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Co-Ordinated Blackhole and Grayhole Attack Detection Using Smart & Secure Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol in MANETs 利用城域网中的智能安全 Ad Hoc 按需距离矢量路由协议协同检测黑洞和灰洞攻击
Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.22247/ijcna/2024/224433
Sampada H. K., S. K R
– Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) devices are powered from battery and due to infrastructure-less feature, the security and energy consumption are major concerns. Most of the researchers have assumed that the Cluster Head (CH) nodes are benign and frequently undergo cluster re-election, which shortens the network lifetime. Smart & Secure Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector algorithm (S 2 -AODV) is proposed with secondary CH (S-CH), primary CH (P-CH) and a super cluster head (SCH) node along with the other nodes. Modified-AODV (M-AODV) is used for neighbor discovery. Weight-based clustering algorithm is proposed, with the primary and a secondary CH node to enhance the network efficiency. S 2 -AODV enhances security using Honey-pot AODV (H-AODV) and avoids the CH re-election process enhancing the overall network lifetime. The proposed algorithm works in off-line mode and on-line mode. In off-line mode the various Wi-Fi parameters like Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), transmission power, battery level, distance and number of transmissions retries are collected from each CH node in the network. A look-up table indicating the transmission power (TXP) to be set by the CH nodes is determined by machine learning (ML) algorithms. This table is circulated among every CH node by SCH node in the network. Due to this process the intermittent reelection of the P-CH and S-CH nodes can be avoided, enhancing the network lifetime. In on-line mode, SCH executes H-AODV to identify and remove the malicious CH (black hole / gray hole) nodes (ns-2.34).
- 移动 Ad Hoc 网络(MANET)设备由电池供电,由于其无基础设施的特点,安全性和能源消耗成为主要问题。大多数研究人员都假设簇头(CH)节点是良性的,并经常进行簇重选,从而缩短了网络寿命。智能安全 Ad Hoc 按需距离矢量算法(S 2 -AODV)被提出来,该算法包含二级 CH(S-CH)、一级 CH(P-CH)和一个超级簇头(SCH)节点以及其他节点。修改后的 AODV(M-AODV)用于发现邻居。提出了基于权重的聚类算法,通过主 CH 节点和副 CH 节点来提高网络效率。S 2 -AODV利用蜜罐AODV(H-AODV)增强了安全性,并避免了CH重选过程,从而提高了整体网络寿命。所提出的算法可在离线模式和在线模式下工作。在离线模式下,从网络中的每个 CH 节点收集各种 Wi-Fi 参数,如接收信号强度指示器(RSSI)、传输功率、电池电量、距离和传输重试次数。通过机器学习(ML)算法确定一个查找表,显示 CH 节点要设置的传输功率(TXP)。该表通过网络中的 SCH 节点在每个 CH 节点之间分发。通过这一过程,可以避免间歇性地重新选择 P-CH 和 S-CH 节点,从而提高网络寿命。在联机模式下,SCH 会执行 H-AODV 以识别并清除恶意 CH 节点(黑洞/灰洞)(ns-2.34)。
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引用次数: 0
Resilient Artificial Bee Colony Optimized AODV Routing Protocol (RABCO-AODV-RP) for Minimizing the Energy Consumption in Flying Ad-Hoc Network 将飞行 Ad-Hoc 网络能耗降至最低的弹性人工蜂群优化 AODV 路由协议 (RABCO-AODV-RP)
Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.22247/ijcna/2024/224434
S. Nandhini, K. S. Jeen Marseline
– Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs) have gained prominence in various applications, ranging from surveillance to disaster response. Their dynamic and resource-constrained nature makes efficient energy utilization a paramount concern. One significant challenge in FANETs is minimizing energy consumption, which is essential for prolonging the network lifetime and ensuring continuous operation. This paper introduces the Resilient Artificial Bee Colony Optimized AODV Routing Protocol (RABCO-AODV-RP) to address this challenge. RABCO-AODV-RP leverages the Artificial Bee Colony optimization algorithm to enhance AODV routing, optimizing route selection to minimize energy consumption while maintaining network resilience. The working mechanism of RABCO-AODV-RP encompasses two primary phases: route discovery and route maintenance. During route discovery, the protocol intelligently selects energy-efficient paths using the optimization algorithm, reducing energy waste. In the route maintenance phase, RABCO-AODV-RP continuously adapts to network dynamics, updating routes to ensure efficient and resilient communication. Extensive simulations were conducted using the NS3 network simulator to assess its performance using packet delivery ratio, packet drop ratio, throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption and hop count as performance metrics. The results and discussions indicate that RABCO-AODV-RP outperforms traditional AODV routing protocol. It improves packet delivery, throughput and reduces packet drop ratio, end-to-end delay and hop count. This research underscores the potential of RABCO-AODV-RP as a promising solution for extending the operational lifetime of FANETs and ensuring reliable communication in demanding environments.
