Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3526
Janet F Grant
The future of Agriculture in Southland is facing anotherperiod of uncertainty, with the impact of covid19 andits possible long-term effects not fully. However, someindications are available regarding changing foodpatterns, disruptive shipping routes and the logisticsof ‘just in time’ delivery that are being tested, borderrequirements changing and continuing disruptivetechnology changing the way consumers purchaseall forms of consumable goods including food. Thissame uncertainty applies to the rest of New Zealandagriculture. The arable, Dairy, beef, sheep, and deersectors are all trying to work through and prepare forwhat this uncertain future may look like, and how it willshape the future viability of farming enterprises.
{"title":"The future of farming for Southland","authors":"Janet F Grant","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3526","url":null,"abstract":"The future of Agriculture in Southland is facing anotherperiod of uncertainty, with the impact of covid19 andits possible long-term effects not fully. However, someindications are available regarding changing foodpatterns, disruptive shipping routes and the logisticsof ‘just in time’ delivery that are being tested, borderrequirements changing and continuing disruptivetechnology changing the way consumers purchaseall forms of consumable goods including food. Thissame uncertainty applies to the rest of New Zealandagriculture. The arable, Dairy, beef, sheep, and deersectors are all trying to work through and prepare forwhat this uncertain future may look like, and how it willshape the future viability of farming enterprises.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48616226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3516
Malcolm W Smith, D. Moot, R. Lucas, J. Chapman
About half the 4250 ha of Inverary is undevelopedmountain land above 750 m a.s.l. There are 300 haof river flats, where lucerne and winter feed cropsare grown, and 300 ha conventional grass/cloverpastures. Limited areas of clover/plantain and winterfeed crops have been established at ~700 m a.s.l. oneasy rolling country. The 1600 ha of steep country,dominated by browntop, gives low spring and highsummer production that is difficult to manage. In2009, there were no lucerne or legume rich pastures.The legume emphasis increased animal productivitythrough improved lambing and lamb weight sold perewe. Total lamb meat production lifted from 230,113kg in 2009 to 245,039 kg in 2020, despite 1000 fewerewes. The current sheep to cattle ratio is 60:40 with13,000 stock units being wintered. Pre-development,a major shortage of nutritious forage in early springwas compounded by difficulty controlling reproductivegrass in summer and autumn. In 2016, total productionof legume dominant pastures was 40% more than sowngrass/clover pastures with limited nitrogen fertiliser(15 vs. 11 t DM/ha/year). In early spring, legumeshad higher growth rates of conventional grass/cloverpastures (90 vs. 44 kg DM/ha/day), whereas browntopdominant hill pastures grew 10 kg DM/ha/d and 5 tDM/ha/yr.
Inverary的4250公顷土地中，约有一半是海拔750米以上的未开发山地。这里有300公顷的河滩，种植苜蓿和冬季饲料作物，还有300公顷的传统草地/苜蓿。三叶草/车前草和冬饲料作物的有限面积已在一个起伏较大的国家海拔约700米处建立。1600公顷的陡峭乡村以棕地为主，春季和盛夏产量较低，难以管理。2009年，没有苜蓿或富含豆类的牧场。强调豆类通过提高产羔率和出售佩雷韦的羔羊体重来提高动物生产力。羊肉总产量从2009年的230113公斤上升到2020年的245039公斤，尽管减少了1000公斤。目前绵羊与牛的比例为60:40，有13000只牲畜正在过冬。在发育前，早春营养饲料的严重短缺，加上夏秋难以控制繁殖草，加剧了这一问题。2016年，以豆类为主的牧场的总产量比施用有限氮肥的湿草/三叶草牧场高40%（15吨/公顷/年，11吨/公顷）。早春，豆科植物的生长速度高于传统草/苜蓿（90与44 kg DM/ha/天），而棕顶优势山地牧场的生长速度分别为10 kg DM/h/d和5 tDM/公顷/年。
