Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3655
Callum Eastwood, Benjamin Marmont, David Silva-Villacorta, Zack Dorner, Elena Minnee, Mark Neal
Various approaches have been proposed to reduce methane emissions from ruminant livestock systems. While methane-inhibiting feed-additives are not yet commercially available in New Zealand, it has been reported that they can reduce enteric methane emissions by 30-90% when fed to ruminant livestock regularly and precisely in total mixed ration systems. This study aims to determine the primary economic performance drivers of using In-Paddock Smart-Feeders (IPSF) for delivering methane inhibitors in pasture-based dairy to understand the conditions in which they are viable. A farm-level financial model is developed, drawing on the Economic Farm Survey produced by DairyNZ. Both a scenario and sensitivity analysis are conducted on the cost-effectiveness of the approach for methane mitigation. The main finding is that the largest cost associated with the approach is the cost of additionalsupplement, which would acts as a carrier for the methane inhibitor. Therefore, the quantity of additional supplement used prior to adoption is a key determinant of viability. There is a large range in breakeven methane prices depending on the value of assumptionsused. More certainty in these assumptions is required to fully understand the potential use of IPSFs to deliver methane-inhibiting feed-additives in-paddock.
{"title":"Farm-level cost-effectiveness analysis of in-paddock feeding of methane inhibitors in pasture-based dairy","authors":"Callum Eastwood, Benjamin Marmont, David Silva-Villacorta, Zack Dorner, Elena Minnee, Mark Neal","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3655","url":null,"abstract":"Various approaches have been proposed to reduce methane emissions from ruminant livestock systems. While methane-inhibiting feed-additives are not yet commercially available in New Zealand, it has been reported that they can reduce enteric methane emissions by 30-90% when fed to ruminant livestock regularly and precisely in total mixed ration systems. This study aims to determine the primary economic performance drivers of using In-Paddock Smart-Feeders (IPSF) for delivering methane inhibitors in pasture-based dairy to understand the conditions in which they are viable. A farm-level financial model is developed, drawing on the Economic Farm Survey produced by DairyNZ. Both a scenario and sensitivity analysis are conducted on the cost-effectiveness of the approach for methane mitigation. The main finding is that the largest cost associated with the approach is the cost of additionalsupplement, which would acts as a carrier for the methane inhibitor. Therefore, the quantity of additional supplement used prior to adoption is a key determinant of viability. There is a large range in breakeven methane prices depending on the value of assumptionsused. More certainty in these assumptions is required to fully understand the potential use of IPSFs to deliver methane-inhibiting feed-additives in-paddock.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" 1048","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3640
Xiaomeng Lucock, Jim Moir, Diane Ruwhiu
Collectively owned Māori farming entities work much of the remaining Māori freehold land in Aotearoa New Zealand (~5% of total) and the majority of these are registered in the Māori Land Court. The effective and sustainable management of these farms is vital tolandowners (e.g., whānau/hapū/iwi) whose prosperity is dependent on the wealth and strength of connection generated from this land (whenua), which is also a source of wellbeing. There are some distinct features of the institutional factors of Māori farms that impact on how they are managed. For example, because Māori land can never be sold (Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993), realising capital gain is not an option for Māori farmers. Māori farm managers hence focus on cashflow and profit within the farming operations, which can sometimes put pressure on important yet discretionary investment expenditures, such as fertiliser costs (Cottrell 2016). However, as nutrients are taken off farms through animal products, soil fertility management is fundamental to the replenishing of nutrients on farms to maintain productivity and profitability (Haynes and Williams 1993). Consequently, fertiliser costs take up a significant proportion of farm expenditure for most New ealand farms, impacting on their profitability (Hedley 2015). The retention and control of Māori land remains a top priority for Māori land managers, with whom the continuous provision of return through productivity or profitability is seen as essential for landowners (e.g., whānau), and the long-term sustainable managementand delivery of services is largely driven by cultural values. So, where does the balance lie between ongoing provision and potentially discretionary expenditure? The present research set out to explore the nuances behind such a question.