- 飞行 Ad-Hoc 网络(FANETs)在从监控到灾难响应等各种应用中日益突出。由于其动态性和资源受限性,高效利用能源成为人们最关心的问题。FANET 面临的一个重大挑战是最大限度地降低能耗,这对延长网络寿命和确保持续运行至关重要。本文介绍了弹性人工蜂群优化 AODV 路由协议(RABCO-AODV-RP)来应对这一挑战。RABCO-AODV-RP 利用人工蜂群优化算法来增强 AODV 路由,优化路由选择,在保持网络弹性的同时将能耗降到最低。RABCO-AODV-RP 的工作机制包括两个主要阶段:路由发现和路由维护。在路由发现阶段,该协议利用优化算法智能地选择节能路径,减少能量浪费。在路由维护阶段,RABCO-AODV-RP 不断适应网络动态,更新路由以确保高效和弹性通信。我们使用 NS3 网络模拟器进行了大量模拟,以数据包交付率、数据包丢弃率、吞吐量、端到端延迟、能耗和跳数作为性能指标来评估其性能。结果和讨论表明,RABCO-AODV-RP 优于传统的 AODV 路由协议。它提高了数据包传输和吞吐量,降低了数据包丢失率、端到端延迟和跳数。这项研究强调了 RABCO-AODV-RP 的潜力,它是延长 FANET 运行寿命和确保苛刻环境中可靠通信的一种有前途的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Assisted Clustering Nodular Framework for Optimal Packet Routing and Scaling 用于优化数据包路由和扩展的车载 Ad Hoc 网络辅助聚类节点框架
Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.22247/ijcna/2024/224437
V. M. Niaz Ahamed, K. Sivaraman
– Wireless communication between moving cars and stationary structures is made possible by Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). The goal is to communicate traffic data so that accidents can be avoided and resources can be used most effectively in current traffic conditions. There are several methods for enhancing VANETs' communicative efficacy; one is clustering in-vehicle networks. One CH assigned to each cluster and is in charge of the cluster as a whole. The CHs are responsible for all communications, both those between clusters and those within a single cluster. Vehicles in this study are organized into groups called clusters and information is relayed from one CH to another. Several different routing algorithms may be used to send data from one vehicle to another to improve the network's performance as a whole. Many reliable and safe routing systems for VANETs have been presented in the past decade. These protocols have several drawbacks, including their complexity, inability to scale to extensive networks, increased transportation costs, etc. Several bio-inspired strategies for optimal packet routing among vehicle nodes have been proposed to overcome these restrictions. Hence, this paper presents the efficient optimization of vehicular ad hoc networks assisted by a clustering nodular [EO-CN] framework to solve the abovementioned issues. The proposed method drastically reduced network overhead in settings with varying densities of nodes. Numerous experiments were conducted with various parameters, including cluster size, network area, node density, and transmission distance. These findings demonstrated that [EO-CN] performed better than competing approaches.
