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Shifting Tides: The Evolution of Racial Inequality in Higher Education from the 1980s through the 2010s. 潮起潮落:从 20 世纪 80 年代到 2010 年代高等教育中种族不平等的演变》(The Evolution of Racial Inequality in Higher Education from the 1980s through the 2010s)。
IF 4.5 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231225578
Byeongdon Oh, Ned Tilbrook, Dara Shifrer

Amid the proliferation of state-level bans on race-based affirmative action in higher education, the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on June 29, 2023, dismantled race-conscious college admission policies, intensifying concerns about the persistence and potential increase of racial inequality in higher education. The authors analyze four restricted-use national survey datasets to investigate racial disparities in college attendance outcomes from the 1980s through the 2010s. Although college entrance rates increased for all racial groups, Black and Hispanic youth became increasingly less likely than their White peers to attend four-year selective colleges. In the 2010s cohort, Black and Hispanic youth were 8 and 7 percentage points, respectively, less likely than their White counterparts to secure admission to four-year selective colleges, even after controlling for parents' income, education, and other family background variables. The findings underscore the urgent need for proactive policy interventions to address the widening racial inequality in attending selective postsecondary institutions.

2023 年 6 月 29 日,美国最高法院做出裁决,废除了具有种族意识的大学录取政策,这使得人们更加关注高等教育中种族不平等现象的持续存在和可能加剧。作者分析了四个限制使用的全国调查数据集,研究了 20 世纪 80 年代到 2010 年代大学入学率的种族差异。尽管所有种族群体的大学入学率都有所提高,但黑人和西班牙裔青年进入四年制选择性大学的可能性越来越小于白人同龄人。在 2010 年代,黑人和西班牙裔青年进入四年制大学的可能性分别比白人低 8 个百分点和 7 个百分点,即使在控制了父母收入、教育程度和其他家庭背景变量之后也是如此。研究结果突出表明,迫切需要采取积极的政策干预措施,以解决在进入选择性中学后教育机构方面不断扩大的种族不平等问题。
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引用次数: 0
Attitudes and Behavior Feedback Loops for Young Women's Premarital Sex. 年轻女性婚前性行为的态度和行为反馈回路。
IF 3 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1177/23780231241277690
Michelle A Eilers

Sociologists have long been puzzled by whether attitudes inform behaviors or vice versa. Accurately assessing both possibilities requires panel data collected at relatively short intervals. In this study, I leverage intensive panel data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life Study to assess the case of young women's premarital sexual attitudes and behavior. Through a series of descriptive analyses and cross-lagged panel models, I show that opposition to premarital sex in young adulthood is only sometimes associated with subsequent sexual behavior and that premarital sex is negatively associated with later opposition to premarital sex. Young women are especially likely to reduce their opposition following first sex relative to sex reported at any time. Thus, initial behavioral experiences may result in outsized shocks to attitudes, following an active updating model. That subsequent sex is associated with less attitudinal change suggests that young women initially update their attitudes before settling into them. This study nuances long-standing debates on the malleability of attitudes within a person over time and with respect to behavior and has implications for how people approach behavior according to their attitudes across a wide spectrum of social phenomena.

长期以来,社会学家一直困惑于态度是否会影响行为,反之亦然。要准确评估这两种可能性,需要在相对较短的时间间隔内收集面板数据。在本研究中,我利用 "关系动态与社会生活研究"(Relationship Dynamics and Social Life Study)的密集面板数据来评估年轻女性的婚前性行为态度和行为。通过一系列描述性分析和交叉滞后的面板模型,我发现年轻时反对婚前性行为只是有时与随后的性行为相关,而婚前性行为与后来反对婚前性行为呈负相关。与任何时候报告的性行为相比,年轻女性在第一次性行为后特别有可能减少其反对程度。因此,根据主动更新模型,最初的行为经历可能会对态度产生巨大的冲击。随后的性行为与态度变化较小的关联表明,年轻女性在最初更新自己的态度,然后再将其固定下来。这项研究细化了长期以来关于人的态度随时间和行为的可塑性的争论,并对人们如何在广泛的社会现象中根据自己的态度对待行为产生了影响。
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引用次数: 0
Unequal Exposure to Occupational Stress across the Life Course: The Intersection of Race/Ethnicity and Gender. 整个生命过程中面临的职业压力不平等:种族/族裔与性别的交叉。
IF 3 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1177/23780231241258022
Mara Getz Sheftel, Noreen Goldman, Anne R Pebley, Boriana Pratt, Sung S Park

Work, a segregated social context in the United States, may be an important source of differential exposure to stress by race/ethnicity, but existing research does not systematically describe variation in exposure to occupational stress by race/ethnicity. Using work history data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study and occupational-level measures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Occupational Information Network, the authors document the extent to which the race/ethnicity and gender composition of occupational categories varies by level of occupational strain and how life-course exposure to occupational strain differs by race/ethnicity and gender. Black and Latino workers are overrepresented in high-strain jobs at many ages, compared with other groups. Exposure to job strain across working ages shows more variation in exposure by gender and race/ethnicity groups than static measures. These findings point to potential bias in research using a single, cross-sectional measure of job stress.

