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Shifting Tides: The Evolution of Racial Inequality in Higher Education from the 1980s through the 2010s. 潮起潮落:从 20 世纪 80 年代到 2010 年代高等教育中种族不平等的演变》(The Evolution of Racial Inequality in Higher Education from the 1980s through the 2010s)。
IF 4.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231225578
Byeongdon Oh, Ned Tilbrook, Dara Shifrer

Amid the proliferation of state-level bans on race-based affirmative action in higher education, the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on June 29, 2023, dismantled race-conscious college admission policies, intensifying concerns about the persistence and potential increase of racial inequality in higher education. The authors analyze four restricted-use national survey datasets to investigate racial disparities in college attendance outcomes from the 1980s through the 2010s. Although college entrance rates increased for all racial groups, Black and Hispanic youth became increasingly less likely than their White peers to attend four-year selective colleges. In the 2010s cohort, Black and Hispanic youth were 8 and 7 percentage points, respectively, less likely than their White counterparts to secure admission to four-year selective colleges, even after controlling for parents' income, education, and other family background variables. The findings underscore the urgent need for proactive policy interventions to address the widening racial inequality in attending selective postsecondary institutions.

2023 年 6 月 29 日,美国最高法院做出裁决,废除了具有种族意识的大学录取政策,这使得人们更加关注高等教育中种族不平等现象的持续存在和可能加剧。作者分析了四个限制使用的全国调查数据集,研究了 20 世纪 80 年代到 2010 年代大学入学率的种族差异。尽管所有种族群体的大学入学率都有所提高,但黑人和西班牙裔青年进入四年制选择性大学的可能性越来越小于白人同龄人。在 2010 年代,黑人和西班牙裔青年进入四年制大学的可能性分别比白人低 8 个百分点和 7 个百分点,即使在控制了父母收入、教育程度和其他家庭背景变量之后也是如此。研究结果突出表明,迫切需要采取积极的政策干预措施,以解决在进入选择性中学后教育机构方面不断扩大的种族不平等问题。
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引用次数: 0
Attitudes and Behavior Feedback Loops for Young Women's Premarital Sex. 年轻女性婚前性行为的态度和行为反馈回路。
IF 3 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1177/23780231241277690
Michelle A Eilers

Sociologists have long been puzzled by whether attitudes inform behaviors or vice versa. Accurately assessing both possibilities requires panel data collected at relatively short intervals. In this study, I leverage intensive panel data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life Study to assess the case of young women's premarital sexual attitudes and behavior. Through a series of descriptive analyses and cross-lagged panel models, I show that opposition to premarital sex in young adulthood is only sometimes associated with subsequent sexual behavior and that premarital sex is negatively associated with later opposition to premarital sex. Young women are especially likely to reduce their opposition following first sex relative to sex reported at any time. Thus, initial behavioral experiences may result in outsized shocks to attitudes, following an active updating model. That subsequent sex is associated with less attitudinal change suggests that young women initially update their attitudes before settling into them. This study nuances long-standing debates on the malleability of attitudes within a person over time and with respect to behavior and has implications for how people approach behavior according to their attitudes across a wide spectrum of social phenomena.

长期以来,社会学家一直困惑于态度是否会影响行为,反之亦然。要准确评估这两种可能性,需要在相对较短的时间间隔内收集面板数据。在本研究中,我利用 "关系动态与社会生活研究"(Relationship Dynamics and Social Life Study)的密集面板数据来评估年轻女性的婚前性行为态度和行为。通过一系列描述性分析和交叉滞后的面板模型,我发现年轻时反对婚前性行为只是有时与随后的性行为相关,而婚前性行为与后来反对婚前性行为呈负相关。与任何时候报告的性行为相比,年轻女性在第一次性行为后特别有可能减少其反对程度。因此,根据主动更新模型,最初的行为经历可能会对态度产生巨大的冲击。随后的性行为与态度变化较小的关联表明,年轻女性在最初更新自己的态度,然后再将其固定下来。这项研究细化了长期以来关于人的态度随时间和行为的可塑性的争论,并对人们如何在广泛的社会现象中根据自己的态度对待行为产生了影响。
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引用次数: 0
Unequal Exposure to Occupational Stress across the Life Course: The Intersection of Race/Ethnicity and Gender. 整个生命过程中面临的职业压力不平等:种族/族裔与性别的交叉。
IF 3 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1177/23780231241258022
Mara Getz Sheftel, Noreen Goldman, Anne R Pebley, Boriana Pratt, Sung S Park

Work, a segregated social context in the United States, may be an important source of differential exposure to stress by race/ethnicity, but existing research does not systematically describe variation in exposure to occupational stress by race/ethnicity. Using work history data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study and occupational-level measures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Occupational Information Network, the authors document the extent to which the race/ethnicity and gender composition of occupational categories varies by level of occupational strain and how life-course exposure to occupational strain differs by race/ethnicity and gender. Black and Latino workers are overrepresented in high-strain jobs at many ages, compared with other groups. Exposure to job strain across working ages shows more variation in exposure by gender and race/ethnicity groups than static measures. These findings point to potential bias in research using a single, cross-sectional measure of job stress.