- 通过车载 Ad Hoc 网络(VANET),行驶中的汽车和固定建筑物之间可以进行无线通信。其目标是通信交通数据,从而避免事故,并在当前交通条件下最有效地利用资源。有几种方法可以提高 VANET 的通信效率,其中一种是对车载网络进行聚类。每个集群分配一个 CH,负责整个集群。CH负责所有通信,包括集群之间的通信和单个集群内部的通信。本研究中的车辆被组织成称为簇的群组,信息从一个 CH 中转到另一个 CH。可以使用几种不同的路由算法将数据从一辆车发送到另一辆车,以提高网络的整体性能。在过去的十年中,出现了许多可靠、安全的 VANET 路由系统。这些协议有几个缺点,包括复杂性、无法扩展到广泛的网络、运输成本增加等。为了克服这些限制,人们提出了几种生物启发策略来优化车辆节点间的数据包路由。因此,本文提出了由聚类节点[EO-CN]框架辅助的车载 ad hoc 网络高效优化方法,以解决上述问题。在节点密度不同的情况下,所提出的方法大大降低了网络开销。实验中使用了各种参数,包括簇大小、网络区域、节点密度和传输距离。这些研究结果表明,[EO-CN] 的性能优于其他竞争方法。
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引用次数: 0
Localization and Deployment Considerations into Quality of Service Optimization for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks 高能效无线传感器网络服务质量优化中的定位和部署考虑因素
Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.22247/ijcna/2024/224438
Jeya Rani D., Nagarajan Munusamy
– Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been more popular for a wide range of applications due to research ability to monitor and gather data from a variety of situations. However, it remains challenging to achieve Quality of Service (QoS) while maintaining energy efficiency. In the context of QoS optimization for energy-efficient WSNs, this study investigates the crucial issues of localization and deployment concerns. Localization the precise positions of sensor nodes are crucial for effective data fusion and routing algorithms that rely on localization. This study compares and contrasts several localization methods, including range-based and range-free approaches, and explains benefits and drawbacks. The study also investigates the effects on QoS and energy savings of various deployment strategies, including optimizing node location, boosting coverage, and increasing node density. The goal of this research is to find out how to optimize QoS in low-power wireless networks by including latency, throughput, and stability, among other quality of service characteristics, into the design of routing algorithms. Current routing protocols, like Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), are assessed for ability to optimize quality of service while minimizing energy consumption. In addition, this study explores several approaches that might help enhance QoS while reducing energy consumption, such as energy-aware routing, adaptive duty cycling, and data aggregation methods. By thoroughly examining and evaluating localization algorithms, deployment concerns, and routing protocols, this study offers practical and theoretical insights for researchers and practitioners aiming to optimize quality of service in energy-efficient WSNs. Useful and dependable WSN deployments in a wide variety of domains possible with the help of the presented results and suggestions.
- 无线传感器网络(WSN)具有监测和收集各种情况下数据的研究能力,因此在广泛的应用中越来越受欢迎。然而,在保持能源效率的同时实现服务质量(QoS)仍然是一项挑战。针对高能效 WSN 的 QoS 优化,本研究探讨了定位和部署方面的关键问题。定位传感器节点的精确位置对于依赖于定位的有效数据融合和路由算法至关重要。本研究比较和对比了几种定位方法,包括基于测距的方法和无测距方法,并解释了其优点和缺点。本研究还调查了各种部署策略对 QoS 和节能的影响,包括优化节点位置、提高覆盖率和增加节点密度。这项研究的目标是找出如何在低功耗无线网络中优化 QoS,将延迟、吞吐量和稳定性等服务质量特性纳入路由算法的设计中。目前的路由协议,如低能耗自适应聚类层次(LEACH),在优化服务质量的同时最大限度地降低能耗的能力得到了评估。此外,本研究还探讨了几种有助于在降低能耗的同时提高服务质量的方法,如能量感知路由、自适应占空比和数据聚合方法。通过全面检查和评估定位算法、部署问题和路由协议,本研究为旨在优化高能效 WSN 服务质量的研究人员和从业人员提供了实用的理论见解。在这些成果和建议的帮助下,在各种领域部署有用、可靠的 WSN 将成为可能。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing Virtual Machines Placement in a Heterogeneous Cloud Data Center System 优化异构云数据中心系统中的虚拟机部署
Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.22247/ijcna/2024/224431
Aristide Ndayikengurukiye, Abderrahmane Ez-Zahout, F. Omary
– In a cloud computing environment, good resource management remains a major challenge for its good operation. Implementing virtual machine placement (VMP) on physical machines helps to achieve various objectives, such as resource allocation, load balancing, energy consumption, and quality of service. VMP (virtual machine placement) in the cloud is critical, so it's important to audit its implementation. It must take into account the resources of the physical server, including CPU, RAM, and storage. In this paper, a metaheuristic algorithm based on the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) method is used to optimize the placement of virtual machines in a cloud environment, effectively minimizing the number of active virtual machines used to host virtual servers. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, called Grey Wolf Optimization for Virtual Machine Placement (GWOVMP). The method reduces power consumption by 20.99 and resource wastage by 1.80 compared with existing algorithms.
