Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.26480/wcm.02.2020.73.77
Reda Fhelboom, B. Brika
Bottles of water, by different trademarks which lack of the standard specifications, have overwhelmed shops and markets in Libya. Despite the fact that the number of plants and factories of bottled water is increasing rapidly, there has not been any serious intention on the part of governmental bodies to take action against the unlicensed factories. This has led to the quality of bottled water in many cases violating the required standards of chemical and physical properties for the potable water, which threatens the public health. The aim of this paper was first, to investigate whether if these bottled water do really meets the international and Libyan standards of bottled water, and second to point out the actions taken by the responsible authorities as well as other related governmental/non-governmental organizations. The paper examined four random samples of bottled water sold in Tripoli during January 2019 and measured some of its physicochemical properties, such as total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, sodium, potassium and calcium. The results indicated that all the experimental values were different from what was written on the samples’ labels. The percentage of these differences ranged from 2% to 650 %. The statistical data of TDS (labeled-measured) was found to be 78.725 mg/l with a standard deviation of 33.91758 mg/l, and t-test with p = 0.019 (P ≤ 0.05), which means results are significant. It was also observed that all samples violated the Libyan standards in not providing all the required data on their labels; 25% of samples do not include water source, 50% of samples do not mention the source of the water, 75% of samples do not mention license number, and 50% of samples do not provide any written statement regarding the storage conditions, which means that all the samples must be withdrawn from the market without the need for chemical or biological testing.
{"title":"BOTTLED WATER SOLD IN THE TRIPOLI MARKETS: CHALLENGES AND SHORTCOMINGS","authors":"Reda Fhelboom, B. Brika","doi":"10.26480/wcm.02.2020.73.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2020.73.77","url":null,"abstract":"Bottles of water, by different trademarks which lack of the standard specifications, have overwhelmed shops and markets in Libya. Despite the fact that the number of plants and factories of bottled water is increasing rapidly, there has not been any serious intention on the part of governmental bodies to take action against the unlicensed factories. This has led to the quality of bottled water in many cases violating the required standards of chemical and physical properties for the potable water, which threatens the public health. The aim of this paper was first, to investigate whether if these bottled water do really meets the international and Libyan standards of bottled water, and second to point out the actions taken by the responsible authorities as well as other related governmental/non-governmental organizations. The paper examined four random samples of bottled water sold in Tripoli during January 2019 and measured some of its physicochemical properties, such as total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, sodium, potassium and calcium. The results indicated that all the experimental values were different from what was written on the samples’ labels. The percentage of these differences ranged from 2% to 650 %. The statistical data of TDS (labeled-measured) was found to be 78.725 mg/l with a standard deviation of 33.91758 mg/l, and t-test with p = 0.019 (P ≤ 0.05), which means results are significant. It was also observed that all samples violated the Libyan standards in not providing all the required data on their labels; 25% of samples do not include water source, 50% of samples do not mention the source of the water, 75% of samples do not mention license number, and 50% of samples do not provide any written statement regarding the storage conditions, which means that all the samples must be withdrawn from the market without the need for chemical or biological testing.","PeriodicalId":36321,"journal":{"name":"Water Conservation and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49551081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.26480/wcm.02.2020.103.105
Yessy Sismaka Br Purba, I. Puja, Made Sri Sumarniasih
Erosion is a natural process that is difficult to remove or zero erosion rates. The purpose research was analysing erosion hazard and conservation planning. The method used is a survey and take soil samples for analysis in the laboratory. Parameters analysed: texture, volume weight, permeability and organic matter. Soil erosion rate is calculated with USLE. The calculation results show that erosion is very light (land units 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) and light (land units 5). The highest value is in moor land use (29.83 tons/ha /year) and the lowest is rice field land use (0.003 tons/ha/year). The level of erosion hazard is classified as very mild and mild, but the actual erosion that occurs exceeds tolerable erosion. Conservation actions is by increasing plant density, planting soil cover crops, adding organic matter, mulching, repair existing terraces.
