control that had prevailed during three hundred years. Research in Peruvian Governmental, Notary, and Customs documentation unveils their ability to act as agents, negotiate loans and purchases, and take advantage of the wartime crisis to become the main providers of weaponry and military supplies and acquire a privileged position. Since South America was not prepared to reach its independence in the early 19th century without an army, without money, or without weaponry, the nascent states’ economic and financial dependence on foreign traders that started during these times was in a sense inevitable.","PeriodicalId":36112,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44133493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34043
Deborah Besseghini
This article investigates the role that the arms trade connected to Hispanic American Independence Wars played in the transformations at the origins of 19th century globalization. It looks specifically at how arms supplies to governments encouraged the early post-mercantilist development of South American commerce, and some of the domino effects of such development. This turning point in economic history is analyzed through the biographical trajectories of merchants who were well positioned between geopolitics and trade, and who had “imperial” functions without being formally involved in imperialist projects. Business and political correspondence, notarial documents, and customs registers from archives in Europe and the Americas reveal the workings of networks and business affairs of global merchants whose companies were major arms importers in Buenos Aires during the years leading to Chile’s liberation. The threads of John McNeile’s (an important but neglected figure) and David DeForest’s networks hook onto the principal economic and political laboratories of the countries from whence most arms were imported: Great Britain and the United States. They reached Chile and Peru from Buenos Aires and remained crucial to the liberation campaigns, encouraging further commercial expansion along the American Pacific coast and toward Asia, and pioneering financial adventures. Relations between commercial houses active in Hispanic America and Asia reveal British and US transpacific networks and ties between Hispanic American and Asian commerce and economies. The article thus shows how, by bringing together fragmented and scattered sources from both sides of the Atlantic, the significance of the arms trade in South America as a driving force of globalization emerges.
{"title":"The Weapons of Revolution: Global Merchants and the Arms Trade in South America (1808-1824)","authors":"Deborah Besseghini","doi":"10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34043","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the role that the arms trade connected to Hispanic American Independence Wars played in the transformations at the origins of 19th century globalization. It looks specifically at how arms supplies to governments encouraged the early post-mercantilist development of South American commerce, and some of the domino effects of such development. This turning point in economic history is analyzed through the biographical trajectories of merchants who were well positioned between geopolitics and trade, and who had “imperial” functions without being formally involved in imperialist projects. Business and political correspondence, notarial documents, and customs registers from archives in Europe and the Americas reveal the workings of networks and business affairs of global merchants whose companies were major arms importers in Buenos Aires during the years leading to Chile’s liberation. The threads of John McNeile’s (an important but neglected figure) and David DeForest’s networks hook onto the principal economic and political laboratories of the countries from whence most arms were imported: Great Britain and the United States. They reached Chile and Peru from Buenos Aires and remained crucial to the liberation campaigns, encouraging further commercial expansion along the American Pacific coast and toward Asia, and pioneering financial adventures. Relations between commercial houses active in Hispanic America and Asia reveal British and US transpacific networks and ties between Hispanic American and Asian commerce and economies. The article thus shows how, by bringing together fragmented and scattered sources from both sides of the Atlantic, the significance of the arms trade in South America as a driving force of globalization emerges.","PeriodicalId":36112,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41974432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34142
Francisco Betancourt Castillo
Permanent warfare marked the Independence process in Hispanic America, and was evident on the high seas between the newly formed States and forces loyal to the Spanish Crown. Faced with persistent maritime threats, some independent governments encouraged privateering to help the newly formed national navies secure the seas and harass the enemy. This also helped make international merchandise trade safer, which was vital for the good progress of internal markets and the public treasuries: in short, for the “national” economy. Privateering brought about new and unique business opportunities for many traders established in Chile to intervene in and boost merchandise trade, and, by its very nature, encouraged diversification. Moreover, it involved traditional inter-regional or terrestrial trade and “peaceful” shipping activities, as well as, in some cases, contracts with the State. Corsairs were able to obtain unexpected revenues by attacking their “Spanish” competitors trading with the Peninsula. Using documents from the Chilean Ministry of the Navy, case-studies will show how this type of business developed in the years of its apogee and its implications on the consolidation of Independence and the subsequent construction of the Republican State.
{"title":"Defending the Nation and Searching for Wealth: Merchants and Privateers of Chile, 1817-1820","authors":"Francisco Betancourt Castillo","doi":"10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34142","url":null,"abstract":"Permanent warfare marked the Independence process in Hispanic America, and was evident on the high seas between the newly formed States and forces loyal to the Spanish Crown. Faced with persistent maritime threats, some independent governments encouraged privateering to help the newly formed national navies secure the seas and harass the enemy. This also helped make international merchandise trade safer, which was vital for the good progress of internal markets and the public treasuries: in short, for the “national” economy.\u0000Privateering brought about new and unique business opportunities for many traders established in Chile to intervene in and boost merchandise trade, and, by its very nature, encouraged diversification. Moreover, it involved traditional inter-regional or terrestrial trade and “peaceful” shipping activities, as well as, in some cases, contracts with the State. Corsairs were able to obtain unexpected revenues by attacking their “Spanish” competitors trading with the Peninsula. Using documents from the Chilean Ministry of the Navy, case-studies will show how this type of business developed in the years of its apogee and its implications on the consolidation of Independence and the subsequent construction of the Republican State.","PeriodicalId":36112,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46966526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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