{"title":"Māori cultural values and soil fertility management – an exploratory study","authors":"Xiaomeng Lucock, Jim Moir, Diane Ruwhiu","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3640","url":null,"abstract":"Collectively owned Māori farming entities work much of the remaining Māori freehold land in Aotearoa New Zealand (~5% of total) and the majority of these are registered in the Māori Land Court. The effective and sustainable management of these farms is vital tolandowners (e.g., whānau/hapū/iwi) whose prosperity is dependent on the wealth and strength of connection generated from this land (whenua), which is also a source of wellbeing. There are some distinct features of the institutional factors of Māori farms that impact on how they are managed. For example, because Māori land can never be sold (Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993), realising capital gain is not an option for Māori farmers. Māori farm managers hence focus on cashflow and profit within the farming operations, which can sometimes put pressure on important yet discretionary investment expenditures, such as fertiliser costs (Cottrell 2016). However, as nutrients are taken off farms through animal products, soil fertility management is fundamental to the replenishing of nutrients on farms to maintain productivity and profitability (Haynes and Williams 1993). Consequently, fertiliser costs take up a significant proportion of farm expenditure for most New ealand farms, impacting on their profitability (Hedley 2015). The retention and control of Māori land remains a top priority for Māori land managers, with whom the continuous provision of return through productivity or profitability is seen as essential for landowners (e.g., whānau), and the long-term sustainable managementand delivery of services is largely driven by cultural values. So, where does the balance lie between ongoing provision and potentially discretionary expenditure? The present research set out to explore the nuances behind such a question.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" 998","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135185936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3637
Douglas Edmeades, Robert McBride
Approximately 50% of the world’s population depends on nitrogen (N) fertiliser to secure a sustainable food supply. Improving the efficiency of nitrogen fertiliser – the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) - is a major goal both nationally and internationally, driven by the need to reduce the environmental footprint of farming. One of the technologies developed for this purpose is the addition of the urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT), to urea, to reduce the volatilisation of ammonia from the soil. In this paper we report the results from field trials, recorded in the national and international literature, comparing the effects of nBTPT treated urea, relative to untreated urea, on plant dry matter (DM) yields (cloverbased pasture, grasses and arable crops) from 45 studies summarizing the results on a site × year × crop basis. For the aggregated data (n = 348) the marginal yield results were normally distributed around a mean of about 3% (95% confidence interval 0.9), with a range from -23% to +32%. The results for the various subsets (based on different crop types) of data were very similar. The size of the effect of nBTPT was related to the rate of N application.
{"title":"An assessment of the agronomic effectiveness of N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT) - treated urea on the production of clover-based pastures, pastures, grasses and crops.","authors":"Douglas Edmeades, Robert McBride","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3637","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 50% of the world’s population depends on nitrogen (N) fertiliser to secure a sustainable food supply. Improving the efficiency of nitrogen fertiliser – the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) - is a major goal both nationally and internationally, driven by the need to reduce the environmental footprint of farming. One of the technologies developed for this purpose is the addition of the urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT), to urea, to reduce the volatilisation of ammonia from the soil. In this paper we report the results from field trials, recorded in the national and international literature, comparing the effects of nBTPT treated urea, relative to untreated urea, on plant dry matter (DM) yields (cloverbased pasture, grasses and arable crops) from 45 studies summarizing the results on a site × year × crop basis. For the aggregated data (n = 348) the marginal yield results were normally distributed around a mean of about 3% (95% confidence interval 0.9), with a range from -23% to +32%. The results for the various subsets (based on different crop types) of data were very similar. The size of the effect of nBTPT was related to the rate of N application.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" 997","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135185937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3648
Thomas Maxwell, Hamish Cartwright, James Meyer, Omar Al-Marashdeh
This study investigated liveweight gain of lambs grazing five-year-old pasture of either Italian ryegrass, red clover and plantain (Diversified) or perennial ryegrass and white clover (Standard). Coopworth lambs were born to either diversified or standard pasture and reared there until weaning in December (early summer). Liveweight gain (LWG) from tailing to weaning was 23% higher in lambs on diversified pasture (0.335 kg LWG/lamb/day) compared to those on standard pasture (0.272 kg LWG/lamb/day). From summer to autumn (December to May), liveweight, pasture mass, botanical composition and nutritive quality was measured as weaned lambs progressed through rotationally grazed paddocks of either diversified or standard pasture. Similar lamb liveweight gain betweenpasture types was observed over summer and autumn, with both groups averaging 0.187 kg LWG/lamb/day. From December to May, dry matter intakes (DMI) and feed conversion efficiencies (FCE) were similar between lambs grazing on either diversified or standardpasture. Average final lamb liveweight off diversified pasture was 4.2 kg higher than off standard pasture. The higher pre-weaning liveweight gain and subsequent greater weaning liveweight off diversified pasture was maintained throughout the summer and autumn.