{"title":"Legumes are the key to increasing productivity at “Inverary”, a summer moist hill / high country farm in mid-Canterbury","authors":"Malcolm W Smith, D. Moot, R. Lucas, J. Chapman","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3516","url":null,"abstract":"About half the 4250 ha of Inverary is undevelopedmountain land above 750 m a.s.l. There are 300 haof river flats, where lucerne and winter feed cropsare grown, and 300 ha conventional grass/cloverpastures. Limited areas of clover/plantain and winterfeed crops have been established at ~700 m a.s.l. oneasy rolling country. The 1600 ha of steep country,dominated by browntop, gives low spring and highsummer production that is difficult to manage. In2009, there were no lucerne or legume rich pastures.The legume emphasis increased animal productivitythrough improved lambing and lamb weight sold perewe. Total lamb meat production lifted from 230,113kg in 2009 to 245,039 kg in 2020, despite 1000 fewerewes. The current sheep to cattle ratio is 60:40 with13,000 stock units being wintered. Pre-development,a major shortage of nutritious forage in early springwas compounded by difficulty controlling reproductivegrass in summer and autumn. In 2016, total productionof legume dominant pastures was 40% more than sowngrass/clover pastures with limited nitrogen fertiliser(15 vs. 11 t DM/ha/year). In early spring, legumeshad higher growth rates of conventional grass/cloverpastures (90 vs. 44 kg DM/ha/day), whereas browntopdominant hill pastures grew 10 kg DM/ha/d and 5 tDM/ha/yr.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41579450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3497
D. Dalley, J. Edwards, Emma Masterson, R. Woods
Fodder beet (FB) was at first rapidly adopted by farmers, however, there is uncertainty around the impact of feeding high rates of FB on metabolic diseases and cow behaviour. This study aimed to establish if there was an effect of crop type and feed allocation on blood metabolites and behaviour of dairy cows. In winter 2017, 328 mixed-aged pregnant non-lactating Friesian x Jersey cows were allocated to feeding treatments of either FB or kale, offered at two allocation rates: “target” (to achieve 0.5 BCS gain) or “high” (ad libitum allocation), supplemented with pasture baleage. Blood metabolites were monitored for 20 animals per treatment, 15 of those animals per treatment had an activity sensor fitted for 8 days in late July. Cows fed FB had higher plasma magnesium and lower sodium, phosphate, total protein and urea levels than cows fed kale. The FB cows spent less time lying (9.4 vs 11.1 h/d), walked more (2113 vs 1737 steps/day), had fewer lying bouts per day (6.1 vs 9.3 bouts/day), but had longer bout duration (102 vs 81 min) than kale cows. These results indicate differences between winter crops in susceptibility to metabolic diseases and grazing activity which require further investigation.
饲料甜菜（FB）最初很快被农民采用，然而，喂养高FB率对代谢疾病和奶牛行为的影响尚不确定。本研究旨在确定作物类型和饲料分配是否对奶牛的血液代谢产物和行为产生影响。2017年冬天，328头混合年龄怀孕的非泌乳弗里森x泽西奶牛被分配到FB或羽衣甘蓝的喂养处理中，以两种分配率提供：“目标”（实现0.5 BCS增益）或“高”（随意分配），并补充牧场打捆。每次治疗监测20只动物的血液代谢产物，其中每次治疗的15只动物在7月下旬安装了8天的活性传感器。喂食FB的奶牛比喂食羽衣甘蓝的奶牛血浆镁含量更高，钠、磷酸盐、总蛋白和尿素含量更低。FB奶牛躺着的时间更少（9.4 vs 11.1 h/d），走路的次数更多（2113 vs 1737步/天），每天躺着的次数更少（6.1 vs 9.3次/天）。但与羽衣甘蓝奶牛相比，躺着的时间更长（102 vs 81分钟）。这些结果表明，冬季作物对代谢性疾病的易感性和放牧活动存在差异，需要进一步研究。
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Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3514
Anna Taylor, M. Andreucci, S. Zydenbos
Identifying opportunities to further improve pasture production on high producing, irrigated Canterbury dairy farms is complex. An innovation systems approach was used to identify the factors contributing to variation in pasture production on a case study farm such as: soil characteristics, irrigation management, and grass grub populations. This paper focuses on the value proposition of managing soil zones to optimise pasture production. Using EM38 mapping, area under a single centre pivot irrigator were characterised into soil zones of ‘low’, ‘medium’ and ‘high’. Actual measurements of irrigation application and soil characteristics were modelled in APSIM to estimate the pasture production of ‘low’ and ‘medium’ soil zones under a constant irrigation regime, giving an annual difference of 2900 kg DM/ha between the zones. In a ‘typical irrigated Canterbury System 4 dairy farm’ modelled in FARMAX, with 20% ‘low’ and 80% ‘medium’ soil zones, increasing the pasture