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Polylactide Used as Filment in 3d Printing – Part 2: TG-DTG, DSC and DRIFT investigations 在 3D 打印中用作滤料的聚乳酸 - 第 2 部分:TG-DTG、DSC 和 DRIFT 研究
Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2023.7.4.41
B. Grabowska, Mateusz Skowron, K. Kaczmarska
A series of structural and thermal analysis research (TG-DTG, DSC, DRIFT) were performed for the samples of polylactide (PLA), which is commonly used in additive technologies as a structural material. In total four materials were considered, including two containing dyes with different colors, a material made of PLA recyclate and a graphene-modified PLA material. It was noted that PLA material reinforced with graphene phase (GRAFYLON®) retains the best thermal properties (TG-DTG), which results in wider possibilities of its processing, including further modification and usability in manufacturing vehicle structural elements. Recycled PLA material (ALFA+W) was characterized by a higher melting point (Tp) by more than 20oC than other samples (DSC analysis), so it can be more useful in the production of structural elements operating, as well as used at elevated temperatures.
我们对聚乳酸(PLA)样品进行了一系列结构和热分析研究(TG-DTG、DSC、DRIFT),聚乳酸是添加剂技术中常用的结构材料。总共考虑了四种材料,包括两种含有不同颜色染料的材料、一种由聚乳酸回收料制成的材料和一种石墨烯改性聚乳酸材料。结果表明,使用石墨烯相增强的聚乳酸材料(GRAFYLON®)保持了最佳的热性能(TG-DTG),这为其加工提供了更广泛的可能性,包括在制造车辆结构件时的进一步改性和可用性。回收聚乳酸材料(ALFA+W)的特点是熔点(Tp)比其他样品高 20 摄氏度以上(DSC 分析),因此在生产高温下运行和使用的结构件时更有用。
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引用次数: 0
Ecological Electroplating Baths and Their Application in the Tin-coating of Copper Wires Intended for Photovoltaic Cables 生态电镀槽及其在光伏电缆铜线镀锡中的应用
Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2023.7.3.31
Aleksander Olędzki, Tadeusz Knych, M. Zasadzińska
Copper wires are covered with various coatings for many different applications. The most popular are tin based coatings and both their thickness and quality have been standardized by means of appropriate standard specifications. Copper wires intended for photovoltaic cables are subjected to especially high requirements due to their exceptionally long operating time and extremely unfavourable working conditions. Tin coatings are applied using the electroplating method and generally a fluoroborate bath is used during the process, however, it has been proved to be a health hazard in general and harmful to the environment as a whole. The paper presents the research results of a new ecological methane-sulfonate bath which does not form hazardous waste in the process. The examples of tin coatings of various thickness and the way of obtaining them at varying electrodeposition speeds at constant current or constant speed with varying current intensity were analysed. It has been determined that the use of the new electroplating bath is not only beneficial from an ecological point of view, but also in terms of the coating quality and efficiency of the process.
铜线有多种不同的镀层,用于多种不同的用途。最常用的是锡基镀层,其厚度和质量都已通过相应的标准规范进行了标准化。用于光伏电缆的铜线由于工作时间特别长,工作条件极其恶劣,因此要求特别高。锡镀层采用电镀法,通常在电镀过程中使用氟硼酸盐镀液,但事实证明氟硼酸盐镀液一般会危害健康,而且对整个环境有害。本文介绍了一种新型生态甲烷-磺酸盐镀液的研究成果,这种镀液在加工过程中不会产生有害废物。论文分析了不同厚度锡涂层的实例,以及在恒定电流下以不同的电沉积速度或恒定速度下以不同的电流强度获得这些涂层的方法。结果表明,使用新的电镀液不仅有利于生态环境,还能提高镀层质量和工艺效率。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Cavitation Phenomenon on the Quality of High-Pressure Aluminium Alloy Castings 气蚀现象对高压铝合金铸件质量的影响
Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2023.7.3.27
M. Brzeziński, Jakub Wiśniowski
This article presents an analysis of the effect of cavitation on the erosion of pressure moulds intended for the HPDC casting mould manufacturing process. Changes in the surface area of the eroded areas were investigated via photographs of castings at the beginning of the mould life as well as at 30%. The individual process variables were described and their influence verified via the cavitation potential module of the Flow3D simulation programme. The results are presented graphically with a description of the relationships and observations. The summary provides an explanation of the results and the dependencies that occurred.