本研究研究了意大利黑麦草、红三叶草和车前草(多样化)或多年生黑麦草和白三叶草(标准)放牧5年的羔羊的活重增加情况。库普沃斯羔羊出生在多样化或标准牧场，并在那里饲养直到12月断奶(初夏)。从尾砂到断奶羔羊的活重增重(0.335 kg LWG/只/d)比标准牧场(0.272 kg LWG/只/d)高23%。从夏季到秋季(12月至5月)，在不同牧场轮牧和标准牧场轮牧期间，测定断奶羔羊的活重、牧草质量、植物组成和营养品质。夏、秋季两种牧草类型羔羊的活重增重相似，两组羔羊平均增重均为0.187 kg /只/天。从12月到5月，放牧在多样化牧场和标准牧场的羔羊干物质采食量(DMI)和饲料转化率(FCE)相似。多样化牧场的羔羊平均末重比标准牧场高4.2 kg。在整个夏秋两季，多样化牧场均保持了较高的断奶前活重增重和随后较高的断奶活重。
{"title":"Five-year old diversified pasture delivers greater lamb liveweight gain than a standard perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture","authors":"Thomas Maxwell, Hamish Cartwright, James Meyer, Omar Al-Marashdeh","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3648","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated liveweight gain of lambs grazing five-year-old pasture of either Italian ryegrass, red clover and plantain (Diversified) or perennial ryegrass and white clover (Standard). Coopworth lambs were born to either diversified or standard pasture and reared there until weaning in December (early summer). Liveweight gain (LWG) from tailing to weaning was 23% higher in lambs on diversified pasture (0.335 kg LWG/lamb/day) compared to those on standard pasture (0.272 kg LWG/lamb/day). From summer to autumn (December to May), liveweight, pasture mass, botanical composition and nutritive quality was measured as weaned lambs progressed through rotationally grazed paddocks of either diversified or standard pasture. Similar lamb liveweight gain betweenpasture types was observed over summer and autumn, with both groups averaging 0.187 kg LWG/lamb/day. From December to May, dry matter intakes (DMI) and feed conversion efficiencies (FCE) were similar between lambs grazing on either diversified or standardpasture. Average final lamb liveweight off diversified pasture was 4.2 kg higher than off standard pasture. The higher pre-weaning liveweight gain and subsequent greater weaning liveweight off diversified pasture was maintained throughout the summer and autumn.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" 592","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135185963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3638
Taisekwa Lordwell Chikazhe, Pierre Beukes, Racheal Bryant, Jacobus Kok, Stewart Ledgard, J.Paul Edwards, Claire Phyn
The aim of this project was to model combinations (“stacks”) of cost-effective nitrogen (N) leaching mitigations within a dairy system that could reduce N leaching by 40-60%, whilst minimising losses in profitability. A FARMAX and OverseerFM combination was used to model a baseline farm representing a typical Canterbury system, and seven sequentially “stacked” mitigated systems. The mitigations were combined and stacked in the following order based on mechanism(s) of action, practicality, and cost-effectiveness: 1) reduced synthetic N fertiliser input (from 190 to 100 kg N/ha/year); 2) including Italian ryegrass in the pasture sward; 3) including plantain in the pasture sward; 4) earlier calving and drying off (by 10 days); 5) wintering on pasture and baleage; 6) standing cows off-pasture;7) using new-generation nitrification inhibitors. The most cost-effective stack combined mitigations 1 to 5. We estimated that N leaching was reduced by 57% relative to baseline, with an 8% reduction in operating profit. Greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 8%. The largest single reduction in N leaching was from stack #5, and it coincided with no/little change in milk production pasture eaten and had no capital cost. A careful selection of complementary mitigations could achieve significant reductions in N leaching without compromising greenhouse gas emissions and, to any great extent, profitability.
