Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.7
A. Dzięgielewska
Bearing in mind that there exists no universally accepted definition of the rule of law, this paper sets out to identify its commonly agreed core, and to expand it by adding substantive elements. While the core is not controversial, the second part of the rule of law framework, comprising social welfare rights, essentially aims to revisit classical accounts of the rule of law. The analysis involves the frequently ignored social dimension of the rule of law, defending the necessity of its translation into a substantive element of the definition. Some general arguments are offered explaining why social rights protection should be included in the definition of the rule of law.
{"title":"REDEFINING THE RULE OF LAW: IN SEARCH OF A UNIVERSAL SOCIAL DIMENSION","authors":"A. Dzięgielewska","doi":"10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.7","url":null,"abstract":"Bearing in mind that there exists no universally accepted definition of the rule of law, this paper sets out to identify its commonly agreed core, and to expand it by adding substantive elements. While the core is not controversial, the second part of the rule of law framework, comprising social welfare rights, essentially aims to revisit classical accounts of the rule of law. The analysis involves the frequently ignored social dimension of the rule of law, defending the necessity of its translation into a substantive element of the definition. Some general arguments are offered explaining why social rights protection should be included in the definition of the rule of law.","PeriodicalId":36157,"journal":{"name":"Studia Iuridica Lublinensia","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81387969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.21
Jacek Piecha, Magdalena Porzeżyńska, Marek Porzeżyński, Marek Grzywacz
Global warming is of key importance among the many negative manifestations of human impact on the environment. The main cause of climate change and the observed global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere, while the largest share of emissions is generated by transportation sector. It is declared that by 2050 GHG emissions in the transportation sector will be reduced by 90 per cent. In the part relating to road transport, a key role is to be played by digitization, transport automation, the use of intelligent traffic control systems and the abandonment of combustion engines in favour of electric ones. This study aims to present possible legal solutions aimed at introducing eco-routing solutions for vehicle traffic in the EU and obstacles to its widespread implementation and is aimed to begin discussion about this matter and the further studies in this area.
{"title":"ROAD TO ECO-ROUTING: A MODEL OF REGULATORY APPROACH FOR THE EU","authors":"Jacek Piecha, Magdalena Porzeżyńska, Marek Porzeżyński, Marek Grzywacz","doi":"10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.21","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming is of key importance among the many negative manifestations of human impact on the environment. The main cause of climate change and the observed global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere, while the largest share of emissions is generated by transportation sector. It is declared that by 2050 GHG emissions in the transportation sector will be reduced by 90 per cent. In the part relating to road transport, a key role is to be played by digitization, transport automation, the use of intelligent traffic control systems and the abandonment of combustion engines in favour of electric ones. This study aims to present possible legal solutions aimed at introducing eco-routing solutions for vehicle traffic in the EU and obstacles to its widespread implementation and is aimed to begin discussion about this matter and the further studies in this area.","PeriodicalId":36157,"journal":{"name":"Studia Iuridica Lublinensia","volume":"93 3-4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72454062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.22
K. Różański
Scientific surveys, reports, and publications identify current threats to beekeeping, which include biological, chemical, environmental, economic, and legal factors. The last two, in particular, involve challenging circumstances that significantly undermine the national beekeeping sector. The aim of this article is to identify main problems of an economic and legal nature that pose threat to contemporary apicultural activity, and to offer some suggestions to solve them. The research results reveal main shortcomings of the beekeeping sector in Poland, among them lack of appropriate use of the pollinating activity of bees, which could contribute to a significant increase of the profitability and efficiency of apicultural activity. In the author’s opinion, both Polish agricultural entrepreneurs and beekeeping producers fail to take advantage of nomadic beekeeping and the so-called “pollination contracts”, which are successfully implemented e.g. in the United States. Furthermore, enhancing performance of the domestic beekeeping sector is possible – investments should be made to improve the resilience and competitiveness of the beekeeping industry, including the development of human capital by encouraging the younger generation of farmers to take up employment in the beekeeping sector. Consideration should also be given to a system of support for beekeeping and its taxation, so that amateur beekeepers can also benefit from the aid, while all beekeepers would be taxed in proportion to their income.
