Pub Date : 2020-04-14DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691161747.003.0011
A. Teller
This chapter describes the process of ransoming Jewish captives. Jewish captives had to be ransomed with money raised by the Jewish communities themselves and paid by them to the captors. Over the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Jewish society succeeded in creating a broad transregional economic network whose goal was to ransom its members being held captive to be sold as slaves. Largely centered in Venice, from where much of the fundraising was organized, the Jewish ransoming network had other important hubs, particularly in Istanbul and Livorno. This network had grown and developed in the decades before 1648, but it was the flood of eastern European Jewish captives that really put it to the test and tightened the connections between its various components. The ransoming crisis also led to tensions with a second Jewish transregional economic network that was active in the Mediterranean: one tasked with raising funds to support Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel. The chapter then assesses why ransoming captives was so important for the Jews of the early modern world, looking at Jewish law and Jewish culture.
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This chapter identifies the two main directions of flight during the Khmelnytsky uprising. One was westward, across the Vistula River, to the large settled communities of Little Poland and Great Poland. The other was northward into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In both places, the sudden influx of large numbers of refugees, most of whom were destitute, posed a series of problems to those bodies that administered Jewish life. The challenges that had to be met were dealt with on the regional and local levels. The first can be seen most clearly in the responses of Lithuanian Jewry to the refugee issue, the second in those of the Kraków community.
{"title":"The Refugees outside Ukraine","authors":"A. Teller","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qr68.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qr68.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter identifies the two main directions of flight during the Khmelnytsky uprising. One was westward, across the Vistula River, to the large settled communities of Little Poland and Great Poland. The other was northward into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In both places, the sudden influx of large numbers of refugees, most of whom were destitute, posed a series of problems to those bodies that administered Jewish life. The challenges that had to be met were dealt with on the regional and local levels. The first can be seen most clearly in the responses of Lithuanian Jewry to the refugee issue, the second in those of the Kraków community.","PeriodicalId":364703,"journal":{"name":"Rescue the Surviving Souls","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123424465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter explains that alongside the pidyon shevuyim network, there existed another economic and religious system covering the entire Jewish world that was focused on the eastern Mediterranean. This was the philanthropic network dedicated to supporting Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel. Though its goals were different, it overlapped with the pidyon shevuyim network: most communities collected money for both causes, sometimes even combining them into a single fund. The two systems thus acted in parallel, always in tension, and sometimes even in competition with each other. To understand this phenomenon and its broad significance for the Jewish world in both philanthropic and religious terms, the chapter looks at the issue of raising money for the Jews in the early modern Land of Israel. It also considers the spread of Sabbatheanism.
{"title":"The Jews in the Land of Israel and the Spread of Sabbatheanism","authors":"A. Teller","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qr68.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qr68.21","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains that alongside the pidyon shevuyim network, there existed another economic and religious system covering the entire Jewish world that was focused on the eastern Mediterranean. This was the philanthropic network dedicated to supporting Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel. Though its goals were different, it overlapped with the pidyon shevuyim network: most communities collected money for both causes, sometimes even combining them into a single fund. The two systems thus acted in parallel, always in tension, and sometimes even in competition with each other. To understand this phenomenon and its broad significance for the Jewish world in both philanthropic and religious terms, the chapter looks at the issue of raising money for the Jews in the early modern Land of Israel. It also considers the spread of Sabbatheanism.","PeriodicalId":364703,"journal":{"name":"Rescue the Surviving Souls","volume":"501 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127593548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter addresses how some of the Jewish captives were bought by professional slave merchants for resale elsewhere—most commonly Istanbul or Iran. With Jews so deeply engaged in the slave trade, it is surprising that so few of the Jewish captives from Ukraine following 1648 were actually ransomed in Crimea. It is impossible to determine why the local Jews and Karaites did not do more to help, but perhaps the huge number of captives overwhelmed them. They may have thought it better for the Jewish slaves to be shipped to Istanbul where there was a very large and wealthy community that could afford to ransom them. In addition to those taken to Istanbul via Crimea, however, there were other Ukrainian Jews captured by Tatars whose experiences were different. These Jewish captives found refuge in the provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia.
{"title":"From Crimea to Istanbul","authors":"A. Teller","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qr68.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qr68.16","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses how some of the Jewish captives were bought by professional slave merchants for resale elsewhere—most commonly Istanbul or Iran. With Jews so deeply engaged in the slave trade, it is surprising that so few of the Jewish captives from Ukraine following 1648 were actually ransomed in Crimea. It is impossible to determine why the local Jews and Karaites did not do more to help, but perhaps the huge number of captives overwhelmed them. They may have thought it better for the Jewish slaves to be shipped to Istanbul where there was a very large and wealthy community that could afford to ransom them. In addition to those taken to Istanbul via Crimea, however, there were other Ukrainian Jews captured by Tatars whose experiences were different. These Jewish captives found refuge in the provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia.","PeriodicalId":364703,"journal":{"name":"Rescue the Surviving Souls","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116712155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Road:","authors":"John E. Hannigan","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvmd83z5.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd83z5.50","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":364703,"journal":{"name":"Rescue the Surviving Souls","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116718841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-20DOI: 10.1016/S0262-4079(07)60166-3
Ethan Zuckerman
{"title":"Over the Border:","authors":"Ethan Zuckerman","doi":"10.1016/S0262-4079(07)60166-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(07)60166-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":364703,"journal":{"name":"Rescue the Surviving Souls","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126510770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-04-29DOI: 10.7591/9781501701351-020
A. Khalid
{"title":"BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRIMARY SOURCES","authors":"A. Khalid","doi":"10.7591/9781501701351-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501701351-020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":364703,"journal":{"name":"Rescue the Surviving Souls","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125122930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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