本文分析了气蚀对用于高密度直流铸造结晶器制造工艺的压力结晶器侵蚀的影响。通过对模具寿命初期和 30% 时的铸件进行拍照,研究了侵蚀区域表面积的变化。通过 Flow3D 仿真程序的空化潜能模块,对各个工艺变量进行了描述,并验证了它们的影响。结果以图表形式呈现,并附有关系描述和观察结果。摘要对结果和相关性进行了解释。
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引用次数: 0
An Analysis of the Prospects of the Use of Magnetic Water Treatment in Foundry Engineering 铸造工程中使用磁性水处理技术的前景分析
Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2023.7.2.22
Leonid Dan, L. Trofimova
Scientists are currently focused on creating technologies that produce positive results without affecting the environment. One such technology is magnetic water treatment. In this paper, an analytical review of publications devoted to the application of magnetic treatment of water in various branches of engineering, agriculture, and medicine is carried out. Current views on the structure of water molecules, as well as the theories explaining the influence of the magnetic treatment of water on its properties, are reviewed. The results of studies of the influence of water treated by a magnetic field on the properties of molding sand are analyzed, including those in which the authors of the article took part. It is shown that the magnetic treatment of still water can increase the green strength of the molding sand containing this water from 0.035 to 0.052 MPa, and that of water in motion to 0.075 MPa. Thanks to this, the amount of binder in the molding sand can be reduced. It is concluded that the use of magnetically treated water in foundries is promising.
科学家们目前正致力于创造既能产生积极效果,又不影响环境的技术。磁性水处理技术就是其中之一。本文对工程、农业和医学等不同领域应用磁性水处理技术的出版物进行了分析综述。本文回顾了当前关于水分子结构的观点,以及解释水的磁处理对其特性影响的理论。分析了磁场处理水对成型砂特性影响的研究结果,包括文章作者参与的研究结果。研究结果表明,对静止的水进行磁处理后,可将含有这种水的成型砂的生坯强度从 0.035 兆帕提高到 0.052 兆帕,将运动中的水的生坯强度提高到 0.075 兆帕。因此,成型砂中的粘合剂用量可以减少。因此,在铸造厂使用磁处理水是很有前景的。
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引用次数: 0
Research on New Al-Ag-Mo Alloys Dedicated to Wire Applications in Overhead Power Lines 架空电力线专用新型Al-Ag-Mo合金的研究
Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2023.7.1.9
J. Grzebinoga, A. Mamala, W. Ściężor, R. Kowal
The latest research work in the field of electric power systems focuses on the development of new wire materials which will allow the increase of the transmission capacity of power lines currently in use. The reason for this research was the often limited possibilities of continuous and failure-free transmission of electricity. In this paper, the authors present research on a new aluminium-based alloy dedicated for use as a conductive braid in the HTLS cable group. There are many technical solutions for this group of cables on the market, although they are solutions with a number of disadvantages, ranging from their high price, various operational shortcomings, complicated installation techniques, and ending with the risk of monopolistic practices, which is related to the inability to attract several competitive suppliers. The main aim of the research was to develop a new alloy based on aluminium with the addition of silver and molybdenum dedicated for use in special overhead power cables. Experimental research on new materials focused on obtaining the necessary knowledge to produce an overhead wire from these alloys with higher current carrying capacity in relation to the currently used conventional wire materials based on aluminium.
电力系统领域的最新研究工作集中在开发新的电线材料,以增加目前使用的电力线的传输容量。进行这项研究的原因是电力连续和无故障传输的可能性通常有限。本文介绍了一种专用于HTLS电缆组导电编织的新型铝基合金。市场上有许多针对这组电缆的技术解决方案,尽管这些解决方案具有许多缺点,包括价格高,各种操作缺点,复杂的安装技术,以及最终存在垄断行为的风险,这与无法吸引几个有竞争力的供应商有关。这项研究的主要目的是开发一种新的合金,以铝为基础,添加银和钼,专用于特殊架空电力电缆。对新材料的实验研究集中在获取必要的知识,以生产与目前使用的基于铝的传统电线材料相比具有更高载流能力的架空电线。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Particle Size of a Powder upon the Properties and Microstructure of Boron-modified Fe-Ni-Mo-Cu Sinters 粉末粒度对硼改性Fe-Ni-Mo-Cu烧结矿性能和微观结构的影响
Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2023.7.1.1
M. Perek-Nowak, Magdalena Majchrowska, J. Karwan-Baczewska, M. Rosso
The article discusses the effect of different particle fractions of prealloyed iron powder on the microstructure, density and hardness of sintered material. Each particle fraction (apart from 160–200 µm, which is a trace fraction) was modified with boron, its contents being, respectively, 0.2 wt.%, 0.4 wt.% and 0.6 wt.%. Next, the powder mixtures were pressed under a pressure of 600 MPa, and the final compacts were subject to sintering at 1200°C for 60 min in a hydrogen atmosphere. It was observed that the higher values of density and hardness were found in samples made from finer fractions of powder. A higher homogeneity of the microstructure and the highest degree of compactness was obtained in sinters from powder of 40–56 µm particle size, with 0.4 wt.% boron. Due to the use of small particle fractions of prealloyed powder, a higher degree of compactness in sinters was obtained with lower boron content. Also indicated was which particle fraction of Fe-Ni-Mo-Cu powder should be applied to obtain density in sinters with boron addition equal to almost 100% of the relative density of the analyzed alloy. The presented studies have both scientific and technological aspects. 