在美国,工作是一种隔离的社会环境,可能是不同种族/族裔面临不同压力的一个重要来源,但现有研究并未系统地描述不同种族/族裔面临职业压力的差异。作者利用美国健康与退休研究(U.S. Health and Retirement Study)的工作历史数据以及劳工统计局和职业信息网络(Occupational Information Network)的职业水平测量数据,记录了职业类别的种族/族裔和性别构成因职业压力水平而异的程度,以及不同种族/族裔和性别的人在一生中面临的职业压力有何不同。与其他群体相比,黑人和拉丁裔工人在许多年龄段从事高负荷工作的比例过高。与静态测量结果相比,不同性别和种族/人种群体在不同工作年龄段的职业压力暴露差异更大。这些发现表明,使用单一的、横截面的工作压力测量方法进行研究可能存在偏差。
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引用次数: 0
Social Infrastructure Availability and Suicide Rates among Working-Age Adults in the United States. 美国工龄成年人的社会基础设施可用性与自杀率。
IF 4.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1177/23780231241241034
Xue Zhang, Danielle C Rhubart, Shannon M Monnat

Social infrastructure (SI) may buffer against suicide risk by improving social cohesion, social support, and information and resource sharing. This study uses an ecological approach to examine the relationship between county-level SI availability and suicide rates among working-age adults (ages 25-64) in the United States, a population for whom suicide rates are high, rising, and geographically unequal. Mortality data are from the National Vital Statistics System for 2016-2019. SI data are from the National Neighborhood Data Archive for 2013-2015 and capture the availability of typically free SI (e.g. libraries, community centers) and commercial SI (e.g. coffee shops, diners, entertainment venues). Results from negative binomial models show that suicide rates are significantly lower in counties with more SI availability, net of county demographic, socioeconomic, and health care factors. This relationship held for both typically free and commercial SI. Policymakers should consider strengthening existing and developing new social infrastructure, particularly in counties with less educated populations, as part of a broader strategy to reduce suicide rates in the United States.

社会基础设施(SI)可以通过提高社会凝聚力、社会支持以及信息和资源共享来缓冲自杀风险。本研究采用生态学方法,考察了美国县级社会基础设施可用性与工作年龄成年人(25-64 岁)自杀率之间的关系。死亡率数据来自 2016-2019 年国家生命统计系统。SI数据来自2013-2015年的全国邻里数据档案,捕捉典型的免费SI(如图书馆、社区中心)和商业SI(如咖啡店、餐馆、娱乐场所)的可用性。负二项模型的结果表明,在不考虑县人口、社会经济和医疗保健因素的情况下,可提供更多社会机构的县的自杀率明显较低。这种关系在典型的免费和商业性 SI 中都成立。作为降低美国自杀率的更广泛战略的一部分,政策制定者应考虑加强现有的社会基础设施并开发新的社会基础设施,尤其是在人口受教育程度较低的县。
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引用次数: 0
Conspiratorial Ideation Is Associated with Lower Perceptions of Policy Effectiveness: Views from Local Governments during the COVID-19 Pandemic. 阴谋论思想与较低的政策有效性认知相关:在 COVID-19 大流行期间地方政府的观点。
IF 3 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231177154
Adam Mayer, Stacia Ryder

Governments around the world struggled to formulate an effective response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, which was hampered by the widespread diffusion of various conspiracy theories about the virus. Local governments are often responsible for the implementing mitigation measures such as mask mandates and curfews but have received very limited attention in the scholarly literature. In this article, the authors use data from local policy actors in Colorado to evaluate the relationship between conspiratorial beliefs and perceptions of mitigation policy effectiveness. The authors find that many local policy actors hold conspiratorial beliefs, which combine with partisanship to contribute to lower perceptions of policy effectiveness. The authors conclude by discussing future research directions, noting that the broad adoption of conspiracy theories likely changes enforcement at the local scale.