growth in the ‘low’ zone to that of the ‘medium’ zone gave an increase of 580 kg DM/ha. This produced an increase of 51 kg/ha of milk solids and increased the stocking rate by 0.2 cow/ha, which resulted in a profit increase of $298/ha/year. The value of this on a 255 ha farm would be $75,000 per annum, while at a regional scale, increasing the productivity of the 52,900 ha of ‘low’ zone soils on irrigated dairy farms in Canterbury would add around $14 M of profit. Taking a data-driven spatial management approach to understanding the drivers of variability in pasture production has potential to identify opportunities and their potential value even in high-performing systems.
确定进一步提高坎特伯雷高产灌溉奶牛场牧场产量的机会是复杂的。采用创新系统方法来确定导致案例研究农场牧场生产变化的因素，如：土壤特征、灌溉管理和草地幼虫种群。本文的重点是管理土壤区以优化牧场生产的价值主张。使用EM38绘图，将单中心枢轴灌溉器下的区域划分为“低”、“中”和“高”土壤区。APSIM对灌溉应用和土壤特性的实际测量进行了建模，以估计在恒定灌溉制度下“低”和“中等”土壤区的牧场产量，得出两个区之间2900 kg DM/ha的年差异。在FARMAX模拟的“典型灌溉坎特伯雷系统4奶牛场”中，20%的“低”和80%的“中等”土壤区，将“低”区的牧场生长增加到“中等”区，可增加580 kg DM/ha。这导致奶固体增加了51公斤/公顷，放养率增加了0.2头牛/公顷，利润增加了298美元/公顷/年。255公顷农场每年的价值为75000美元，而在区域范围内，坎特伯雷灌溉奶牛场52900公顷“低”区土壤的生产力提高将增加约1400万美元的利润。采用数据驱动的空间管理方法来理解牧场生产可变性的驱动因素，即使在高性能系统中，也有可能识别机会及其潜在价值。
{"title":"Size of the prize: the value of closing pasture yield gaps on heterogeneous soil types in a dairy farm in Canterbury, New Zealand","authors":"Anna Taylor, M. Andreucci, S. Zydenbos","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3514","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying opportunities to further improve pasture production on high producing, irrigated Canterbury dairy farms is complex. An innovation systems approach was used to identify the factors contributing to variation in pasture production on a case study farm such as: soil characteristics, irrigation management, and grass grub populations. This paper focuses on the value proposition of managing soil zones to optimise pasture production. Using EM38 mapping, area under a single centre pivot irrigator were characterised into soil zones of ‘low’, ‘medium’ and ‘high’. Actual measurements of irrigation application and soil characteristics were modelled in APSIM to estimate the pasture production of ‘low’ and ‘medium’ soil zones under a constant irrigation regime, giving an annual difference of 2900 kg DM/ha between the zones. In a ‘typical irrigated Canterbury System 4 dairy farm’ modelled in FARMAX, with 20% ‘low’ and 80% ‘medium’ soil zones, increasing the pasture growth in the ‘low’ zone to that of the ‘medium’ zone gave an increase of 580 kg DM/ha. This produced an increase of 51 kg/ha of milk solids and increased the stocking rate by 0.2 cow/ha, which resulted in a profit increase of $298/ha/year. The value of this on a 255 ha farm would be $75,000 per annum, while at a regional scale, increasing the productivity of the 52,900 ha of ‘low’ zone soils on irrigated dairy farms in Canterbury would add around $14 M of profit. Taking a data-driven spatial management approach to understanding the drivers of variability in pasture production has potential to identify opportunities and their potential value even in high-performing systems.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43349363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3513
Thinzar Soe Myint, A. Black, D. Moot
New regulations to the use of N fertiliser will impact on seed mixture decisions for new pastures. To help inform these decisions, the effects of N on species and species interactions in pasture mixtures were examined. Ten mixtures of perennial ryegrass (PR), white clover (WC) and plantain (P) were sown on 31 March 2017 and grown ±N fertiliser (275 kg/ha in Year 1 reduced to 200 kg N/ha/year) under grazed and irrigated conditions at Lincoln University. After 4 years, an equi-proportional mixture of PR and WC (based on seed count) optimised average total yield (TY), weed yield (WY), metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) regardless of N level. The optimal sowing rate was 12.2 kg PR and 7.0 kg WC/ha. Average TY of the optimal mixture was 20.5 t DM/ha/year with 4% WY, 11 MJ/kg DM ME and 21% CP. Pasture yield and quality responded to change in species proportions away from the optimal mixture, including the addition of P. The magnitude of the TY and WY responses was greater with than without N fertiliser because the identity effects of PR and P, and the way all three species interacted, depended on N level.