- 在云计算环境中,良好的资源管理仍然是云计算良好运行的一大挑战。在物理机上实施虚拟机放置(VMP)有助于实现各种目标,如资源分配、负载平衡、能源消耗和服务质量。云中的 VMP(虚拟机放置)至关重要,因此对其实施情况进行审核非常重要。它必须考虑到物理服务器的资源,包括 CPU、内存和存储。本文采用了一种基于灰狼优化(GWO)方法的元启发式算法来优化云环境中的虚拟机放置,从而有效地将用于托管虚拟服务器的活动虚拟机数量降至最低。实验结果证明了所提出的名为 "灰狼优化虚拟机放置(GWOVMP)"方法的有效性。与现有算法相比,该方法减少了 20.99% 的功耗和 1.80% 的资源浪费。
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引用次数: 0
TriChain: Kangaroo-Based Intrusion Detection for Secure Multipath Route Discovery and Route Maintenance in MANET Using Advanced Routing Protocol TriChain:基于袋鼠的入侵检测,使用高级路由协议实现城域网中的安全多路径路由发现和路由维护
Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.22247/ijcna/2024/224436
J. A. Rathod, Manjunath Kotari
– Several practical applications are combined in a new paradigm known as 5G-based mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) with cloud. Numerous existing works perform trust assessment, intrusion detection, and route discovery to improve secure data transmission in MANET. Route maintenance was not carried out in several of the existing works, and the absence of enumerating link status and node reliability during route maintenance results in link failure and increases packet loss. By considering the existing issues, a novel Kangaroo-based intrusion detection system was proposed to eliminate malicious nodes from the network using Bidirectional-Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM). This increases data transmission security. For graphical user authentication, encryption based on ASCII values of the Reflection tree (E-ART algorithm) is employed. In this paper, a divide well merge algorithm was implemented, which is a better approach for hierarchical clustering. This method consists of two phases: a Division and Merging phase. The effective route identification and route maintenance in MANET are implemented by using an Advanced Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Protocol (Advanced AODV), which discovers the route using the Fire Hawk Optimization Algorithm (FHO) to obtain optimal multipath by contemplating trust, node connectivity, throughput, node degree, bandwidth, energy and distance where this protocol offers loop-free operation and enhance its scalability to numerous numbers of terminals. In this way, route discovery and route maintenance are established to enhance secure data transmission, thereby reducing packet loss. The modified blockchain called TriChain is proposed for enhancing data transmission security. For the Proof of Work based on Reputation (PoWR) consensus algorithm is used to reduce transaction confirmation latency and block creation time thereby increasing security. In this way, route discovery and route maintenance are established to enhance secure data transmission thereby reducing packet loss. The proposed work is evaluated using detection rate, energy consumption, packet delivery rate, throughput, authentication rate and delay.