世界各国政府都在努力制定有效应对 2019 年冠状病毒疾病大流行的措施,而关于该病毒的各种阴谋论的广泛传播阻碍了这一工作的开展。地方政府通常负责实施口罩规定和宵禁等缓解措施,但在学术文献中受到的关注却非常有限。在本文中,作者利用科罗拉多州地方政策参与者的数据,评估了阴谋论信念与对减灾政策有效性的看法之间的关系。作者发现,许多地方政策参与者持有共谋信念,这种信念与党派主义相结合,导致了对政策有效性的较低认知。最后,作者讨论了未来的研究方向,指出阴谋论的广泛采用很可能会改变地方范围内的执行情况。
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引用次数: 0
Scars from a Previous Epidemic: Social Proximity to Zika and Fertility Intentions during the COVID-19 Pandemic. 上一次流行病留下的伤疤:COVID-19 大流行期间与寨卡病毒的社会亲近程度和生育意愿。
IF 3 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-26 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231184767
Leticia J Marteleto, Molly Dondero, Andrew Koepp

We examine whether women's social proximity to Zika during the Zika epidemic predicts intentions to avoid a pregnancy because of the COVID-19 pandemic either directly or indirectly via subjective assessments of the pandemic. We apply path models on unique microdata from Brazil, the country most affected by Zika and an epicenter of COVID-19, to understand whether a novel infectious disease outbreak left lasting imprints shaping fertility intentions during a subsequent novel infectious disease outbreak. Findings show that Zika social proximity is associated with fertility intentions through an indirect path related to subjective assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings emerged regardless of whether a woman herself had or suspected she had Zika and speak to the transformative consequences of novel infectious disease outbreaks that go beyond mortality and health.

我们研究了妇女在寨卡疫情期间与寨卡的社会接近程度是否会直接或通过对 COVID-19 大流行的主观评估间接预测避免怀孕的意愿。巴西是受寨卡影响最严重的国家,也是 COVID-19 的中心,我们将巴西的独特微观数据应用于路径模型,以了解新型传染病爆发是否会在随后的新型传染病爆发期间留下影响生育意愿的持久印记。研究结果表明,寨卡疫情的社会邻近性通过与 COVID-19 大流行的主观评估相关的间接路径与生育意愿相关。无论妇女本身是否感染或怀疑自己感染了寨卡病毒,这些研究结果都会出现,并说明新型传染病爆发所带来的变革性后果超出了死亡率和健康范围。
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引用次数: 0
Trends in Neighborhood Social Cohesion among Families with Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic. COVID-19 大流行期间有子女家庭的邻里社会凝聚力趋势。
IF 3 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-15 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231180386
Makayla Davis, Colin Campbell, Dmitry Tumin

The onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had far-reaching economic and social consequences, affecting economic well-being, health, mobility, relationships, and daily routines. What effect did the COVID-19 pandemic have on neighborhood social cohesion? Drawing on data from the National Survey of Children's Health, the authors examine trends in neighborhood social cohesion as reported by caregivers of U.S. children from 2016 to 2021. Despite the substantial changes spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors find that the pandemic did not lead to a significant change in perceived neighborhood social cohesion. These findings reveal the durability of perceived neighborhood social cohesion, showing that it appears to be unaffected even by sizable changes in social and economic contexts. Moreover, the findings provide additional evidence of disparities in perceived neighborhood social cohesion across social groups and contribute to ongoing debates related to potential declines in neighborhood relationships.

2019 年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行的爆发产生了深远的经济和社会后果,影响了经济福祉、健康、流动性、人际关系和日常生活。COVID-19 大流行对邻里社会凝聚力有何影响?作者利用全国儿童健康调查(National Survey of Children's Health)的数据,研究了美国儿童看护人报告的 2016 年至 2021 年邻里社会凝聚力的趋势。尽管 COVID-19 大流行引发了巨大的变化,但作者发现,大流行并没有导致感知到的邻里社会凝聚力发生显著变化。这些发现揭示了感知邻里社会凝聚力的持久性,表明即使社会和经济环境发生巨大变化,它似乎也不会受到影响。此外,这些研究结果还提供了更多证据,证明不同社会群体在感知邻里社会凝聚力方面存在差异,并为当前有关邻里关系潜在衰退的讨论提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
Mating in Captivity: The Influence of Social Location on Sexual Satisfaction through Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic. 圈养交配:在 COVID-19 大流行的各个阶段,社会位置对性满意度的影响。
IF 3 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-06 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231173899
Elizabeth E McElroy, Samuel L Perry, Joshua B Grubbs

The recent global pandemic provides a natural experiment "intervention" to examine how differing baseline social dynamics such as gender, education, and politics shaped diverging patterns of well-being during rapidly shifting societal conditions. Using married adults from a nationally representative panel study in the United States from August 2019 to August 2021, discontinuous growth curves reveal a large drop in average married sexual satisfaction in both quality and frequency directly following the pandemic onset. Moreover, sexual satisfaction remained largely suppressed for the subsequent 18 months, apart from a brief "optimism blip" in the fall of 2020. Race, age, income, employment, parenthood, education, and political affiliation all appear as meaningful predictors, but these differ across various phases of the pandemic and by gender. These results reveal evidence of lingering changes in subjective sexual well-being as well as patterns of catastrophe risk and resilience moderated by social location factors.