氮肥使用的新规定将影响新牧场的种子混合物决策。为了帮助做出这些决定，研究了N对牧场混合物中物种和物种相互作用的影响。2017年3月31日，在林肯大学的放牧和灌溉条件下，播种了10种多年生黑麦草（PR）、白三叶草（WC）和芭蕉（P）的混合物，并种植了±N肥料（第一年为275公斤/公顷，降至200公斤/公顷/年）。4年后，PR和WC的等比例混合物（基于种子数量）优化了平均总产量（TY）、杂草产量（WY）、代谢能（ME）和粗蛋白（CP），而与N水平无关。最适播种量为12.2 kg PR和7.0 kg WC/公顷。最佳混合物的平均TY为20.5 t DM/ha/年，WY为4%，DM ME为11 MJ/kg，CP为21%。牧场产量和质量对远离最佳混合物的物种比例的变化做出反应，包括添加P。施用氮肥的TY和WY反应的幅度大于不施用氮肥的情况，因为PR和P的同一效应以及所有三个物种的相互作用方式，取决于N水平。
{"title":"Nitrogen effects on species’ contributions to grazed pasture mixtures under nitrogen loss and application restrictions","authors":"Thinzar Soe Myint, A. Black, D. Moot","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3513","url":null,"abstract":"New regulations to the use of N fertiliser will impact on seed mixture decisions for new pastures. To help inform these decisions, the effects of N on species and species interactions in pasture mixtures were examined. Ten mixtures of perennial ryegrass (PR), white clover (WC) and plantain (P) were sown on 31 March 2017 and grown ±N fertiliser (275 kg/ha in Year 1 reduced to 200 kg N/ha/year) under grazed and irrigated conditions at Lincoln University. After 4 years, an equi-proportional mixture of PR and WC (based on seed count) optimised average total yield (TY), weed yield (WY), metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) regardless of N level. The optimal sowing rate was 12.2 kg PR and 7.0 kg WC/ha. Average TY of the optimal mixture was 20.5 t DM/ha/year with 4% WY, 11 MJ/kg DM ME and 21% CP. Pasture yield and quality responded to change in species proportions away from the optimal mixture, including the addition of P. The magnitude of the TY and WY responses was greater with than without N fertiliser because the identity effects of PR and P, and the way all three species interacted, depended on N level.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48216523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3512
D. Moot, W. Griffiths, D. Chapman, M. Dodd, Carmen S. P. Teixeira
The New Zealand agricultural sector has a rich heritage of measuring yield and growth rates for pastures and crops. Historically these datasets were collected by Government departments, Crown research institutes, Universities and more latterly seed companies and private research providers as well as on-farm. These data are expensive to collect, spatially and temporally patchy, and stored in a range of electronic and physical platforms. Meanwhile the potential value of such data is increasing with the ability to create meta-analyses and simulation modelling to create resilience in crop and pasture systems to meet the needs of the changing regulatory and climate environment. A challenge of data collection is the different priorities and skill sets of those undertaking the task. Thus, there is a need to provide guidelines for the collection, collation and publication of such data to standardize best practice and maximize the value gained from increasingly scarce resources available for pasture and crop research to support the primary industries. In addition, declining funding for field research, means there is an urgent need to draw together existing and future data into a publicly accessible industry good resource. This paper outlines the development of the AgYields web-based repository for pasture and crop growth rate and yield data. It describes the rationale for the database and the need for standardization of data collection to maximize the value of stored data in common formats. The intent is to provide a resource to enhance livestock and crop production systems throughout New Zealand and provide guidelines for future data collection.