本文讨论了预合金铁粉不同粒度对烧结材料显微组织、密度和硬度的影响。除160 ~ 200µm为微量组分外,各颗粒组分均用硼改性,其含量分别为0.2 wt.%、0.4 wt.%和0.6 wt.%。接下来,将粉末混合物在600 MPa的压力下进行压制,并在氢气气氛中在1200℃下烧结60 min。我们观察到,在由细粉制成的样品中,密度和硬度值较高。在40-56 μ m的粉末中,硼含量为0.4 wt.%,烧结体的微观结构均匀性较高,致密度最高。由于使用了小颗粒的预合金化粉末,在硼含量较低的情况下,烧结矿的致密程度较高。还指出了在烧结矿中加入硼后,应采用Fe-Ni-Mo-Cu粉末的哪个颗粒分数来获得几乎等于所分析合金相对密度100%的密度。提出的研究既有科学方面的,也有技术方面的。
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引用次数: 0
The Formation, Properties and Use of Dispersed Iron-Graphite Metallurgical Waste 分散铁石墨冶金废料的形成、性质及利用
Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2022.6.4.81
Leonid Dan, V. Maslov, L. Trofimova, G. Cios
Dispersed wastes containing graphite, iron, and its oxides, getting into the air and accumulating in landfills, cause serious harm to human health and the environment. Moreover, even if the issue of the localization of these wastes has been solved successfully, their disposal has not yet been fully organized. In the present study, a systematic analysis of the dispersed iron-graphite waste (IGW) conditions for the formation at metallurgical enterprises, their structure, and their properties were carried out. In this case, special attention is focused on the electrophysical properties: specific saturation magnetization and volume resistivity. The presence of magnetic properties in IGW, combined with low electrical resistivity, makes IGW a promising and inexpensive raw material for obtaining cheap composite materials with radio shielding and radio absorbing properties in the microwave range. As a result of the research, effective ways of improving the magnetic properties of IGW by high-temperature treatment were obtained. The practical result of the research was the development and implementation of a technological scheme of dispersed IGW complex processing, which makes it possible to solve a twofold task – to exclude the ingress of iron-graphite wastes into the environment and to obtain a cheap material for protection against microwave radiation.
含有石墨、铁及其氧化物的分散废物进入空气中并在垃圾填埋场堆积,对人体健康和环境造成严重危害。此外,即使成功地解决了这些废物的地方化问题,它们的处置也尚未得到充分安排。本文系统分析了冶金企业中分散铁石墨废弃物(IGW)的形成条件、结构和性质。在这种情况下,特别关注的是电物理性质:比饱和磁化和体积电阻率。IGW中磁性能的存在,加上低电阻率,使IGW成为一种有前途的廉价原料,可以在微波范围内获得具有无线电屏蔽和无线电吸收性能的廉价复合材料。研究得出了通过高温处理提高IGW磁性能的有效途径。该研究的实际结果是开发和实施了一种分散的IGW复合处理技术方案,这使得解决双重任务成为可能-排除铁石墨废物进入环境并获得一种廉价的材料来防止微波辐射。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of Ladle Tilting Speed for Preventing Temperature Drops in the Die Casting Process 为防止压铸过程中温度下降而优化钢包倾斜速度
Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2022.6.4.69
Haru Ando, Daichi Minamide, Yuto Takagi, K. Yano, N. Nakamura, M. Sano, Takahiro Aoki, Yasunori Nemoto
In die casting, molten metal poured into a shot sleeve is pressed into a mold by a plunger at high speed. The temperature of the metal drops significantly while it is being poured from the ladle to the shot sleeve, resulting in casting defects such as misrun flow lines. Although it is important to control the temperature at all stages of the process, a method for minimizing temperature loss has not yet been clarified to date. In this study, the cause of the temperature drop in the shot sleeve was clarified, and a method of optimizing the ladle tilting speed was proposed to prevent temperature drop. First, experiments were conducted to measure the decrease in metal temperature in the sleeve during pouring. These experiments revealed that the metal cools significantly from the moment it touches the shot sleeve. Therefore, the time from the first contact between the shot sleeve and the metal to the start of pouring was set as the objective function. A genetic algorithm was then used to derive the optimal ladle tilting speed pattern to suppress the temperature drop. This analysis confirmed that the metal was poured without flowing out or running ahead and that the immediate liquid level vibration after pouring was suppressed, thus ensuring stable pouring.