在美国,工作是一种隔离的社会环境,可能是不同种族/族裔面临不同压力的一个重要来源,但现有研究并未系统地描述不同种族/族裔面临职业压力的差异。作者利用美国健康与退休研究(U.S. Health and Retirement Study)的工作历史数据以及劳工统计局和职业信息网络(Occupational Information Network)的职业水平测量数据,记录了职业类别的种族/族裔和性别构成因职业压力水平而异的程度,以及不同种族/族裔和性别的人在一生中面临的职业压力有何不同。与其他群体相比,黑人和拉丁裔工人在许多年龄段从事高负荷工作的比例过高。与静态测量结果相比,不同性别和种族/人种群体在不同工作年龄段的职业压力暴露差异更大。这些发现表明,使用单一的、横截面的工作压力测量方法进行研究可能存在偏差。
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引用次数: 0
Social Infrastructure Availability and Suicide Rates among Working-Age Adults in the United States. 美国工龄成年人的社会基础设施可用性与自杀率。
IF 4.5 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1177/23780231241241034
Xue Zhang, Danielle C Rhubart, Shannon M Monnat

Social infrastructure (SI) may buffer against suicide risk by improving social cohesion, social support, and information and resource sharing. This study uses an ecological approach to examine the relationship between county-level SI availability and suicide rates among working-age adults (ages 25-64) in the United States, a population for whom suicide rates are high, rising, and geographically unequal. Mortality data are from the National Vital Statistics System for 2016-2019. SI data are from the National Neighborhood Data Archive for 2013-2015 and capture the availability of typically free SI (e.g. libraries, community centers) and commercial SI (e.g. coffee shops, diners, entertainment venues). Results from negative binomial models show that suicide rates are significantly lower in counties with more SI availability, net of county demographic, socioeconomic, and health care factors. This relationship held for both typically free and commercial SI. Policymakers should consider strengthening existing and developing new social infrastructure, particularly in counties with less educated populations, as part of a broader strategy to reduce suicide rates in the United States.