{"title":"CURRENT PROBLEMS FACING APICULTURAL ACTIVITY: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE","authors":"K. Różański","doi":"10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.22","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific surveys, reports, and publications identify current threats to beekeeping, which include biological, chemical, environmental, economic, and legal factors. The last two, in particular, involve challenging circumstances that significantly undermine the national beekeeping sector. The aim of this article is to identify main problems of an economic and legal nature that pose threat to contemporary apicultural activity, and to offer some suggestions to solve them. The research results reveal main shortcomings of the beekeeping sector in Poland, among them lack of appropriate use of the pollinating activity of bees, which could contribute to a significant increase of the profitability and efficiency of apicultural activity. In the author’s opinion, both Polish agricultural entrepreneurs and beekeeping producers fail to take advantage of nomadic beekeeping and the so-called “pollination contracts”, which are successfully implemented e.g. in the United States. Furthermore, enhancing performance of the domestic beekeeping sector is possible – investments should be made to improve the resilience and competitiveness of the beekeeping industry, including the development of human capital by encouraging the younger generation of farmers to take up employment in the beekeeping sector. Consideration should also be given to a system of support for beekeeping and its taxation, so that amateur beekeepers can also benefit from the aid, while all beekeepers would be taxed in proportion to their income.","PeriodicalId":36157,"journal":{"name":"Studia Iuridica Lublinensia","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74375500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.6
M. Dąbrowski
The author offers a critical commentary on the point 2b of the Constitutional Tribunal judgment of 7 October 2021, K 3/21. The Tribunal claims that issuing court verdicts on the basis of the provisions which are not binding, having been revoked by the Sejm and/or ruled by the Constitutional Tribunal, is inconsistent with Art. 2, 7, 8(1), 90(1), and 178(1) of the Constitution. The Constitutional Court reconstructs the mentioned above jurisdiction of the courts based on the Art. 19(1), second subparagraph, of the Treaty on European Union. The author doesn’t agree with this statement and argues that the Tribunal incorrectly and unlawfully interprets the provisions of the Treaty. Furthermore, the verdict is in contrary to Art. 2 and 42 of the Polish Constitution and the principle of non retroactivity of law. Moreover, the Tribunal’s decision violates the concept of the Constitutional Tribunal judicature with the deferred clause. The author claims that the Tribunal’s decision does not cause any legal effects and the courts in Poland will not apply it during resolving cases.
{"title":"GLOSA DO PUNKTU 2 LIT. B WYROKU TRYBUNAŁU KONSTYTUCYJNEGO Z DNIA 7 PAŹDZIERNIKA 2021 R., K 3/21","authors":"M. Dąbrowski","doi":"10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.6","url":null,"abstract":"The author offers a critical commentary on the point 2b of the Constitutional Tribunal judgment of 7 October 2021, K 3/21. The Tribunal claims that issuing court verdicts on the basis of the provisions which are not binding, having been revoked by the Sejm and/or ruled by the Constitutional Tribunal, is inconsistent with Art. 2, 7, 8(1), 90(1), and 178(1) of the Constitution. The Constitutional Court reconstructs the mentioned above jurisdiction of the courts based on the Art. 19(1), second subparagraph, of the Treaty on European Union. The author doesn’t agree with this statement and argues that the Tribunal incorrectly and unlawfully interprets the provisions of the Treaty. Furthermore, the verdict is in contrary to Art. 2 and 42 of the Polish Constitution and the principle of non retroactivity of law. Moreover, the Tribunal’s decision violates the concept of the Constitutional Tribunal judicature with the deferred clause. The author claims that the Tribunal’s decision does not cause any legal effects and the courts in Poland will not apply it during resolving cases.","PeriodicalId":36157,"journal":{"name":"Studia Iuridica Lublinensia","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78637334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.15
Jacek Lewkowicz, Przemysław Litwiniuk
In this paper we posed a question about the role of the state with regard to imposing regulations on the sharing economy sectors. Analysis of the institutional frames of the regulatory intervention of the state in the sharing economy still constitutes an underexploited niche. We drew on the literature in institutional economics and other related fields to provide a picture of a reasonable regulation of markets introduced by a state. The paper covers the spheres of information asymmetry, imperfect competition, negative externalities, and the supply of public goods. What may be generally concluded is that there are no sufficient arguments for treating sharing economy entities more favorably as compared to other organizations. As regards the imperfect competition and negative externalities, sharing economy entities may play a key role and should not be excused from respecting general legal rules. Otherwise, some market actors would use the sharing economy cover just to take advantage of the exemptions. The sharing economy may be also an attractive channel of activity from the perspective of policymakers for mixing direct governmental support with other (social) sources for public goods.