- 基于 5G 的移动特设网络(MANET)与云技术的新模式结合了多种实际应用。现有的许多研究都在进行信任评估、入侵检测和路由发现,以提高城域网数据传输的安全性。现有的几项研究都没有进行路由维护,而且在路由维护过程中没有枚举链路状态和节点可靠性,导致链路故障和数据包丢失增加。考虑到现有问题,我们提出了一种基于袋鼠的新型入侵检测系统,利用双向长短期记忆(Bi-LSTM)消除网络中的恶意节点。这提高了数据传输的安全性。在图形用户认证方面,采用了基于反射树 ASCII 值的加密算法(E-ART 算法)。本文采用了一种分好合并算法,这是一种较好的分层聚类方法。这种方法包括两个阶段:划分和合并阶段。城域网中有效的路由识别和路由维护是通过使用高级按需分布式距离矢量协议(Advanced Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Protocol,Advanced AODV)实现的,该协议使用火鹰优化算法(Fire Hawk Optimization Algorithm,FHO)发现路由,通过考虑信任度、节点连接性、吞吐量、节点等级、带宽、能量和距离等因素获得最佳多路径,该协议提供无环路运行,并增强其对大量终端的可扩展性。通过这种方式,可以建立路由发现和路由维护,以加强数据传输的安全性,从而减少数据包丢失。为提高数据传输的安全性,提出了名为 TriChain 的改进型区块链。基于信誉的工作量证明(PoWR)共识算法用于减少交易确认延迟和区块创建时间,从而提高安全性。通过这种方式,建立了路由发现和路由维护,以增强数据传输的安全性,从而减少数据包丢失。利用检测率、能耗、数据包交付率、吞吐量、认证率和延迟对所提出的工作进行了评估。
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引用次数: 0
Expedient Intrusion Detection System in MANET Using Robust Dragonfly-Optimized Enhanced Naive Bayes (RDO-ENB) 城域网中的快速入侵检测系统--使用稳健的蜻蜓优化增强型奈维贝叶斯(RDO-ENB)
Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.22247/ijcna/2024/224435
M. Sasikumar, K. Rohini
– Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANETs) represent dynamic, self-configuring network environments that provide flexible connectivity but are highly susceptible to security threats. Intrusion detection systems in MANETs need to continuously monitor network traffic for potential intrusions and anomalies. This constant monitoring can be energy-intensive, requiring network nodes to process, analyze, and transmit data. Excessive energy consumption by IDS can deplete node batteries quickly, leading to network disruptions. This research focuses on developing and evaluating an efficient IDS proposed for MANETs called Robust Dragonfly-Optimized Naive Bayes (RDO-ENB). RDO-ENB operates by fusing the simplicity and efficiency of the Enhanced Naive Bayes algorithm with the adaptive capabilities of robust Dragonfly Optimization. This synergy enables RDO-ENB to continuously and dynamically adjust its internal parameters, optimizing its intrusion detection performance in real time. It enhances accuracy and reduces false positives, making it proficient in identifying and mitigating intrusions within the complex and ever-evolving environment of MANETs. The dataset employed for evaluation is NSL-KDD, a widely used dataset for intrusion detection. The results of the IDS implementation demonstrate its proficiency in accurately identifying and mitigating intrusions while minimizing false positives and conserving valuable energy resources.
- 移动 Ad hoc 网络(MANET)是一种动态的、可自我配置的网络环境,可提供灵活的连接,但极易受到安全威胁。城域网中的入侵检测系统需要持续监控网络流量,以发现潜在的入侵和异常情况。这种持续监控可能是能源密集型的,需要网络节点处理、分析和传输数据。IDS 的能耗过高会迅速耗尽节点电池,导致网络中断。本研究的重点是开发和评估一种适用于城域网的高效 IDS,名为 "强力蜻蜓优化奈何贝叶斯"(RDO-ENB)。RDO-ENB 融合了增强型 Naive Bayes 算法的简单性和高效性,以及稳健蜻蜓优化的自适应能力。这种协同作用使 RDO-ENB 能够持续、动态地调整其内部参数,实时优化其入侵检测性能。它提高了准确性,减少了误报,使其能够在复杂且不断变化的城域网环境中熟练地识别和缓解入侵。用于评估的数据集是 NSL-KDD,这是一个广泛用于入侵检测的数据集。入侵检测系统的实施结果表明,该系统能够准确识别和缓解入侵,同时最大限度地减少误报,节约宝贵的能源资源。
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引用次数: 0
ANFIS-RSOA Approach for Detecting and Preventing Network Layer Attacks in MANET 用于检测和预防城域网网络层攻击的 ANFIS-RSOA 方法
Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.22247/ijcna/2023/223693
S. N, Rajesh. A, K. S. Archana
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引用次数: 0
A Load Balancing Aware Task Scheduling using Hybrid Firefly Salp Swarm Algorithm in Cloud Computing 在云计算中使用混合萤火虫萨尔普蜂群算法进行负载平衡感知任务调度
Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.22247/ijcna/2023/223686
Pankaj Jain, Sanjay Kumar Sharma
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引用次数: 0
Assessing a Real-time Adaptive Traffic Route Based on Ranking Software Defined Networking (SDN) Cluster of Controllers in a Datacenter 评估基于数据中心控制器软件定义网络 (SDN) 集群排名的实时自适应流量路由
Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.22247/ijcna/2023/223684
Omar M. Mohamed, Tarek M. Mahmoud, Abdelmgeid A. Ali
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications
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