{"title":"Stacking nitrogen leaching mitigations in a Canterbury dairy system whilst minimising profitability losses.","authors":"Taisekwa Lordwell Chikazhe, Pierre Beukes, Racheal Bryant, Jacobus Kok, Stewart Ledgard, J.Paul Edwards, Claire Phyn","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3638","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this project was to model combinations (“stacks”) of cost-effective nitrogen (N) leaching mitigations within a dairy system that could reduce N leaching by 40-60%, whilst minimising losses in profitability. A FARMAX and OverseerFM combination was used to model a baseline farm representing a typical Canterbury system, and seven sequentially “stacked” mitigated systems. The mitigations were combined and stacked in the following order based on mechanism(s) of action, practicality, and cost-effectiveness: 1) reduced synthetic N fertiliser input (from 190 to 100 kg N/ha/year); 2) including Italian ryegrass in the pasture sward; 3) including plantain in the pasture sward; 4) earlier calving and drying off (by 10 days); 5) wintering on pasture and baleage; 6) standing cows off-pasture;7) using new-generation nitrification inhibitors. The most cost-effective stack combined mitigations 1 to 5. We estimated that N leaching was reduced by 57% relative to baseline, with an 8% reduction in operating profit. Greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 8%. The largest single reduction in N leaching was from stack #5, and it coincided with no/little change in milk production pasture eaten and had no capital cost. A careful selection of complementary mitigations could achieve significant reductions in N leaching without compromising greenhouse gas emissions and, to any great extent, profitability.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" 589","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135185966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3664
Katrin Gabriela Hewitt, Craig B. Phillips, Rainer W. Hofmann, Olivier J. Ball, Dongwen Luo, Alison J. Popay
interactions between plants, herbivorous insects and fungal Epichloë endophytes. However, water availability fluctuates, a phenomenon intensified by climate change, challenging the success of NewZealand’s pastoral industry. The impacts of climatic changes, such as intensifying drought, on pastoral insect pests have received little attention. In a no-choice bioassay, African black beetle (ABB) were fed semi-synthetic diets containing freeze-dried foliage material from drought-exposed and well-watered perennial ryegrass containing endophyte strains AR37 or NZCT, or with material free of endophyte (Nil). Diet consumption, beetle weight change, fungal alkaloid concentrations, phytohormones, and NRI (nitrogen reflectance index) concentrations were measured and compared. Except for AR37, ABB consumed more diets containing drought-exposed rather than well-watered material, with a 61% increase in Nil and a 50% increase in diets containing NZCT, though these effects were not accompanied by corresponding ABB weight changes. Here, we discuss the implications of these results on ABB damage in New Zealand pastures in the context of increasing drought and illustrate how spatial patterns of ABB damage could change over the next 75 years. Areas that do not currently have high populations of ABB such as Manawatū-Whanganui, Wairarapa and Marlborough will become increasingly vulnerable to damage.
{"title":"Drought impacts African black beetle feeding on perennial ryegrass","authors":"Katrin Gabriela Hewitt, Craig B. Phillips, Rainer W. Hofmann, Olivier J. Ball, Dongwen Luo, Alison J. Popay","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3664","url":null,"abstract":"interactions between plants, herbivorous insects and fungal Epichloë endophytes. However, water availability fluctuates, a phenomenon intensified by climate change, challenging the success of NewZealand’s pastoral industry. The impacts of climatic changes, such as intensifying drought, on pastoral insect pests have received little attention. In a no-choice bioassay, African black beetle (ABB) were fed semi-synthetic diets containing freeze-dried foliage material from drought-exposed and well-watered perennial ryegrass containing endophyte strains AR37 or NZCT, or with material free of endophyte (Nil). Diet consumption, beetle weight change, fungal alkaloid concentrations, phytohormones, and NRI (nitrogen reflectance index) concentrations were measured and compared. Except for AR37, ABB consumed more diets containing drought-exposed rather than well-watered material, with a 61% increase in Nil and a 50% increase in diets containing NZCT, though these effects were not accompanied by corresponding ABB weight changes. Here, we discuss the implications of these results on ABB damage in New Zealand pastures in the context of increasing drought and illustrate how spatial patterns of ABB damage could change over the next 75 years. Areas that do not currently have high populations of ABB such as Manawatū-Whanganui, Wairarapa and Marlborough will become increasingly vulnerable to damage.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" 1039","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3632
Nicole Wheadon, Dawn Dalley, Roshean Woods
Estimating crop quality and quantity is important for feed budgeting and nutritional balancing of diets for winter grazing. Commonly, farmers measure crop dry matter (DM) yield in autumn, but few complete quality tests. We assessed the DM yield and quality oflate spring sown kale and fodder beet (FB) from early autumn to late winter over five years at the Southern Dairy Hub, Southland, New Zealand. Yield and quality parameters were analysed over time since sowing, using polynomial data fitting. We hypothesised thatcrop yields would remain stable during winter grazing, but that the supply of nutrients would vary, driven by a decline in the leaf proportion. Overall, crops showed rapid growth prior to winter but stable yields during winter grazing, but there was year to year variation in apparent growth trends and yields. The proportion of FB bulb increased over winter relative to the total crop yield for all cultivars and years. Fodder beet leaf was numerically higher in multiple nutrient concentrations (crude protein, Ca, Mg, P, S) compared to the bulb. For both crops, nutrients had only small fluctuations in concentration over time. Completing yield assessments in late autumn would give farmers a useful baseline yield indication for winter. Crop quality tests are recommended to identify any nutritional deficiencies that need addressing to ensure good animal health and performance.