{"title":"EROSION PREDICTION AND CONSERVATION PLANNING IN THE BUBUH SUB-WATERSHED, BANGLI REGENCY","authors":"Yessy Sismaka Br Purba, I. Puja, Made Sri Sumarniasih","doi":"10.26480/wcm.02.2020.103.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2020.103.105","url":null,"abstract":"Erosion is a natural process that is difficult to remove or zero erosion rates. The purpose research was analysing erosion hazard and conservation planning. The method used is a survey and take soil samples for analysis in the laboratory. Parameters analysed: texture, volume weight, permeability and organic matter. Soil erosion rate is calculated with USLE. The calculation results show that erosion is very light (land units 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) and light (land units 5). The highest value is in moor land use (29.83 tons/ha /year) and the lowest is rice field land use (0.003 tons/ha/year). The level of erosion hazard is classified as very mild and mild, but the actual erosion that occurs exceeds tolerable erosion. Conservation actions is by increasing plant density, planting soil cover crops, adding organic matter, mulching, repair existing terraces.","PeriodicalId":36321,"journal":{"name":"Water Conservation and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44327384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.26480/wcm.02.2020.99.102
J. C. Ibuot, M. M. M. Ekpa, D. O. Okoroh, Aniefiok S. Akpan Emmanuel T. Omeje
Geoelectric survey employing Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was carried out in order to assess the groundwater repositories. A total of seven soundings were obtained with their layer resistivity, thickness and depth within the maximum electrode separation. The geoelectric parameters obtained were used to estimate the Dar-Zarrouk parameters (longitudinal conductance and transverse resistance), hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. The result shows the aquifer resistivity ranging from 77.14 to 784.76 Ωm, with thickness ranging from 28.78 to 80.04 m. The longitudinal conductance have values ranging from 0.071 to 0.825 Ω-1 while the values of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity range from 1.087 to 5.881 m/day and 60.180 to 374.031 𝑚2/day respectively. The contour maps generated show the variation of these parameters across the subsurface, and areas with poor protective capacity were delineated. The results also delineate the groundwater potential of the study area as moderate, while the corrosivity rating indicates non-corrosive and slightly corrosive.
{"title":"GEOELECTRIC STUDY OF GROUNDWATER REPOSITORY IN PARTS OF AKWA IBOM STATE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA","authors":"J. C. Ibuot, M. M. M. Ekpa, D. O. Okoroh, Aniefiok S. Akpan Emmanuel T. Omeje","doi":"10.26480/wcm.02.2020.99.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2020.99.102","url":null,"abstract":"Geoelectric survey employing Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was carried out in order to assess the groundwater repositories. A total of seven soundings were obtained with their layer resistivity, thickness and depth within the maximum electrode separation. The geoelectric parameters obtained were used to estimate the Dar-Zarrouk parameters (longitudinal conductance and transverse resistance), hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. The result shows the aquifer resistivity ranging from 77.14 to 784.76 Ωm, with thickness ranging from 28.78 to 80.04 m. The longitudinal conductance have values ranging from 0.071 to 0.825 Ω-1 while the values of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity range from 1.087 to 5.881 m/day and 60.180 to 374.031 𝑚2/day respectively. The contour maps generated show the variation of these parameters across the subsurface, and areas with poor protective capacity were delineated. The results also delineate the groundwater potential of the study area as moderate, while the corrosivity rating indicates non-corrosive and slightly corrosive.","PeriodicalId":36321,"journal":{"name":"Water Conservation and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41962889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-20DOI: 10.26480/wcm.01.2020.01.06
I. Sufiyan, M. J.I, Isa Zaharadeed
The catchment area of Terengganu has to be flooding during the monsoon season. The reason is climate change that increases water flow in most of the rivers. The analysis using ArSWAT2012 has simulated the whole watershed and the result as proven to have about 25 different sub-basins. Each sub-basin has its peculiar characteristics of Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs). Base on the morphological classification, the river has accumulated a lot of sediments. The sediment yield and concentration has been analyzed from 1973- 2017 through simulation. The study compared the simulations and found out the slide differences in the sediment loads that come in and the sediment that goes out. The sediment concentration also varies with the temporal morphological changes of the Terengganu watershed especially the river mouth.