{"title":"MARKET REGULATION: ARE THERE ANY REASONS TO TREAT SHARING ECONOMY EXCEPTIONALLY?","authors":"Jacek Lewkowicz, Przemysław Litwiniuk","doi":"10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.15","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we posed a question about the role of the state with regard to imposing regulations on the sharing economy sectors. Analysis of the institutional frames of the regulatory intervention of the state in the sharing economy still constitutes an underexploited niche. We drew on the literature in institutional economics and other related fields to provide a picture of a reasonable regulation of markets introduced by a state. The paper covers the spheres of information asymmetry, imperfect competition, negative externalities, and the supply of public goods. What may be generally concluded is that there are no sufficient arguments for treating sharing economy entities more favorably as compared to other organizations. As regards the imperfect competition and negative externalities, sharing economy entities may play a key role and should not be excused from respecting general legal rules. Otherwise, some market actors would use the sharing economy cover just to take advantage of the exemptions. The sharing economy may be also an attractive channel of activity from the perspective of policymakers for mixing direct governmental support with other (social) sources for public goods.","PeriodicalId":36157,"journal":{"name":"Studia Iuridica Lublinensia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73285106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.3
Anna Brzezińska-Rawa, Dorota Sylwestrzak
Offshore wind energy is one of the fastest growing sectors of renewable energy sources in Europe. In Poland, offshore wind energy is one of the most socially acceptable electricity generation technology. Even though Poland has a very favourable wind conditions for the development of both inland and offshore wind energy investments, there’s still no offshore wind energy plant. The investment processes are still ongoing. One of the reasons underlying this is the lack of proper maritime spatial planning. Apart from that, there are several additional complicated regulations on the building permits, that the investor must obtain before the construction works may be started.
{"title":"TOWARDS THE FIRST OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY PLANT","authors":"Anna Brzezińska-Rawa, Dorota Sylwestrzak","doi":"10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.3","url":null,"abstract":"Offshore wind energy is one of the fastest growing sectors of renewable energy sources in Europe. In Poland, offshore wind energy is one of the most socially acceptable electricity generation technology. Even though Poland has a very favourable wind conditions for the development of both inland and offshore wind energy investments, there’s still no offshore wind energy plant. The investment processes are still ongoing. One of the reasons underlying this is the lack of proper maritime spatial planning. Apart from that, there are several additional complicated regulations on the building permits, that the investor must obtain before the construction works may be started.","PeriodicalId":36157,"journal":{"name":"Studia Iuridica Lublinensia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74102304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.32
Elżbieta Żochowska
The aim of the article is to compare the layered property ownership right and the heritable building right as potential solutions that could fill the gap in Polish law. Currently, there is no legal institution that would encourage commercial investors to implement investments on or below the ground. In Poland, there are many undeveloped properties located over railway tracks, tunnels or underground car parks. For years, there has been a public debate on the possibility of introducing layer ownership in Poland. The subject of discussion are the solutions used in other countries. The article discusses the draft law introducing the heritable building right. The heritable building right was also compared to the right of perpetual usufruct functioning in Polish law system. An analysis of the currently applicable legal standards was also made in the context of the possibility of introducing three-dimensional properties.
{"title":"NOWA INSTYTUCJA PRAWA CYWILNEGO: PRAWO WŁASNOŚCI WARSTWOWEJ CZY PRAWO ZABUDOWY","authors":"Elżbieta Żochowska","doi":"10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.32","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is to compare the layered property ownership right and the heritable building right as potential solutions that could fill the gap in Polish law. Currently, there is no legal institution that would encourage commercial investors to implement investments on or below the ground. In Poland, there are many undeveloped properties located over railway tracks, tunnels or underground car parks. For years, there has been a public debate on the possibility of introducing layer ownership in Poland. The subject of discussion are the solutions used in other countries. The article discusses the draft law introducing the heritable building right. The heritable building right was also compared to the right of perpetual usufruct functioning in Polish law system. An analysis of the currently applicable legal standards was also made in the context of the possibility of introducing three-dimensional properties.","PeriodicalId":36157,"journal":{"name":"Studia Iuridica Lublinensia","volume":"688 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76279534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.17
Agnieszka Malarewicz-Jakubów, P. Brzozowski
The article focuses on the issues of supervision over the disbursement of assets of municipal companies under Polish law. The authors discussed basic issues related to the system of municipal companies and presented the results of the research consisting in collecting and analyzing the reports of the Supreme Audit Office on the functioning of Polish municipal companies. Three categories of irregularities related to the supervision of the use of the property of municipal companies were distinguished: in the field of providing financial support to municipal companies, in the field of compliance with statutory restrictions on conducting business activity by municipal companies, and in the field of exercising ownership supervision over these companies. De lege ferenda conclusions were also offered in the scope of legal provisions requiring amendment due to too much freedom of interpretation.