{"title":"Variation in kale and fodder beet yield and quality over winter affects nutrient supply to non-lactating dairy cows at the Southern Dairy Hub","authors":"Nicole Wheadon, Dawn Dalley, Roshean Woods","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3632","url":null,"abstract":"Estimating crop quality and quantity is important for feed budgeting and nutritional balancing of diets for winter grazing. Commonly, farmers measure crop dry matter (DM) yield in autumn, but few complete quality tests. We assessed the DM yield and quality oflate spring sown kale and fodder beet (FB) from early autumn to late winter over five years at the Southern Dairy Hub, Southland, New Zealand. Yield and quality parameters were analysed over time since sowing, using polynomial data fitting. We hypothesised thatcrop yields would remain stable during winter grazing, but that the supply of nutrients would vary, driven by a decline in the leaf proportion. Overall, crops showed rapid growth prior to winter but stable yields during winter grazing, but there was year to year variation in apparent growth trends and yields. The proportion of FB bulb increased over winter relative to the total crop yield for all cultivars and years. Fodder beet leaf was numerically higher in multiple nutrient concentrations (crude protein, Ca, Mg, P, S) compared to the bulb. For both crops, nutrients had only small fluctuations in concentration over time. Completing yield assessments in late autumn would give farmers a useful baseline yield indication for winter. Crop quality tests are recommended to identify any nutritional deficiencies that need addressing to ensure good animal health and performance.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" 615","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3634
Sam Wilson, Daniel Donaghy, David Horne, Soledad Navarrete, Peter Kemp
TThere is evidence that plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) persistence within perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) dominant dairy pastures is usually poor. One factor potentially limiting plantain content and persistence is treading damage, caused by cows grazingpasture while the soil moisture content is high. The impact of treading damage on plantain regrowth and survival was investigated in two field experiments at Massey University, Palmerston North. In a small-plot study, cow treading damage was simulated on separateplantain and perennial ryegrass pastures using a novel treading device. Subsequently, a larger-scale experiment investigated the impact of treading damage by grazing dairy cows on plantain regrowth and survival within a mixed plantain/perennial ryegrass pasture. Damage by the treading device, in late spring, immediately reduced the growth rate of both plantain and perennial ryegrasspastures by 30%, however neither plantain content nor density were reduced. In experiment 2, treading damage reduced the growth rate of the mixed pasture by 50% in early spring but it recovered during late spring. Plantain content and density were both initially reduced by the treading damage treatment but recovered to pretreading levels by autumn. These results suggest that treading damage from cows may be an important cause of reduced plantain content in dairy pastures during spring, however there was no evidence that treading damage reduced plantain persistence.