{"title":"SIMULATION OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND SUPPLY ON WATER FLOW IN DIFFERENT SUBBASINS OF TERENGGANU WATERSHED FROM 1973-2017","authors":"I. Sufiyan, M. J.I, Isa Zaharadeed","doi":"10.26480/wcm.01.2020.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.01.2020.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"The catchment area of Terengganu has to be flooding during the monsoon season. The reason is climate change that increases water flow in most of the rivers. The analysis using ArSWAT2012 has simulated the whole watershed and the result as proven to have about 25 different sub-basins. Each sub-basin has its peculiar characteristics of Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs). Base on the morphological classification, the river has accumulated a lot of sediments. The sediment yield and concentration has been analyzed from 1973- 2017 through simulation. The study compared the simulations and found out the slide differences in the sediment loads that come in and the sediment that goes out. The sediment concentration also varies with the temporal morphological changes of the Terengganu watershed especially the river mouth.","PeriodicalId":36321,"journal":{"name":"Water Conservation and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49240657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.26480/wcm.02.2019.18.21
Ellyson Elias Augustine, M. Hanafiah
{"title":"AWARENESS LEVEL OF WATER RESOURCE CONSERVATION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS","authors":"Ellyson Elias Augustine, M. Hanafiah","doi":"10.26480/wcm.02.2019.18.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2019.18.21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36321,"journal":{"name":"Water Conservation and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49193632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-21DOI: 10.26480/wcm.02.2019.14.17
M. Parvin, Hlanuching Chowdhury, A. K. Majumder
{"title":"WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION FACILITIES OF SOME SELECTED SCHOOLS IN KHAGRACHHARI","authors":"M. Parvin, Hlanuching Chowdhury, A. K. Majumder","doi":"10.26480/wcm.02.2019.14.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2019.14.17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36321,"journal":{"name":"Water Conservation and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41864001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-18DOI: 10.26480/wcm.02.2019.11.13
Md. Nazmul Aunsary, Bobby Chen
{"title":"SUSTAINABLE WATER TREATMENT MANAGEMENT","authors":"Md. Nazmul Aunsary, Bobby Chen","doi":"10.26480/wcm.02.2019.11.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2019.11.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36321,"journal":{"name":"Water Conservation and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49571045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-11DOI: 10.26480/wcm.02.2019.08.10
M. Sultana, S. Hossain, G. Latifa
{"title":"WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF BALU RIVER, DHAKA BANGLADESH","authors":"M. Sultana, S. Hossain, G. Latifa","doi":"10.26480/wcm.02.2019.08.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2019.08.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36321,"journal":{"name":"Water Conservation and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45066671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-07DOI: 10.26480/wcm.02.2019.01.07
M. Eyankware
: The research was carried out to evaluate major source influencing chemical quality of groundwater within suburban area of Abakaliki. It lies between latitudes 6°15' and 6°35'N and longitudes 7°40' and 8°15'E. A total of twenty one (21) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. Parameter analyzed were; EC, pH, TDS, Cl¯, Na , Mg , NO ¯, SO ¯, Ca , HCO ¯, K , CO ¯ these parameterwere analyzed using American Public + 3 Health Association standard method. Various hydrogeochemical approach and model were used to assess chemical quality of groundwater within the study area. These include; Gibbs, Mg /Ca . End-member, Diamond 2+ 2+ field of Piper and Parson plots were used to indentify major source influencing groundwater chemistry within the study. Finding, from Gibbs plot and Mg /Ca against Mg /Na revealed that rock dominance is the major 2+ 2+ 2+ + process that control groundwater chemistry, while End-member plot showed that silicate and carbonate weathering are the two weathering process that influence groundwater chemistry within the study area. Diamond field of Piper by Lawrence and Bal-Subramanian modified, revealed that groundwater fell within High Ca + Mg & SO + Cl. Parson plot revealed that 65 % of groundwater fell within Ca - Mg – Cl water type, while 4 35 % fells within Ca - Mg - SO . Relationship between TDS vs TH plots showed that groundwater samples fell 4 within soft - fresh water category. The results of the geochemical survey reveal major ionic components trend in other of Mg>Ca>Na>HCO3>SO4>Cl, result reveal that there is no particular trend of ions movement in groundwater.