{"title":"AgYields - a national database for collation of past, present and future pasture and crop yield data","authors":"D. Moot, W. Griffiths, D. Chapman, M. Dodd, Carmen S. P. Teixeira","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3512","url":null,"abstract":"The New Zealand agricultural sector has a rich heritage of measuring yield and growth rates for pastures and crops. Historically these datasets were collected by Government departments, Crown research institutes, Universities and more latterly seed companies and private research providers as well as on-farm. These data are expensive to collect, spatially and temporally patchy, and stored in a range of electronic and physical platforms. Meanwhile the potential value of such data is increasing with the ability to create meta-analyses and simulation modelling to create resilience in crop and pasture systems to meet the needs of the changing regulatory and climate environment. A challenge of data collection is the different priorities and skill sets of those undertaking the task. Thus, there is a need to provide guidelines for the collection, collation and publication of such data to standardize best practice and maximize the value gained from increasingly scarce resources available for pasture and crop research to support the primary industries. In addition, declining funding for field research, means there is an urgent need to draw together existing and future data into a publicly accessible industry good resource. This paper outlines the development of the AgYields web-based repository for pasture and crop growth rate and yield data. It describes the rationale for the database and the need for standardization of data collection to maximize the value of stored data in common formats. The intent is to provide a resource to enhance livestock and crop production systems throughout New Zealand and provide guidelines for future data collection.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48532440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3505
A. Dumbleton, F. Foley, C. Westwood, Gemma Box
‘Pallaton’) is an allotetraploid, produced from kale(Brassica oleracea L.) x radish (Raphanus raphanistrumsubsp. sativus L.). It is a multi-graze forage, selected forhigh cumulative yield, water efficiency and resistanceto clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae). This paperdescribes the breeding, agronomy and nutritive valueof ‘Pallaton’, which can be grazed in situ between42 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) with no specificcrop maturity requirement. Cumulative yield of threeconsecutive harvests, analysed by meta-analysisof eighteen trials from 2013 to 2019 on three sites,showed ‘Pallaton’ had a greater yield of 16,254 kg DM/ha than forage rape (B. napus spp. biennis, cv. ‘Titan’)and leafy turnip (B. rapa; syn. B. campestris cv. ‘PasjaII’) at 12,639 and 10,965 kg DM/ha, respectively. Afurther trial, comparing nutritive values, demonstrated‘Pallaton’ has a similar profile to ‘Titan’. ‘Pallaton’ maybe rotationally grazed for up to twelve months wheninitially grazed by livestock at 350 - 400 mm plantheight between 42 and 70 DAS. Livestock consuming‘Pallaton’ are susceptible to the same potential animalhealth concerns as other Brassica species, but representsa forage option for sheep, beef, deer and dairy farming,particularly those in challenging environments.