{"title":"Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) content within plantain/ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pastures may be limited by livestock treading damage","authors":"Sam Wilson, Daniel Donaghy, David Horne, Soledad Navarrete, Peter Kemp","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3634","url":null,"abstract":"TThere is evidence that plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) persistence within perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) dominant dairy pastures is usually poor. One factor potentially limiting plantain content and persistence is treading damage, caused by cows grazingpasture while the soil moisture content is high. The impact of treading damage on plantain regrowth and survival was investigated in two field experiments at Massey University, Palmerston North. In a small-plot study, cow treading damage was simulated on separateplantain and perennial ryegrass pastures using a novel treading device. Subsequently, a larger-scale experiment investigated the impact of treading damage by grazing dairy cows on plantain regrowth and survival within a mixed plantain/perennial ryegrass pasture. Damage by the treading device, in late spring, immediately reduced the growth rate of both plantain and perennial ryegrasspastures by 30%, however neither plantain content nor density were reduced. In experiment 2, treading damage reduced the growth rate of the mixed pasture by 50% in early spring but it recovered during late spring. Plantain content and density were both initially reduced by the treading damage treatment but recovered to pretreading levels by autumn. These results suggest that treading damage from cows may be an important cause of reduced plantain content in dairy pastures during spring, however there was no evidence that treading damage reduced plantain persistence.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" 610","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this replicated farm system study was to investigate the effect of increasing proportion of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L. cv. Ecotain) in a perennial ryegrass/white clover (RGWC) mixed sward on farm productivity, profitability and environmental footprint over the 2021/22 production season. A total of 108 dairy cows were blocked into nine herds of 12 cows.The herds were randomly allocated into one of three replicated pasture treatments sown with an increasing plantain seed rate: (i) RGWC with nil plantain (PL0); (ii) RGWC+3 kg/ha plantain seed rate (PL3) or (iii) RGWC+6 kg/ha plantain seed rate (PL6). Farmlet milkand pasture production were measured, and data was used to estimate farm profitability and environmental footprint using FARMAX and OverseerEd software, respectively. Increasing plantain seed rate from 3 to 6 kg/ha increased sward content of plantain from24% to 34% of DM in PL3 and PL6, respectively. Pasture production (average 12,988±473 kg DM/ha), total milksolids production (1,356±40 kg/ha) and farm profitability (4,347±354 NZ$/ha) were similar amongst treatments. Compared to PL0, estimated annual nitrogen leaching and nitrous oxide emissions were reduced by 21% and 30%, (P<0.001) and 4.3% and 6.0% (P<0.01) in PL3 and PL6, respectively. Results suggest that incorporation of plantain into dairy systems could be used as a strategy to reduce predictedenvironmental footprint while maintaining profitability. However, these results need to be confirmed over multiple production seasons.
本重复农场系统研究的目的是研究增加车前草(Plantago lanceolata L. cv.)比例的效果。对多年生黑麦草/白三叶草(RGWC)混合草在2021/22生产季节的农业生产力、盈利能力和环境足迹进行了研究。108头奶牛被分成9个畜群，每个畜群12头奶牛。随机将牛群分配到三种重复的牧场处理之一，并增加大车前草的播种率:(i)无大车前草(PL0)的RGWC;(ii) RGWC+3 kg/ha大蕉出苗率(PL3)或(iii) RGWC+6 kg/ha大蕉出苗率(PL6)。测量了Farmlet的牛奶和牧场产量，并分别使用FARMAX和overseed软件估算了农场盈利能力和环境足迹。将大车前草种子率从3 kg/ hm2提高到6 kg/ hm2, PL3和PL6大车前草叶片含量分别从DM的24%提高到34%。不同处理的牧场产量(平均12,988±473 kg DM/ha)、乳固体总产量(1,356±40 kg/ha)和农场盈利能力(4,347±354 NZ$/ha)相似。与PL0相比，估计PL3和PL6的年氮淋失和氧化亚氮排放量分别减少了21%和30% (P<0.001)和4.3%和6.0% (P<0.01)。结果表明，将大蕉纳入乳制品系统可以作为一种策略，在保持盈利的同时减少可预测的环境足迹。然而，这些结果需要在多个生产季节得到证实。