{"title":"HYDROGEOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GROUNDWATER; A CASE STUDY OF THE APTIAN-ALBIAN AQUIFER WITHIN SEDIMENTARY BASIN (NIGERIA)","authors":"M. Eyankware","doi":"10.26480/wcm.02.2019.01.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2019.01.07","url":null,"abstract":": The research was carried out to evaluate major source influencing chemical quality of groundwater within suburban area of Abakaliki. It lies between latitudes 6°15' and 6°35'N and longitudes 7°40' and 8°15'E. A total of twenty one (21) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. Parameter analyzed were; EC, pH, TDS, Cl¯, Na , Mg , NO ¯, SO ¯, Ca , HCO ¯, K , CO ¯ these parameterwere analyzed using American Public + 3 Health Association standard method. Various hydrogeochemical approach and model were used to assess chemical quality of groundwater within the study area. These include; Gibbs, Mg /Ca . End-member, Diamond 2+ 2+ field of Piper and Parson plots were used to indentify major source influencing groundwater chemistry within the study. Finding, from Gibbs plot and Mg /Ca against Mg /Na revealed that rock dominance is the major 2+ 2+ 2+ + process that control groundwater chemistry, while End-member plot showed that silicate and carbonate weathering are the two weathering process that influence groundwater chemistry within the study area. Diamond field of Piper by Lawrence and Bal-Subramanian modified, revealed that groundwater fell within High Ca + Mg & SO + Cl. Parson plot revealed that 65 % of groundwater fell within Ca - Mg – Cl water type, while 4 35 % fells within Ca - Mg - SO . Relationship between TDS vs TH plots showed that groundwater samples fell 4 within soft - fresh water category. The results of the geochemical survey reveal major ionic components trend in other of Mg>Ca>Na>HCO3>SO4>Cl, result reveal that there is no particular trend of ions movement in groundwater.","PeriodicalId":36321,"journal":{"name":"Water Conservation and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46775777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26480/WCM.01.2019.07.19
A. Ahmed, A. Nasir, S. Basheer
Water quality is considered as a major issue in mega cities of developing countries. The city of Faisalabad has over 4 million population. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in Faisalabad. The groundwater quality should be regularly monitored in order to cope with the drinking water quality issues. An attempt has been made to understand the groundwater quality by using water quality index (WQI) at Chokera area, Faisalabad, Pakistan. It is a technique of rating water quality, is an effective tool to assess spatial and temporal changes in groundwater quality. Sixty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters using standard method of analysis. From the data obtained, the water quality index was calculated by adopting the method developed by Tiwari and Mishra. Water quality index rating was carried out to quantify overall ground water quality status of the area. The WQI index of the same has been calculated and the values ranged from 73 to 272. The WQI values from present study indicate the very poor water quality in the area. The analysis reveals the fact that the groundwater of the Chokera area needs a degree of treatment before consumption and needs to be protected from further contamination
{"title":"GROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT BY USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AND WATER QUALITY INDEX: A CASE STUDY OF CHOKERA, FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN","authors":"A. Ahmed, A. Nasir, S. Basheer","doi":"10.26480/WCM.01.2019.07.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/WCM.01.2019.07.19","url":null,"abstract":"Water quality is considered as a major issue in mega cities of developing countries. The city of Faisalabad has over 4 million population. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in Faisalabad. The groundwater quality should be regularly monitored in order to cope with the drinking water quality issues. An attempt has been made to understand the groundwater quality by using water quality index (WQI) at Chokera area, Faisalabad, Pakistan. It is a technique of rating water quality, is an effective tool to assess spatial and temporal changes in groundwater quality. Sixty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters using standard method of analysis. From the data obtained, the water quality index was calculated by adopting the method developed by Tiwari and Mishra. Water quality index rating was carried out to quantify overall ground water quality status of the area. The WQI index of the same has been calculated and the values ranged from 73 to 272. The WQI values from present study indicate the very poor water quality in the area. The analysis reveals the fact that the groundwater of the Chokera area needs a degree of treatment before consumption and needs to be protected from further contamination","PeriodicalId":36321,"journal":{"name":"Water Conservation and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48673991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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