最近的全球大流行为我们提供了一个自然实验 "干预 "的机会,以研究在快速变化的社会条件下,不同的基线社会动态(如性别、教育和政治)是如何形成不同的幸福模式的。通过对 2019 年 8 月至 2021 年 8 月期间美国具有全国代表性的已婚成年人进行面板研究,不连续的增长曲线显示,在大流行病爆发后,已婚成年人的平均性满意度在质量和频率上都直接出现了大幅下降。此外,在随后的 18 个月中,除了 2020 年秋季短暂的 "乐观昙花一现 "之外,性满意度在很大程度上仍然受到抑制。种族、年龄、收入、就业、父母身份、教育程度和政治派别都是有意义的预测因素,但这些因素在大流行的不同阶段和不同性别之间存在差异。这些结果揭示了主观性幸福感的持续变化,以及受社会位置因素调节的灾难风险和复原力模式。
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引用次数: 0
The COVID-19 Pandemic, Social Ties, and Psychosocial Well-Being of Middle-Aged Women in Rural Africa. 2019冠状病毒病大流行、社会关系和非洲农村中年妇女的社会心理健康。
IF 4.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-20 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231171868
Victor Agadjanian

The study contributes to the understanding of the societal impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in the Global South by examining longer term implications of pandemic-induced disruptions and deprivations for social ties and psychosocial well-being. Using data from a survey of middle-aged women in rural Mozambique, the author finds a negative association between the pandemic-triggered household economic decline and perceived changes in the quality of relations with marital partners, non-coresident children, and relatives, but not with generally more distant actors, such as coreligionists and neighbors. In turn, multivariable analyses detect a positive association of changes in the quality of family and kin ties with participants' life satisfaction, regardless of other factors. Yet women's expectations for changes in their household living conditions in the near future show a significant association only with changes in the quality of relations with marital partners. The author situates these findings within the context of women's enduring vulnerabilities in low-income patriarchal settings.

该研究通过研究大流行引起的破坏和剥夺对社会关系和心理健康的长期影响,有助于了解2019年冠状病毒病大流行对全球南方国家的社会影响。根据对莫桑比克农村中年妇女的调查数据,作者发现,流行病引发的家庭经济衰退与与婚姻伴侣、非共同子女和亲属的关系质量的感知变化之间存在负相关,但与一般较疏远的行为者(如同教者和邻居)之间没有关系。反过来,多变量分析发现家庭和亲属关系质量的变化与参与者的生活满意度呈正相关,而不考虑其他因素。然而,妇女对其家庭生活条件在不久的将来发生变化的期望只与与婚姻伙伴关系质量的变化有重大联系。作者将这些发现置于女性在低收入父权制环境中持久脆弱的背景下。
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引用次数: 0
Love in the Time of COVID-19: The Social Dimensions of Intimate Life under Lockdown. COVID-19时期的爱情:封锁下亲密生活的社会维度。
IF 3 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-04-08 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231161046
Alexander Borsa, Maximillian Calleo, Joshua Faires, Golda Kaplan, Shadiya Sharif, Dingyu Zhang, Tey Meadow

Although popular media across the United States reported that the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID pandemic incited dramatic transformations in personal relationships, identities, and practices, little sociological research examines these developments. What exists elaborates the "how" and "how much" of sex, the frequency of sexual conduct, and changes in the patterning of sexual behavior. In this study of the intimate trajectories of 46 young adults, conducted during the height of U.S. quarantine restrictions in 2020 and early 2021, the authors explore the "whys" of sex. They find that the exogenous force of the pandemic profoundly altered individual relationship trajectories, prompted sexual introspection projects, shifted understandings of sexual risk, and promoted new modes of intimacy. These findings suggest that pandemic life reached deep into subjective self-understandings and ways of relating to others. They also reveal the benefits of foregrounding cultural meanings over behaviors, changes in thoughts over actions, and social processes over individual outcomes.

尽管美国各地的大众媒体报道称,冠状病毒疾病 2019 COVID 大流行引发了个人关系、身份和行为的巨大转变,但很少有社会学研究对这些发展进行研究。现有研究详细阐述了性行为的 "方式 "和 "程度"、性行为的频率以及性行为模式的变化。在这项研究中,作者探讨了性行为的 "原因"。这项研究是在 2020 年和 2021 年初美国隔离限制最严重的时期进行的,研究了 46 名年轻人的亲密关系轨迹。他们发现,大流行病的外生力量深刻地改变了个人的关系轨迹,促使他们开展性反省项目,改变了对性风险的理解,并促进了新的亲密关系模式。这些研究结果表明,大流行病的生活深入到了主观的自我理解和与他人相处的方式中。这些发现还揭示了重视文化意义而非行为、重视思想变化而非行动、重视社会过程而非个人结果的益处。
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引用次数: 0
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