在压铸工艺中,熔化的金属被浇铸到弹丸套中,通过柱塞高速压入模具。金属在从钢包浇注到抛丸套的过程中,温度明显下降,造成流线失行等铸造缺陷。尽管在工艺的各个阶段控制温度是很重要的,但迄今为止还没有一种最小化温度损失的方法。本研究明确了钢包内温度下降的原因,提出了优化钢包倾斜速度以防止温度下降的方法。首先,对浇注过程中套筒内金属温度的下降进行了实验测量。这些实验表明,金属从接触弹丸套的那一刻起就明显冷却。因此,设定从射丸套与金属第一次接触到浇注开始的时间作为目标函数。然后利用遗传算法推导出抑制温度下降的最佳钢包倾斜速度模式。通过分析,证实了浇注过程中金属既没有流出,也没有向前跑,并且抑制了浇注后的即时液位振动,保证了浇注的稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
The Optimization of a Numerical Steel Foundry Simulation Through a Characterization of the Thermal Properties of the Materials 通过表征材料的热性能来优化数值铸钢模拟
Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2022.6.4.76
Morgan Souêtre, Alexis Vaucheret, P. Jacquet, J. Carton
In many foundries, numerical simulation is used to determine the origins of different defects as this tool allows the acceleration of the design process. However, the databases provided by different software do not seem to tally with the actual properties of the material. In fact, every foundry uses a different grade of steel and varying mixtures of sand. An evaluation of the impact of different material properties showed the importance of measuring every physical property to improve the database of the software. Following this, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the gap between numerical simulations and the results obtained through experimentation. This experiment, called thermal analysis, consists in measuring the solidification and cooling of a cylinder filled with liquid steel. After the calculation of the steel properties and a simulation with real experimental parameters, a comparison between each cooling curve was realized. This comparison shows that the calculated properties provide a simulated cooling curve which is closer to the experimental curve than the properties in the original database. We did not explore all of the metal properties in this study, but the modification of the sand properties was explored, together with the thermal conductivity of the steel and sand. These other measurements will be obtained in a future study.
在许多铸造厂,数值模拟被用来确定不同缺陷的起源,因为这个工具允许加速设计过程。然而,不同软件提供的数据库似乎并不符合材料的实际特性。事实上,每个铸造厂都使用不同等级的钢和不同混合的砂。对不同材料性能的影响进行了评估,表明了测量每种物理性能对改进软件数据库的重要性。在此基础上,对数值模拟结果与实验结果之间的差距进行了评价。这个实验叫做热分析,是测量一个装满钢液的圆柱体的凝固和冷却过程。通过钢的性能计算和真实实验参数的模拟,实现了各冷却曲线之间的对比。结果表明,计算得到的冷却曲线比原始数据库中的冷却曲线更接近实验曲线。我们在这项研究中没有探索所有的金属性能,但我们探索了砂子性能的改变,以及钢和砂子的导热性。这些其他测量将在未来的研究中获得。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of High Silicon and Molybdenum Content on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Gray Cast Iron 高硅钼含量对灰口铸铁力学性能和组织的影响
Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2022.6.3.64
Łukasz Dyrlaga, D. Kopyciński, E. Guzik, G. Soból, Dariusz Borak
This paper presents an overview of the current knowledge concerning SiMo ductile cast iron begins by describing the standard type of ductile cast iron before proceding to description of its microstructures. The paper then presents its chemical composition and the significant influence of individual elements on technological and mechanical properties. The research section focuses the influence of the addition of Si and Mo to the matrix of gray iron. After casting, stepped samples were carried out on the microstructure along with UTS tensile strength tests. The research presented in the article is a preliminary step towards the goal of obtaining a stable production process for silico-molybdenum cast iron.
本文概述了目前关于SiMo球墨铸铁的知识,首先描述了球墨铸铁的标准类型,然后再描述其显微组织。然后介绍了其化学组成及各元素对工艺性能和力学性能的显著影响。重点研究了在灰铸铁基体中添加Si和Mo的影响。铸造后进行阶梯试样的显微组织和UTS抗拉强度测试。本文的研究是朝着获得稳定的硅钼铸铁生产工艺的目标迈出的初步步骤。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering
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