{"title":"Incorporating plantain into ryegrass-white clover mixed sward for an economically and environmentally sustainable dairy system: Year one of a farm system study","authors":"Omar Al-Marashdeh, Gayani Herath, Charissa Thomas, Natalie McMillan, Roshean Woods, Racheal Bryant","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3635","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this replicated farm system study was to investigate the effect of increasing proportion of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L. cv. Ecotain) in a perennial ryegrass/white clover (RGWC) mixed sward on farm productivity, profitability and environmental footprint over the 2021/22 production season. A total of 108 dairy cows were blocked into nine herds of 12 cows.The herds were randomly allocated into one of three replicated pasture treatments sown with an increasing plantain seed rate: (i) RGWC with nil plantain (PL0); (ii) RGWC+3 kg/ha plantain seed rate (PL3) or (iii) RGWC+6 kg/ha plantain seed rate (PL6). Farmlet milkand pasture production were measured, and data was used to estimate farm profitability and environmental footprint using FARMAX and OverseerEd software, respectively. Increasing plantain seed rate from 3 to 6 kg/ha increased sward content of plantain from24% to 34% of DM in PL3 and PL6, respectively. Pasture production (average 12,988±473 kg DM/ha), total milksolids production (1,356±40 kg/ha) and farm profitability (4,347±354 NZ$/ha) were similar amongst treatments. Compared to PL0, estimated annual nitrogen leaching and nitrous oxide emissions were reduced by 21% and 30%, (P<0.001) and 4.3% and 6.0% (P<0.01) in PL3 and PL6, respectively. Results suggest that incorporation of plantain into dairy systems could be used as a strategy to reduce predictedenvironmental footprint while maintaining profitability. However, these results need to be confirmed over multiple production seasons.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" 601","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3651
Sonya Olykan, Annamaria Mills, Richard Lucas, Malcolm Smith, Derrick Moot
Six legume monocultures were established in the Lees Valley, North Canterbury (400 m a.s.l.), which has long cold winters. The stony soils have low pH, high aluminium concentration, and low water holding capacity, which can lead to severe summer soil moisturedeficits. The aim was to identify legumes that would survive and persist in this environment and, therefore, increase the available nitrogen in the pastoral system. Legume populations of 88±12 seedlings/m2 were established and ranged from 45 (sub clover) to 197seedlings/m2 (Caucasian clover). The highest yields were from ‘Pawera’ red clover at 2.5 and 2.9 t DM/ha in Years 2 and 3, ‘Demand’ white clover produced 1.7 and 2.6 t DM/ha, and ‘Endura’ Caucasian 1.8 and 1.7 t DM/ha. ‘Kaituna’ lucerne yields were low at 0.7 and 1.4 t DM/ha. Caucasian clover was the most persistent legume. A visual assessment in Year 5 found Caucasian was the only legume still dominating its plot (69%) with the lowest area of bare ground (11%). ‘Leura’ subterranean and ‘Bolta’ balansa annual clovers survived for four years but accumulated annual yields were low (<1.0 t DM/ha/yr), and the presence of unsown species was high (>50%). While red and white clover provided the highest yields for two years, Caucasian clover was the most persistent species and istherefore a legume recommended for this environment.
{"title":"Yield and persistence of legume monocultures grown in the Lees Valley, South Island High Country","authors":"Sonya Olykan, Annamaria Mills, Richard Lucas, Malcolm Smith, Derrick Moot","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2023.85.3651","url":null,"abstract":"Six legume monocultures were established in the Lees Valley, North Canterbury (400 m a.s.l.), which has long cold winters. The stony soils have low pH, high aluminium concentration, and low water holding capacity, which can lead to severe summer soil moisturedeficits. The aim was to identify legumes that would survive and persist in this environment and, therefore, increase the available nitrogen in the pastoral system. Legume populations of 88±12 seedlings/m2 were established and ranged from 45 (sub clover) to 197seedlings/m2 (Caucasian clover). The highest yields were from ‘Pawera’ red clover at 2.5 and 2.9 t DM/ha in Years 2 and 3, ‘Demand’ white clover produced 1.7 and 2.6 t DM/ha, and ‘Endura’ Caucasian 1.8 and 1.7 t DM/ha. ‘Kaituna’ lucerne yields were low at 0.7 and 1.4 t DM/ha. Caucasian clover was the most persistent legume. A visual assessment in Year 5 found Caucasian was the only legume still dominating its plot (69%) with the lowest area of bare ground (11%). ‘Leura’ subterranean and ‘Bolta’ balansa annual clovers survived for four years but accumulated annual yields were low (<1.0 t DM/ha/yr), and the presence of unsown species was high (>50%). While red and white clover provided the highest yields for two years, Caucasian clover was the most persistent species and istherefore a legume recommended for this environment.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" 1041","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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