社会基础设施(SI)可以通过提高社会凝聚力、社会支持以及信息和资源共享来缓冲自杀风险。本研究采用生态学方法,考察了美国县级社会基础设施可用性与工作年龄成年人(25-64 岁)自杀率之间的关系。死亡率数据来自 2016-2019 年国家生命统计系统。SI数据来自2013-2015年的全国邻里数据档案,捕捉典型的免费SI(如图书馆、社区中心)和商业SI(如咖啡店、餐馆、娱乐场所)的可用性。负二项模型的结果表明,在不考虑县人口、社会经济和医疗保健因素的情况下,可提供更多社会机构的县的自杀率明显较低。这种关系在典型的免费和商业性 SI 中都成立。作为降低美国自杀率的更广泛战略的一部分,政策制定者应考虑加强现有的社会基础设施并开发新的社会基础设施,尤其是在人口受教育程度较低的县。
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引用次数: 0
The Myriad Living Arrangements of U.S. Single Men and Women in Midlife 美国中年单身男女的无数生活安排
Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231205211
Christopher A. Julian, Susan L. Brown
Attention to the living arrangements of singles has centered around young adults who increasingly reside with their parents. By comparison, midlife singles remain overlooked despite a substantial rise in singlehood during this life-course stage. Using the 2021 American Community Survey five-year estimates, the authors uncovered the disparate living arrangements of midlife single men and women household heads, defining midlife as those aged 30 to 49 and single as those who were neither cohabiting nor married. The findings revealed that the living arrangements of men and women were near inverses of each other, with most men living alone, whereas most women lived with someone else. Relative to men, a far greater share of women were residing with their children, whereas a larger share of men were in arrangements that did not include children. The distinctive living arrangements speak to the potential differences in familial obligations and available support sources.
人们对单身人士生活安排的关注主要集中在年轻人身上,他们越来越多地与父母同住。相比之下,中年单身人士仍然被忽视,尽管在这个人生阶段单身人数大幅上升。利用2021年美国社区调查的五年估计,作者发现了中年单身男女户主的不同生活安排,将中年定义为30至49岁的人,单身定义为既不同居也不结婚的人。调查结果显示,男性和女性的生活安排几乎相反,大多数男性独居,而大多数女性与他人同住。与男子相比,与子女同住的妇女的比例要大得多,而与子女同住的男子的比例则要大得多。不同的生活安排说明了家庭义务和可获得的支助来源的潜在差异。
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引用次数: 0
Racial Steering in U.S. Housing Markets: When, Where, and to Whom Does It Occur? 美国房地产市场的种族导向:何时,何地,发生在谁身上?
Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231197024
Matthew Hall, Jeffrey M. Timberlake, Elaina Johns-Wolfe
Housing discrimination has long been thought to contribute to the persistence of racial segregation, yet evidence indicates that many forms of discrimination have waned over time. We argue that past work has not fully considered the role of racial steering in maintaining segregation. To explore patterns of steering, we leverage experimental audit data from the 2012 Housing Discrimination Study to examine how neighborhoods of homes shown by real estate agents to auditors change dynamically throughout the search process and to assess the conditions under which steering is most likely. As with past research, we find no evidence of steering in Asian-White or Hispanic-White audits. However, we find consistent evidence that agents steer Black homeseekers away from White neighborhoods and toward Black ones, particularly female homeseekers and those with children. We also find that agents steer relatively early in the search process and especially when searches begin in racially-homogeneous neighborhoods.
长期以来,住房歧视一直被认为是导致种族隔离持续存在的原因之一,但有证据表明,随着时间的推移,许多形式的歧视已经减弱。我们认为,过去的工作没有充分考虑种族导向在维持种族隔离中的作用。为了探索转向模式,我们利用2012年住房歧视研究的实验审计数据来研究房地产经纪人向审计员展示的房屋社区在整个搜索过程中如何动态变化,并评估最有可能发生转向的条件。与过去的研究一样,我们在亚裔白人或西班牙裔白人审计中没有发现指导的证据。然而,我们发现一致的证据表明,经纪人引导黑人无家可归者远离白人社区,转向黑人社区,尤其是女性无家可归者和有孩子的人。我们还发现,代理在搜索过程中相对较早地转向,特别是当搜索开始于种族同质的社区时。
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引用次数: 0
Predictors of Adopting an Atheistic Worldview: An Analysis of Survey Data Containing a Retrospective Measure of Belief in God 采用无神论世界观的预测因素:对包含对上帝信仰的回顾性测量的调查数据的分析
Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231204850
Christopher P. Scheitle, Katie E. Corcoran
Many studies have used retrospective survey measures to examine changes in individuals’ religious affiliation, but studies examining changes to individuals’ core religious beliefs are comparatively rare. This is likely because surveys rarely contain measures of both current and past beliefs. Using data from a probability sample of U.S. adults that includes a measure of individuals’ current and age 16 belief in God, the authors examine the predictors of an individual’s adopting an atheistic worldview. Overall, 6 percent of the sample report moving from a nonatheistic worldview to an atheistic worldview. This rate is higher among those who said they had weaker belief in God at age 16, men, those with higher incomes, and some sexually minoritized groups. This rate is lower among older individuals, political conservatives, and some racially or ethnically minoritized groups. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the study of nonbelief and the measurement of religious change.
许多研究采用回顾性调查方法来考察个人宗教信仰的变化,但考察个人核心宗教信仰变化的研究相对较少。这可能是因为调查很少包含当前和过去信念的测量。作者利用美国成年人的概率样本数据,包括个人目前和16岁时对上帝信仰的衡量,研究了个人接受无神论世界观的预测因素。总体而言,6%的样本报告从非无神论的世界观转变为无神论的世界观。在那些自称在16岁时对上帝信仰较弱的人、男性、高收入人群和一些性少数群体中,这一比例更高。在老年人、政治保守派和一些种族或少数民族群体中,这一比例较低。作者讨论了这些发现对研究不信仰和测量宗教变化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Political Ramifications of Judicial Institutions: Establishing a Link between Dobbs and Gender Disparities in the 2022 Midterms 司法机构的政治后果:在2022年中期选举中建立多布斯与性别差异之间的联系
Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231177157
Udi Sommer, Or Rappel-Kroyzer, Amy Adamczyk, Lindsay Lerner, Anna Weiner
In the American system of government, courts are designed to operate within the legal sphere, with limited political interference. Is it possible, though, that a behavior that is at the heart of the political process can be influenced directly by a judicial decision? Focusing on voter registration big data for the universe of voters in North Carolina around the time of Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, the authors assess the roles of gender, political party affiliation, and age in voter registration. North Carolina is the only state whose voter registry has the necessary granularity over time and information needed. Women and Democrats were more likely to register to vote after information about the ruling was released, suggesting that Dobbs influenced their behavior. This effect on voter registration gender gap was unique to June 2022, unlike previous midterm election years (2014 and 2018). Interrupted time-series analyses lend further support to these findings.
在美国的政府体制中,法院被设计为在法律范围内运作,政治干预有限。然而,作为政治过程核心的行为是否有可能直接受到司法裁决的影响?作者以多布斯诉杰克逊妇女健康组织案前后北卡罗来纳州选民的选民登记大数据为重点,评估了性别、政党归属和年龄在选民登记中的作用。北卡罗莱纳是唯一一个选民登记具有必要的时间粒度和所需信息的州。在有关裁决的信息公布后,女性和民主党人更有可能登记投票,这表明多布斯影响了她们的行为。与之前的中期选举年(2014年和2018年)不同,这种对选民登记性别差距的影响是2022年6月独有的。中断时间序列分析进一步支持了这些发现。
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引用次数: 1
Communication with Kin in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic COVID-19大流行后与亲属的沟通
Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231199388
Megan N. Reed, Linda Li, Luca Maria Pesando, Lauren E. Harris, Frank F. Furstenberg, Julien O. Teitler
This study investigates patterns of communication among non-coresident kin in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic using data from the New York City Robin Hood Poverty Tracker. Over half of New Yorkers spoke to their non-coresident family members several times a week during the pandemic, and nearly half increased their communication with non-coresident kin since March 2020. Siblings and extended kin proved to be especially important ties activated during the pandemic. New Yorkers were most likely to report increased communication with siblings. A quarter of respondents reported that they increased communication with at least one aunt, uncle, cousin, or other extended family member. Although non-Hispanic White respondents reported the highest frequency of communication with kin, it was those groups most impacted by COVID-19—foreign-born, Black, and Hispanic New Yorkers—who were most likely to report that they increased communication with kin in the wake of the pandemic.
本研究使用来自纽约市罗宾汉贫困追踪器的数据,调查了COVID-19大流行后非总统亲属之间的沟通模式。在疫情期间,超过一半的纽约人每周与非常住家庭成员通话几次,自2020年3月以来,近一半的纽约人增加了与非常住家庭成员的沟通。事实证明,在大流行期间激活的兄弟姐妹和远亲关系尤为重要。纽约人最有可能报告与兄弟姐妹的交流增加了。四分之一的受访者表示,他们增加了与至少一位阿姨、叔叔、堂兄或其他大家庭成员的交流。尽管非西班牙裔白人受访者报告的与亲属沟通的频率最高,但受covid -19影响最大的群体——外国出生的、黑人和西班牙裔纽约人——最有可能报告说,他们在大流行之后增加了与亲属的沟通。
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引用次数: 0
Consequences of Financial Strain for Psychological Distress among Older Adults: Examining the Explanatory Role of Multiple Components of the Self-Concept 经济压力对老年人心理困扰的影响:自我概念多成分的解释作用研究
Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/23780231231197034
Alex Bierman, Laura Upenieks, Yeonjung Lee, Megan Harmon
Guided by a sociological perspective on mental health encapsulated in a stress process perspective, the authors examine the role of mastery, self-esteem, and mattering in explaining how financial strain is associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and anger in older adults. Analyses focus on the Caregiving, Aging, and Financial Experiences study, a national longitudinal survey of Canadian older adults conducted in the fall of 2021 and 2022 ( n = 3,977). Financial strain is associated with greater psychological distress across outcomes, but most strongly with anxiety. Although financial strain depletes mastery, self-esteem, and mattering, only mastery and self-esteem act as mediators between financial strain and psychological distress, with mastery predominant. This research suggests that a sociological perspective on stress and mental health can inform efforts to enhance the well-being of an aging population by identifying how reinforcements to the self-concept may truncate the consequences of financial challenges for psychological distress in later life.
在压力过程视角下的心理健康社会学视角的指导下,作者研究了掌控、自尊和重要性在解释经济压力如何与老年人的抑郁、焦虑和愤怒症状相关方面的作用。分析的重点是护理、老龄化和财务经历研究,这是一项在2021年和2022年秋季对加拿大老年人进行的全国性纵向调查(n = 3977)。经济压力与更大的心理压力有关,但与焦虑关系最密切。虽然财务压力会消耗精通、自尊和重要性,但只有精通和自尊在财务压力和心理困扰之间起中介作用,精通起主导作用。这项研究表明,从社会学的角度来看待压力和心理健康,可以通过确定自我概念的增强如何在以后的生活中截断经济挑战对心理困扰的影响,从而为提高老龄化人口的福祉提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
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