{"title":"SKUTECZNOŚĆ NADZORU NAD WYKORZYSTANIEM MAJĄTKU SPÓŁEK KOMUNALNYCH W POLSCE","authors":"Agnieszka Malarewicz-Jakubów, P. Brzozowski","doi":"10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.17","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on the issues of supervision over the disbursement of assets of municipal companies under Polish law. The authors discussed basic issues related to the system of municipal companies and presented the results of the research consisting in collecting and analyzing the reports of the Supreme Audit Office on the functioning of Polish municipal companies. Three categories of irregularities related to the supervision of the use of the property of municipal companies were distinguished: in the field of providing financial support to municipal companies, in the field of compliance with statutory restrictions on conducting business activity by municipal companies, and in the field of exercising ownership supervision over these companies. De lege ferenda conclusions were also offered in the scope of legal provisions requiring amendment due to too much freedom of interpretation.","PeriodicalId":36157,"journal":{"name":"Studia Iuridica Lublinensia","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87646778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.29
Mariusz Tomaszuk
The right to court is one of the basic constitutional principles in the Polish legal order. The occurrence of COVID-19 forced the legislator to introduce a number of procedural solutions adjusting the judicial reality to this situation. Therefore, the institution of a remote hearing was introduced, the number of cases allowing for remote hearings increased, and greater emphasis was put on the presentation of written positions by the parties to the proceedings. It also significantly affected the preservation of the right to a court, especially in the case of persons less familiar with modern technology and without the support of a professional attorney. This article analyses the provisions introducing new institutions into the Polish civil procedure and leads to the conclusion that the adopted solutions violate the constitutional right to a court. The study touches upon a new subject in the literature on the subject, which undoubtedly constitutes an added value for this issue.
{"title":"PRAWO DO SĄDU W DOBIE PANDEMII COVID-19","authors":"Mariusz Tomaszuk","doi":"10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.29","url":null,"abstract":"The right to court is one of the basic constitutional principles in the Polish legal order. The occurrence of COVID-19 forced the legislator to introduce a number of procedural solutions adjusting the judicial reality to this situation. Therefore, the institution of a remote hearing was introduced, the number of cases allowing for remote hearings increased, and greater emphasis was put on the presentation of written positions by the parties to the proceedings. It also significantly affected the preservation of the right to a court, especially in the case of persons less familiar with modern technology and without the support of a professional attorney. This article analyses the provisions introducing new institutions into the Polish civil procedure and leads to the conclusion that the adopted solutions violate the constitutional right to a court. The study touches upon a new subject in the literature on the subject, which undoubtedly constitutes an added value for this issue.","PeriodicalId":36157,"journal":{"name":"Studia Iuridica Lublinensia","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82436483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.2
Maria Bosak-Sojka
Criticism in the employment relationship is justified by the employee’s subordination. This does not mean, however, that both parties to the employment relationship have the same right to criticism. The employee is obliged to perform the entrusted work according to certain rules. Another consequence of the employee’s subordination is the possibility of being evaluated by the employer. Therefore, critical remarks may also be addressed to the employee. The right to criticize work, which is not the same as evaluating the employee, should be considered an element related to the fact of employment. This means that the right to criticize the work performed is the employer’s right.
{"title":"KRYTYKA PRACOWNIKA A MOBBING I ICH WPŁYW NA STOSUNEK PRACY","authors":"Maria Bosak-Sojka","doi":"10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-95.2","url":null,"abstract":"Criticism in the employment relationship is justified by the employee’s subordination. This does not mean, however, that both parties to the employment relationship have the same right to criticism. The employee is obliged to perform the entrusted work according to certain rules. Another consequence of the employee’s subordination is the possibility of being evaluated by the employer. Therefore, critical remarks may also be addressed to the employee. The right to criticize work, which is not the same as evaluating the employee, should be considered an element related to the fact of employment. This means that the right to criticize the work performed is the employer’s right.","PeriodicalId":36157,"journal":{"name":"Studia Iuridica Lublinensia","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83273905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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