{"title":"The development of Pallaton Raphanobrassica for New Zealand farming systems","authors":"A. Dumbleton, F. Foley, C. Westwood, Gemma Box","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3505","url":null,"abstract":"‘Pallaton’) is an allotetraploid, produced from kale(Brassica oleracea L.) x radish (Raphanus raphanistrumsubsp. sativus L.). It is a multi-graze forage, selected forhigh cumulative yield, water efficiency and resistanceto clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae). This paperdescribes the breeding, agronomy and nutritive valueof ‘Pallaton’, which can be grazed in situ between42 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) with no specificcrop maturity requirement. Cumulative yield of threeconsecutive harvests, analysed by meta-analysisof eighteen trials from 2013 to 2019 on three sites,showed ‘Pallaton’ had a greater yield of 16,254 kg DM/ha than forage rape (B. napus spp. biennis, cv. ‘Titan’)and leafy turnip (B. rapa; syn. B. campestris cv. ‘PasjaII’) at 12,639 and 10,965 kg DM/ha, respectively. Afurther trial, comparing nutritive values, demonstrated‘Pallaton’ has a similar profile to ‘Titan’. ‘Pallaton’ maybe rotationally grazed for up to twelve months wheninitially grazed by livestock at 350 - 400 mm plantheight between 42 and 70 DAS. Livestock consuming‘Pallaton’ are susceptible to the same potential animalhealth concerns as other Brassica species, but representsa forage option for sheep, beef, deer and dairy farming,particularly those in challenging environments.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46306737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3525
W. King
There are increasing calls for agriculture in NZ to be transformed. The signals from Wellington, especially, suggest that government investors in the primary sector (MPI, MBIE) do not consider that ‘business as usual’ will deliver the improvements in environmentalperformance demanded by the voting public. The Crown Research Institute whose primary focus is pastoral agriculture – AgResearch – has adopted a strapline: ‘Driving prosperity by transforming agriculture? But what does this transformation actually mean?
要求新西兰农业转型的呼声越来越高。尤其是来自惠灵顿的信号表明，第一产业（MPI、MBIE）的政府投资者不认为“一切照旧”会带来投票公众所要求的环境绩效改善。皇冠研究所（Crown Research Institute）的主要关注点是畜牧农业——农业研究所（AgeResearch）——采用了一条口号：“通过转变农业来推动繁荣？”？但这种转变到底意味着什么？
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Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3509
R. Vibart, A. Mackay, B. Devantier, Emma Noakes, P. MacLean
Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of biological (composition and site history) and topographic (slope and aspect) factors affecting sheep dung disappearance rates in hill country pastures. We used three of the farmlets that have been receiving 0 (NF), 125 (LF) or 375 (HF) kg of single superphosphate (SSP)/ha since 1980) from the long-term phosphorus fertiliser trial at Ballantrae. Experiment one examined the effect of farmlet, slope (low and medium slope class), and aspect (E, SW, NW), whereas Experiment two examined the effect of farmlet, both as a source of dung (from LF or HF farmlets) and as a site in the landscape (on LF or HF farmlets). In both experiments, disappearance of dung followed a quadratic curve, and no improvements were made using higher-order polynomials. Despite a lower fibre concentration, dung from sheep grazing the HF farmlet did not disappear at a faster rate than dung from the other farmlets, but soil activity in situ (placement) was pivotal to the rate of dung disappearance. A faster rate of dung disappearance on the HF farmlet is consistent with a greater capacity for turnover of plant biomass and animal excreta in this high fertility environment. These experiments contribute to our understanding of the influence of biological and topographic drivers of dung disappearance rates, and enable further advances to be made in the modelling of nutrients in these topographically complex agroecosystems.
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Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3506
R. Tsimba, T. Gunn, R. Densley, Ian Williams, G. Edmeades, Jamie Millar
Nitrogen (N) leaching is a major source of groundwater contamination. We used a series of lysimeters and suction cups to measure total N leaching losses in a high N maize crop system on a long-term maize paddock in the Waikato. The goal of the study was to 1) quantify N leaching losses under maize silage, 2) determine the effectiveness of a cut-and-carry annual ryegrass catch crop (RG) in mitigating N leaching losses and 3) determine an appropriate depth for measuring N leaching losses under maize. At least 200 kg/ha more fertiliser N than calculated plant requirements was applied to the maize crop to ensure surplus soil N after maize. Nitrogen leaching losses were measured in a maize-RG and maize-fallow rotation over two seasons (October 2018 - September 2020). Less than 10 % of N leaching losses occurred during the maize growing season. This is likely due to evapotranspiration exceeding rainfall in summer. The greatest leaching losses were observed in the maize-fallow rotation, averaging 60 kg N/ha and 88 kg N/ha for the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. This was despite 2020 winter being drier than 2019. The greater 2019/20 leaching losses can be attributed to a greater soil N concentration (+15 mg N/L) in 2020. The importance of catch crops as a N leaching mitigation tool after maize was evident over the two years, resulting in leaching reductions >85% in the maize-RG than the maize–fallow plots. The catch crop removed >200 kg N/ha from the soil, significantly reducing the soil N concentration, which appear to be the main driver of leaching losses in our study. Additionally, RG also increased gravimetric soil water content by 7.3 % in the top 30 cm. When N leaching was measured at 70 cm, losses in fallow plots were almost three times higher than the 41.6 kg N/ha recorded at the 120 cm soil depth, our default maize rooting depth. A similar amount of isotopic 15N (1.2 %) was observed in maize grain at maturity when 15N was inserted to 60 cm or 120 cm soil depth. This was greater than the background values obtained when standard urea was applied to the plots (0.37 %), indicating 15N interception at depth. It is speculated that provided fertiliser rates match crop N demand and catch crops are used, N leaching losses in maize crops should be much lower than values reported here, irrespective of soil type and season.
氮（N）浸出是地下水污染的主要来源。我们使用一系列蒸渗仪和吸盘来测量怀卡托长期玉米围场上高氮玉米作物系统中的总氮浸出损失。该研究的目标是：1）量化玉米青贮饲料下的氮浸出损失，2）确定收割并携带的年度黑麦草捕获作物（RG）在减轻氮浸出损失方面的有效性，3）确定测量玉米下氮浸出损失的适当深度。玉米作物施用的肥料氮至少比计算的植物需求多200公斤/公顷，以确保玉米种植后土壤氮过剩。在两个季节（2018年10月至2020年9月）的玉米RG和玉米休耕轮作中测量了氮浸出损失。不到10%的氮浸出损失发生在玉米生长季节。这可能是由于夏季蒸发蒸腾量超过降雨量。在玉米休耕轮作中观察到最大的浸出损失，2018/19和2019/20季节平均为60 kg N/ha和88 kg N/ha。尽管2020年的冬天比2019年更干燥，但情况依然如此。2019/20年更大的浸出损失可归因于2020年更高的土壤氮浓度（+15 mg N/L）。在过去的两年里，渔获作物作为玉米后氮浸出缓解工具的重要性显而易见，导致玉米RG的浸出率比玉米休耕地减少了85%以上。在我们的研究中，捕获作物从土壤中去除了>200公斤N/公顷的氮，显著降低了土壤氮浓度，这似乎是导致浸出损失的主要驱动因素。此外，RG还使顶部30厘米的土壤重量含水量增加了7.3%。当在70厘米处测量氮浸出时，休耕地块的损失几乎是120厘米土壤深度（我们默认的玉米生根深度）记录的41.6公斤N/ha的三倍。当15N插入60厘米或120厘米的土壤深度时，在成熟的玉米粒中观察到类似量的同位素15N（1.2%）。这大于将标准尿素应用于地块时获得的背景值（0.37%），表明在深度处有15N的截留。据推测，如果施肥率与作物的氮需求相匹配，并且使用了捕获作物，那么无论土壤类型和季节如何，玉米作物的氮浸出损失都应该远低于此处报告的值。
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